In this work a comprehensive analysis is made of the galaxy composition and dynamics of galaxy groups. An extensive investigation into the changing nature of the Schechter luminosity function (LF) as a function of group size (calculated in multiple ways) is carried out, with the finding that the least massive, numerically poorest and least luminous systems possess a markedly repressed faint end. The projected 2D shape of groups is analysed carefully, taking into account the distortions created by a range of effects, and there is strong evidence that the smallest groups possess an underlying oblate (frisbee) 3D shape, in contrast to more massive systems that display significantly prolate (rugby ball) distributions. The radial profiles of groups are used to identify the key regions in which the group environment strongly influences galaxy morphology, with convincing evidence that the central scale-radius determines the LF of the full range of group scales.

Mainz, Univ., Diss., 2001. / Computerdatei im Fernzugriff.

Mainz, Univ., Diss., 2001. / Computerdatei im Fernzugriff.

Mainz, Universiẗat, Diss., 2001.

Lo studio delle Zone Franche Urbane all’interno del Diritto tributario europeo non ha potuto prescindere da una introduttiva delimitazione del lavoro, capace di distinguere le diverse tipologie di zone franche esistenti nei Paesi intra/extra Ue. Attraversando i casi-studio di Madeira, delle Azzorre, fino alla istituenda Zona Franca di Bruxelles, Zone d’Economie Urbaine stimulée (ZEUS), si è giunti alla constatazione dell’assenza di una definizione di Zona Franca Urbana: analizzando le esperienze normative vissute in Francia e in Italia, si è potuto tratteggiare il profilo territoriale, soggettivo e oggettivo del sistema agevolativo rivolto al recupero delle aree urbane degradate. La funzione strumentale della fiscalità, esplicitata per mezzo delle ZFU, ha condotto ad una verifica di diritto interno per controllare la legittimità delle scelte nazionali in ragione dei principi costituzionali nazionali, come anche una di diritto europeo per evitare che le scelte nazionali, anche se legittime sul piano interno, possano per gli stessi effetti incentivanti alle attività d'impresa presentarsi come una forma territoriale di aiuti di Stato fiscali. Evidenziando il rapporto tra le ZFU e il Mercato europeo si è voluto, da un lato, effettuare una ricostruzione sistemica necessaria per un’interpretazione delle ZFU che metta in luce le componenti di tale strumento orientate al perseguimento di un interesse socioeconomico, che in prima battuta generi una contraddizione, una deroga ai principi costituzionali e comunitari, per poi “sciogliersi” in una coerente applicazione degli stessi; dall’altro, tentare di elevare le ZFU a misura sistemica dell’Ordinamento europeo. Si è svolto, infine, un ragionamento in termini di federalismo fiscale con riferimento alle ZFU, trovando una adeguata collocazione nel percorso di devoluzione intrapreso dal legislatore nazionale, avendo quali interlocutori privilegiati le Regioni a Statuto Speciale. / The study of the Urban Free Zones inside the European Tax Law must analyze the different types of free zones in the Countries intra/extra EU. Through cases-study of Madeira, Azores, Zone d'Economie Urbaine stimulée of Brussels, it is evident the absence of a definition of Urban Free Zone: analyzing the French and Italian experiences, it has been possible to study the territorial, subjective and objective profile of the support system turned to the recovery of the degraded urban areas. The instrumental function of taxation required a national and european compatibility check to ensure that national choices, even if legitimate internally, can be transformed into state aid tax. Highlighting the relationship between the ZFU and the European Market is wanted to: i) carry out a systemic necessary reconstruction for an interpretation of the ZFU that underlines the components of that instrument oriented to the pursuit of social and economic interest, which initially generate a contradiction, an exception to the constitutional and community principles, for then "to melt" into a coherent application of the same; ii) to try to give a definition of ZFU as a systemic measure of the UE. Took place, finally, a reasoning in terms of fiscal federalism with reference to the ZFU, finding a suitable placement in the path of devolution undertaken by the national legislator, having the Special Statute Regions as interlocutory privileged.

The postharvest phase has been considered an environment very suitable for successful application of biological control agents (BCAs). However, the tri-interaction between fungal pathogen, host (fruit) and antagonist is influenced by several parameters such as temperature, oxidative stresses, oxygen composition, water activity, etc. that could be determining for the success of biocontrol. Knowledge of the modes of action of BCAs is essential in order to enhance their viability and increase their potentialities in disease control. The thesis focused on the possibility to explain the modes of action of a biological control agent (BCA): Aureobasidium pullulans, in particular the strains L1 and L8, control effective against fruit postharvest fungal pathogen. In particular in this work were studied the different modes of action of BCA, such as: i) the ability to produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs), identified by SPME- gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and tested by in vitro and in vivo assays against Penicillium spp., Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum; ii) the ability to produce lytic enzymes (exo and endo chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase) tested against Monilinia laxa, causal agent of brown rot of stone fruits. L1 and L8 lytic enzymes were also evaluated through their relative genes by molecular tools; iii) the competition for space and nutrients, such as sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) and iron; the latter induced the production of siderophores, molecules with high affinity for iron chelation. A molecular investigation was carried out to better understand the gene regulation strictly correlated to the production of these chelating molucules. The competition for space against M. laxa was verified by electron microscopy techniques; iv) a depth bibliographical analysis on BCAs mechanisms of action and their possible combination with physical and chemical treatments was conducted.

La Fusariosi della spiga (FDS) è una fitopatia diffusa a livello mondiale che colpisce le colture cerealicole, tra cui il frumento duro, ed è in grado di causare gravi danni di tipo qualitativo ed economico. Le specie fungine responsabili appartengono al genere Fusarium, tra cui F. graminearum, F. culmorum e più recentemente F. poae. La conseguenza più rilevante riguarda la contaminazione della granella da micotossine, molecole prodotte dai miceti, considerate dalla comunità scientifica ad alto rischio per la salute dell’uomo e animali. L’eziologia è molto complessa, dal momento che su una stessa spiga di frumento possono coesistere più specie fungine che contribuiscono ad influenzare i quantitativi di micotossine prodotte. Lo scopo della ricerca è incentrato sulla caratterizzazione di ceppi di F. poae, in termini di potenziale patogeno e aggressività. Tramite l’allestimento di un saggio di inoculazione in vitro “Petri-dish” è stato possibile attribuire un indice di aggressività a ciascun isolato fungino, basato su parametri quali AUHPC e AUDPC standard, insieme ad altre variabili come la riduzione della lunghezza del coleottile e del tasso di germinazione. Il saggio è stato esteso anche a F. culmorum, per valutare la riproducibilità del test su altre specie fungine. Il test in vitro offre diversi vantaggi, tra cui affidabilità e rapidità di esecuzione ed è quindi adatto allo screening di ceppi patogeni da utilizzare in successive sperimentazioni. Gli stessi ceppi di F. poae, provenienti da una prova di inoculazione artificiale in serra su piante di frumento duro, sono stati caratterizzati dal punto di vista bio-molecolare. Poichè lo studio della fusariosi della spiga richiede la determinazione quantitativa della biomassa dei patogeni nei tessuti della pianta-ospite, anche in assenza di sintomi, il protocollo di Real-Time PCR con chimica SYBR® Green I qui sviluppato, ha dimostrato essere un buon compromesso tra attendibilità, rapidità e costi complessivi della metodica. / Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is one of the major diseases affecting worldwide cereral crops. It causes yield losses and decreasing grain quality, including the accumulation of mycotoxins. The causal agents, F. graminearum, F. culmorum and recently F. poae, belong to Fusarium genus. Contamination by mycotoxins is a great concern, as they are capable of harming the health of humans and farm animals. The aetiology is very complex, as one or more species can occur on a spike at the same time and can contribute to the total amount of mycotoxins. The aim of the research has been the characterization of F. poae strains regarding their pathogenicity and aggressiveness. It has been possible, by an in vitro “Petri-dish” test, to confer an aggressiveness index to each isolate, based on AUHPC and AUDPC standard parameters, together with the variables on germination rate reduction and coleoptile length reduction. The same test was also performed on F. culmorum strains, to assess its reproducibility on other Fusarium species; the benefits arisen from the test, which are reliability and rapidity in execution, make it suitable for screening analyses of pathogen strains that can be used for other purposes. The same F. poae strains, from a greenhouse artificial inoculation experiment on durum wheat plants, were also biomolecularly characterized. Estimation of fungal biomass, even in asymptomatic spikes, is fundamental to assess the pathogenicity of strains and it was possible by the Real-time PCR molecular technique with SYBR® Green I chemistry developed in this work, which showed to be sensitive, fast and specific for quantifying F. poae biomass.

La tesis estudia el principio de neutralidad en su vertiente interna y su aplicación efectiva en el IVA. Se centra en los principales aspectos de la configuración jurídica del impuesto: derecho de deducción, exenciones y tipos reducidos. Se realiza en primer lugar una aproximación teórica al principio desde un punto de vista jurídico y también económico. Una vez construido el principio se acomete una comparación de las distintas clases de impuestos indirectos que pueden establecerse y se analiza su cumplimiento del principio de neutralidad fiscal. El énfasis es mayor en los impuestos en cascada, impuestos monofásicos minoristas y en el IVA. El objetivo de la tesis es, por tanto, concretar el contenido del principio, desarrollar sus implicaciones económicas principales y analizar el grado de cumplimiento real de la Directiva IVA. Desde el punto de vista del derecho de deducción y de las exenciones el estudio se apoya en el análisis de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, donde se profundizará en cuestiones como la utilización de bienes de uso mixto, la consideración de costes como directos o generales y las formas de ejercicio del exceso de deducción (devolución y compensación). Además, la tesis muestra las principales excepciones al principio de neutralidad establecidas en la Directiva IVA: prohibiciones al derecho de deducción, exenciones y tipos reducidos. En esta parte también se apoyará el estudio en la jurisprudencia del TJUE, que ha construido en gran medida los criterios de interpretación de estas excepciones. En conclusión, el objetivo de la tesis es medir si la directiva IVA cumple con el principio de neutralidad fiscal, para lo que deberá haberse especificado primero su significado concreto y se habrá debido diferenciar entre sus dos dimensiones: interna y externa. / The thesis studies the principle of VAT neutrality in its internal dimension. It focuses on the main aspects of VAT configuration: right of deduction, exemptions and reduced rates. There is also included a theoretical approach of the principle in economic and legal terms, and also a comparison of the various types of indirect taxes that may exist from the point of view of tax neutrality, mainly VAT, cascade taxes and Retail Sales Tax. The aim of the thesis is to concrete the concept of the principle, develop its main economic implications and study its real development in the VAT Directive. From the point of view of the right of deduction and the exemptions it will be made a study of the case-law of the European Court of Justice, and I will deepen into specific questions like the use of mix goods, the consideration of direct and general costs or the ways to exercise the right of deduction (reimbursement and compensation). Moreover it shows the main exceptions to tax neutrality included in the VAT Directive: prohibitions to the right of deduction, exemptions and reduced rates. In this part the study will also be supported by the study of the ECJ's cases. Therefore, the aim of the thesis is to analyse if the VAT Directive accomplishes with the tax neutrality principle, once that we have spycified its concrete meaning and differentiated between its two dimensions: internal and external.

Apple latent infection caused by Neofabraea alba: host-pathogen interaction and disease management Bull’s eye rot (BER) caused by Neofabraea alba is one of the most frequent and damaging latent infection occurring in stored pome fruits worldwide. Fruit infection occurs in the orchard, but disease symptoms appear only 3 months after harvest, during refrigerated storage. In Italy BER is particularly serious for late harvest apple cultivar as ‘Pink Lady™’. The purposes of this thesis were: i) Evaluate the influence of ‘Pink Lady™’ apple primary metabolites in N. alba quiescence ii) Evaluate the influence of pH in five different apple cultivars on BER susceptibility iii) To find out not chemical method to control N. alba infection iv) Identify some fungal volatile compounds in order to use them as N. alba infections markers. Results regarding the role of primary metabolites showed that chlorogenic, quinic and malic acid inhibit N. alba development. The study based on the evaluation of cultivar susceptibility, showed that Granny Smith was the most resistant apple cultivar among the varieties analyzed. Moreover, Granny Smith showed the lowest pH value from harvest until the end of storage, supporting the thesis that ambient pH could be involved in the interaction between N. alba and apple. In order to find out new technologies able to improve lenticel rot management, the application of a non-destructive device for the determination of chlorophyll content was applied. Results showed that fruit with higher chlorophyll content are less susceptible to BER, and molecular analyses comforted this result. Fruits with higher chlorophyll content showed up-regulation of PGIP and HCT, genes involved in plant defence. Through the application of PTR-MS and SPME GC-MS, 25 volatile organic compounds emitted by N. alba were identified. Among them, 16 molecules were identified as potential biomarkers.

Il cancro batterico dell’actinidia causato da Pseudomonas syringae pv.actinidiae (Psa) suscita grande interesse a livello globale a partire dal 2008. La malattia è comparsa in Giappone e in due anni ha avuto una diffusione epidemica in tutte le aree di coltivazione mondiale di actinidia. Gravi perdite economiche hanno attirato l’attenzione internazionale su questa problematica e grandi sforzi sono stati rivolti allo studio di questo patosistema ancora poco conosciuto. E’ emerso infatti che il patogeno può rimanere in fase latente per lunghi periodi senza causare sintomi caratteristici nelle piante infette, e che dalla comparsa dei sintomi la pianta muore nell’arco di un paio d’anni. Il monitoraggio ed il controllo della situazione è perciò di fondamentale importanza ed è ancora più importante prevenire la comparsa di nuovi focolai di infezione. A questo proposito sarebbe opportuno l’impiego di materiale vegetale di propagazione non infetto, ma in molti casi questo diventa difficile, dal momento che il materiale impiegato è generalmente quello asintomatico, non analizzato precedentemente per la presenza del patogeno. Negli ultimi anni sono state perciò messe a punto molte tecniche molecolari per l’identificazione di Psa direttamente da materiale vegetale. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è stato quello di studiare l’epidemiologia di Psa in piante adulte infette e di verificare l’efficacia di metodi di diagnosi precoce per prevenire la malattia. A tale scopo il lavoro sperimentale è stato suddiviso in diverse fasi: i) studio della localizzazione, traslocazione e sopravvivenza di Psa nelle piante, a seguito di inoculazione in piante adulte di actinidia di ceppi marcati Psa::gfp; ii) studio della capacità di Psa di essere mantenuto in germogli di actinidia attraverso sette generazioni di micropropagazione dopo l’inoculazione delle piante madri con lo stesso ceppo marcato Psa::gfp; iii) studio ed applicazioni di un nuovo metodo di diagnosi precoce di Psa basato sull’analisi molecolare del “pianto”. / Bacterial canker disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) involved all global interest since 2008. The disease started from Japan and in two year it was causing epidemic outbreaks around the world, in every country that has an actinidia’s cultivations. Huge amount of economical losses brought the international attention on this problem and on strong efforts were devoted study this relatively unknown pathosystem. It appears in fact that pathogen can be maintained in latent form for long periods, without show any characteristic symptom on the affected plants, when it suddenly induce symptoms the plant die in one or two years. Monitor and control the real situation on symptoms are fundamental, but more important is to prevent the appearance of new infection events. This could be supported by the use of pathogen free propagation materials, but in several cases this is only theoretically achieved since materials employed are just asymptomatic but not tested to be pathogen-free. In the recent years a lot of molecular techniques were developed for Psa detection and diagnosis, directly from plant material. The objectives of this work were to clarify the spreading of Psa into the infected adult plant, and to verify the effectiveness of Psa early detection methods on disease prevention. Toward these aims the following experimental steps were carried out: i) study the localization, movement and survival ability of Psa into the plant after inoculation with a reference marked strains of Psa::gfp several actinidia adult plants; ii) study the Psa ability to be maintained in shoots during seven micropropagated generations after inoculation with the same marked strain of Psa::gfp mother plants; iii) study and application of a novel Psa detection method based on bleeding sap molecular testing.