Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / MS. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 620-637). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / 前言 --- p.1 / Chapter 甲 --- 交游人物舉例 --- p.8 / Chapter （一） --- 親族前輩 --- p.8 / Chapter （1） --- 黃庶 --- p.10 / Chapter （2） --- 李常 --- p.18 / Chapter A --- 道德 --- p.20 / Chapter B --- 學問 --- p.21 / Chapter （3） --- 孫覺 --- p.27 / Chapter A --- 道德 --- p.29 / Chapter B --- 詩歌 --- p.32 / Chapter （4） --- 謝景初 --- p.37 / Chapter A --- 道德 --- p.40 / Chapter B --- 詩歌 --- p.45 / 本節注釋 --- p.53 / Chapter （二） --- 師友 --- p.68 / Chapter （1） --- 周敦頤 --- p.70 / Chapter （2） --- 王安石 --- p.80 / Chapter A --- 山谷與荊公的相識時間 --- p.81 / Chapter B --- 山谷對五荊公的看法 --- p.86 / Chapter ´¡ --- 人格 --- p.88 / Chapter ´Ł --- 政事 --- p.91 / Chapter ´Ø --- 經學 --- p.97 / Chapter ´Ð --- 詩 --- p.99 / Chapter ´Þ --- 書法 --- p.101 / Chapter C --- 山谷受荊公的影響 --- p.102 / Chapter ´¡ --- 學社 --- p.106 / Chapter ´Ł --- 禪詩 --- p.116 / Chapter ´Ø --- 集句 --- p.120 / Chapter （3） --- 蘇軾 --- p.124 / Chapter A --- 交遊 --- p.125 / Chapter ´¡ --- 神交 --- p.125 / Chapter ´Ł --- 識面 --- p.137 / Chapter ´Ø --- 分離 --- p.141 / Chapter ´Ð --- 東坡死後 --- p.145 / Chapter B --- 山谷為人的近東坡者 --- p.148 / Chapter ´¡ --- 政見 --- p.148 / Chapter ´Ł --- 學莊學陶 --- p.151 / Chapter ´Ø --- 學佛 --- p.159 / Chapter ´Ð --- 幽默感 --- p.162 / Chapter C --- 山谷為文的近（或得於）東坡者 --- p.167 / Chapter ´¡ --- 重學問 --- p.169 / Chapter ´Ł --- 學陶詩 --- p.172 / Chapter ´Ø --- 譬喻與用事 --- p.179 / Chapter ´Ð --- 詩詞散文化 --- p.188 / Chapter D --- 結語 --- p.192 / Chapter （4） --- 秦觀 --- p.199 / Chapter （5） --- 陳師道 --- p.211 / Chapter A --- 人生觀 --- p.213 / Chapter B --- 文學觀 --- p.220 / Chapter ´¡ --- 用數字 --- p.224 / Chapter ´Ł --- 律對 --- p.233 / Chapter （6） --- 晁補之 --- p.238 / Chapter （7） --- 張來 --- p.251 / Chapter （8） --- 王鞏 --- p.268 / Chapter （9） --- 李公麟 --- p.278 / 本節注釋 --- p.294 / Chapter （三） --- 僧人 --- p.360 / Chapter （1） --- 圓通法秀禪師 --- p.361 / Chapter （2） --- 晦堂祖心禪師 --- p.365 / Chapter （3） --- 死心悟新禪師 --- p.371 / Chapter （4） --- 靈源淮清禪師 --- p.375 / 本節注釋 --- p.380 / Chapter 乙 --- 文學觀的三個方面 / Chapter （一） --- 山谷的儒家思想與詩之學杜 --- p.387 / Chapter (1) --- 儒家思想 --- p.391 / Chapter A --- 對兄弟的感情 --- p.398 / Chapter B --- 對人民的態度 --- p.404 / Chapter （2） --- 詩之學杜 --- p.411 / Chapter A --- 深學問 --- p.413 / Chapter B --- 苦鍛煉 --- p.418 / Chapter C --- 重句法 --- p.421 / Chapter D --- 餘論´ؤ´ؤ「無意於文」 --- p.444 / 本節注釋 --- p.455 / Chapter （二） --- 山谷的道家思想與相應的詩風 --- p.474 / Chapter （1） --- 道家思想 --- p.474 / Chapter A --- 厭棄躁進、安時自適 --- p.479 / Chapter B --- 虛心觀物、不著是非 --- p.493 / Chapter （2） --- 道家影響下的詩風 --- p.501 / Chapter A --- 得陶之風味 --- p.502 / Chapter B --- 善得其全 --- p.509 / Chapter C --- 理趣超拔 --- p.518 / 本節注釋 --- p.526 / Chapter （三） --- 山谷的禪家思想與禪詩 --- p.540 / Chapter （1） --- 禪家思想 --- p.540 / Chapter A --- 在谷超然 --- p.541 / Chapter B --- 不憂貧賤 --- p.549 / Chapter （2） --- 禪詩 --- p.554 / Chapter A --- 理論 --- p.554 / Chapter B --- 詩歌創作 --- p.560 / 本節注釋 --- p.566 / Chapter 丙 --- 附論山谷對後輩的誘掖與啟發 --- p.574 / Chapter （一） --- 為人之道 --- p.575 / Chapter （1） --- 通經致用 --- p.575 / Chapter （2） --- 尚友古人 --- p.583 / Chapter （二） --- 為文之道 --- p.578 / Chapter （1） --- 讀書積學 --- p.587 / Chapter （2） --- 入神自得 --- p.589 / Chapter （三） --- 山谷對後輩的態度 --- p.594 / 本節注釋 --- p.600 / 結論 --- p.608 / 主要參考書目 --- p.620 / 附錄 / Chapter 一 --- 山谷重要交游索引 --- p.1 / Chapter 二 --- 山谷重要文學見解繫年 --- p.11

Richard Schmalensee. / Bibliography: p. 38-40.

Rashi, an eleventh century Bible commentator who lived in France, is the most influential Jewish exegete of all time. The popularity of his Pentateuch commentary has resulted in many extant manuscripts and printed editions, and the effect of scribal activity involved in the work's large circulation has led to extensive textual variants. Moreover, the earliest extant dated manuscript of the commentary was copied 130 years after Rashi's death. This extended length of time facilitated the introduction of countless changes into the work that, over time, have become virtually undetectable. / One key to uncovering the most authentic version of Rashi's commentary is to examine texts written as close to his lifetime as possible. Since neither Rashi's own copy of his commentary nor any reasonable alternative has been discovered, the Pentateuch commentaries of his immediate successors, the Franco-German writers known as the Tosafot, provide the closest possible substitute. For the most part, the writings of these twelfth- and thirteenth-century relatives and students of Rashi consisted of glosses, explanations and criticisms of his work. / This study compares citations of Rashi in over fifty manuscripts of Tosafot commentaries with texts of Rashi published in both early and modern printings and in over thirty manuscripts of his commentary. It suggests that the text of Rashi utilized by the Tosafot was significantly different from the printed versions. Examples show that portions of the printed interpretations attributed to Rashi are actually explanations and criticisms offered by the Tosafot that, through various processes, were attributed to the master himself. Awareness of this helps establish a reliable witness to the text of Rashi's Pentateuch commentary, and it suggests that the Tosafot must be an important component of any future efforts to establish a scientific edition of it.

No description available.

No abstract available

Texte remanié de: Thèse--École des chartes--Paris, 1951. / Bibliogr. p. 257-259. Index.

That subjective and political values form the sources and function of international law, is an often encountered claim and the literature produced by schools of international legal theory in response to this inquiry diverge. On the one hand, according to classical and positivist approaches to international law, a formalistic and ideal form of the law that is also detached from the world of politics is possible. On the other hand, the perception that attitudinal and institutional constraints might determine the content of the law is common in international legal scholarship ranging from international relations approaches and the New Stream to policy oriented perspectives. Understanding the content of the law, however, would also necessitate questioning how adjudicators interpret legal texts and decide in causal-positive terms. In other words, in theorizing international law, one should explore the interpretation and application of international law in order to test whether adjudicators are influenced by background, training, personality, value preferences as well as normative and structural institutional constraints and, thus, if international law operates based on law and/or politics. Based on the theories and methods of judicial behaviour that originate from the American legal realism movement of the early 20th century, this work undertakes a non-empirical socio-legal research that studies the behaviour of ITA tribunals. It considers that law is indeterminate and that the process of judicial-decision making is a mixture of law, politics and policy. This work constructs a framework based on the political regimes approach by Clayton and May (1999), supplemented by the political jurisprudence literature of Shapiro (1964) and the historical interpretive approach of Smith (1988). It argues that ITA Tribunals “may believe that individual legal institutions are themselves embedded within, and draw meaning from, the larger political regime”. In doing so, the ITA Tribunal may assume a principal political role in order to accommodate the interests of various stakeholders involved in the broader political regime of international investment, albeit limited to constitutive and non-constitutive institutions. This work investigates the role of institutions embedded in the broader political regime in judicial decision-making in ITA. How do institutions, with their political characteristics, affect the process of decision-making in ITA or do they affect at all? To that extent, this work is concerned with whether the ITA Tribunal oscillates between the normative character of the law and the political contingency of the law. It examines the extent to which the ITA Tribunal accommodates politics in its decisions and, in this vein, whether there is a correlation between politics and decision-making in ITA. As its case study, this work studies arbitral decision-making under NAFTA Chapter 11. It first explores the broader political regime in which NAFTA tribunals operate, revisiting the original bargain that underlies the NAFTA deal. It then identifies specific constitutive institutions that are influential in NAFTA ITA decision-making. It traces the specific vocabulary or ‘grammar’ (Koskenniemi 1989) that is used by Chapter 11 Tribunals in considering the place of these constitutive institutions in ITA decision-making. Subsequently, this work studies the normative political development of Article 1105 on the minimum standard of treatment within the broader political regime under NAFTA. It investigates shifts in the specific vocabulary vis-à-vis the distortions to the two pillars of the political regime of NAFTA, namely asymmetric obligations and the regulation of environment. This work demonstrates that the development of the minimum standard of treatment under Article 1105 reflects a brief history of intrusion by non-disputing parties from sovereign states and amici. This is enabled through the constitutive institutions and draws meaning from the political regime of international investment under NAFTA. It concludes that the ITA Tribunal is able to develop a vocabulary with which it could internalize the conundrums of the broader political regime in which it operates. This shows that the ITA Tribunal is not only competent in settling disputes but also in judicial politics.

This thesis deals with the synthesis of prodrugs based on analogs of nucleoside phosphonates derived from 6-fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide (T-705) and 3- hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide (T-1105). T-705 and T-1105 act as inhibitors of an influenza RNA polymerase. Both compounds mimic naturally occurring nucleobases, so their fluorinated nucleoside phosphonates could also be biologically active. Derivatives of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-ribose (2-FdR) were prepared in this work. Because of complications during the syntthesis of 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-ribose (3-FdR) derivatives, 5- deoxy-5-fluoro-D-xylose (5-FdX) derivatives were prepared instead. Deoxyfluorination was done after incorporation of suitable protecting groups followed by selective deprotection and phosphonate binding. Furthermore nucleosides were synthetised using silyl-Hilbert-Johnson method and their bis-POM derivattives were also prepared. Key words: favipiravir (T-705), T-1105, prodrugs, phosphonates, fluorinated nucleosides

This thesis deals with the preparation of acyclic nucleosides and nucleoside phosphonates of compounds T-705 (6-fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide) and T-1105 (3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide). Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates are substances that can terminate viral RNA or DNA replication, and some of them are used in the treatment of viral diseases. T-705 and T-1105 have shown activity against the influenza virus, and T-705 has already been approved for its treatment in Japan. Since both compounds mimic natural nucleobases in the body, their acyclic nucleosides and nucleoside phosphonates also have the potential to be biologically active. Methods for the synthesis of 3-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl and 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl derivatives of T-705 and T-1105, their prodrugs containing lipophilic groups for the improvement of the pharmacokinetic properties and also their phosphonate diphosphates, suitable for the biological activity measurements, have been proposed. Some of these derivatives were subsequently prepared. Key words: acyclic nucleosides, acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, T-705, T-1105, favipiravir, antiviral activity, influenza

Zugl.: Köln, Univ., Diss., 2006