Le problème du statut ontologique des universaux fut et demeure un des problèmes majeurs de la philosophie. Différentes réponses peuvent être apportées à ce problème. Nous chercherons ici à déterminer ce qu'aurait été la position défendue par Nicole Oresme. En nous fondant sur des questions tirées de son traité Expositio et Quaestiones in Aristotelis De Anima, nous exposerons la pensée oresmienne de la connaissance afin de nous donner l'instrumentation nécessaire à la réalisation du projet. La théorie de la connaissance qui émergera de ces questions sera comparée avec deux contemporains d'Oresme, à savoir Guillaume d'Ockham et Jean Buridan. Les théories de la connaissance de ces deux auteurs servent de références dans l'élaboration de la théorie de la connaissance d'Oresme et du statut ontologique à attribuer aux universaux. Nous chercherons à établir le nominalisme d'Oresme. De là émergera un nouveau problème: est-ce que l'on acquiert la connaissance d'une chose par l'entremise d'un concept avec comme représentation la singularité, ou bien est-ce que c'est par l'entremise d'un concept avec comme représentation l'universalité? L'hypothèse à laquelle notre recherche nous a conduit consiste à dire que chez Oresme il y a un concept qui est à la fois singulier et universel. La question se pose alors de savoir si on connaît premièrement une chose par l'entremise de l'universalité ou de la singularité de ce concept.

David Orlicki, Lena Valavani, and Michael Athans. / "January 1984." / Bibliography: leaf 6. / Supported by the Office of Naval Research under Grant ONR/N00014-82-K-0582 NR 606-003 National Science Foundation under Grant NSF/ECS-8210960 NASA Ames and Langley Research Centers under Grant NASA/NGL-22-009-124

Orientador : Haquira Osakabe / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T10:46:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cardoso_PatriciadaSilva_D.pdf: 12132460 bytes, checksum: a7dd771ef15939639b2fb171fa6ded9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Resumo: Este trabalho faz uma leitura do episódio histórico protagonizado por Inês de Castro, D. Monso IV, rei de Portugal, e seu filho, D. Pedro. A partir de oito versões literárias sobre esse episódio, é analisada e discutida a permanência do tema inesiano no imaginário português, sendo o problema da irreversibilidade das a ções humanas o fio condutor da leitura. A escolha desse fio condutor deve-se ao cruzamento do interesse individual com o interesse coletivo, a força que está por trás da more de Inês de Castro. Quando morre a amante do então infante D. Pedro, ele se vê obrigado a reagir. Mais do que vingança, sua reação revela-se uma tentativa de reverter o assassinato de Inês. Dessa reação, focalizada das mais diferentes maneiras pelas versões literárias, resultará uma imagem de soberano diferente. As diferenças na compreensão do sentido da reação de Pedro apresentadas pelas versões literárias são importantes para que se pensem algumas questões relativas à identidade cultural portuguesa, em cuja constituição a figura do bom govemante tem papel de destaque, uma vez que ela se estrutura em tomo da disposição daquele que ocupar o cargo para a defesa da autonomia nacional. Para tanto, um peso considerável é dado à necessidade de ação. Adotando a perspectiva da irreversibilidade, é possível perceber o amplo alcance do tema, que extrapola o âmbito do amor infeliz, em que costuma ser enquadrado quando se procura o motivo para seu sucesso entre o público / Abstract: This work offers a reading of the historical episode involving Inês de Castro, D. Afonso IV, Portugal's king, and his son, D. Pedro. Taking into account eight literary versions for this episode, I analyse and discuss the permanence of Inês de Castro as a ticcional theme in portuguese literature. The problem of the irreversibility of human actions links all eight versions. The reason why such link was chosen is related to the crossing of individual and collective interests, the force that determined Inês de Castro' s death. When she dies, Pedra, her lover, is forced to react. This reaction must be understood as an attempt to revert Inês's murder, more than a revenge. Each literary version focuses on a different aspect of Pedro's reaction; the result is a multiplicity ofimages ofPedro as a king. AlI these different appraaches reveal a new interest in an episode which popularity is always associated with the unhappy ending of this love history. In fact, there is an identity interest promoting the success. Since portuguese people are very concerned about their self-governrnent it is of great importance to them that their leaders know how to act to assure the independency. In such a context Pedra is taken as a kind of a parameter / Doutorado / Literatura Portuguesa / Doutor em Teoria e História Literária

Intentionale Kontrolle ist ein fundamentaler Aspekt menschlichen Verhaltens. Jedoch gibt es bei der neuronalen Basis solcher Kontrollprozesse noch immer viele offene Fragen. Bis heute bleibt beispielsweise umstritten wie das frontoparietale Intentions-Netzwerk organisiert ist. Weiterhin üben motivationale Prozesse einen großen Einfluss auf intentionale Kontrollprozesse aus. In früheren Studien wurden motivationale und intentionale Kontrollprozesse jedoch oft als unabhängige Funktionen verstanden und untersucht. Diese Dissertation untersucht die neuronalen Grundlagen intentionaler Kontrolle, vor allem auf den Einfluss zweier motivationaler Variablen (Aufgabenschwierigkeit, monetäre Belohnungen) und die funktionelle Organisation des Kontrollnetzwerkes fokussierend. Experiment 1 untersuchte Effekte motivationaler Prozesse auf volitionales Verhalten sowie die neuronale Grundlage dieser Effekte. Experiment 2 untersuchte welche Hirnregionen Verhalten mit seinen Konsequenzen assoziiert. Dies ist eine zentrale Funktion, möchte man die positiven Konsequenzen eigenen Verhaltens maximieren. Experiment 3 untersuchte direkt die Repräsentationen frei gewählter und extern determinierter Intentionen und somit auch die funktionale Architektur des intentionalen Kontrollnetzwerkes. Die Ergebnisse aller drei Studien betonen die Wichtigkeit des anterioren zingulären Kortex, dorsomedialen Präfrontalkortex und des parietalen Kortex für die Vermittlung motivationaler Effekte auf intentionale Kontrolle. Weiterhin deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass das frontoparietale Kontrollnetzwerk sowohl für die Kontrolle frei gewählten als auch extern determinierten Verhaltens wichtig ist. Diese Ergebnisse stellen einen wichtigen Beitrag für aktuelle Debatten über die neuronale Grundlage intentionalen Verhaltens dar, und erweitern aktuelle Theorien über motivationale und intentionale Kontrolle. / Freely choosing one’s own course of action is a fundamental aspect of human behavior. Yet, despite its importance, there remain many open questions about the neural basis underlying intentional control of action. On the one hand, the functional organization of the fronto-parietal brain network associated with intentional control remains a debated topic. On the other hand, motivational processes evidently affect intentional control, as we often choose actions which promise desirable outcomes. Despite this, previous research largely treated intentional and motivational control as two independent functions. This thesis aims at shedding light on the neural basis of intentional control, focusing on the effects of two motivational variables on intentional control processes (effort, monetary rewards), as well as the functional organization of the intentional control network. Experiment 1 investigated the effect of motivational processes on voluntary behavior and its neural basis. Experiment 2 assessed which brain regions associate behaviors with their outcomes, an important piece of information for choosing actions which lead the most desirable outcomes. Experiment 3 directly contrasted the representations of freely chosen and externally cued intentions, in this way investigating the functional organization of the intentional control network. Overall, results from those three experiments highlight the role of the dorsal anterior cingulate, dorso-medial prefrontal, and parietal cortex in mediating motivational effects on intentional control. They further suggest that the fronto-parietal intentional control network likely has a role in both controlling behavior that is freely chosen and externally cued. These results inform debates on the neural basis of intentional control and extend some recent theories of motivational and intentional control functions. They provide a promising starting point for a systematic investigation of the neural basis of intentional control.

No description available.

Diss.--Literaturwissenschaft--München, 1973. / Bibliogr. p. 235-242. Index.

Orientadora : Profª Drª Marcella Lopes Guimarães / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Letras e Artes, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História. Defesa: Curitiba,2011 / Bibliografia: fls. 134-138 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve como fontes principais uma documentação de raízes distintas. Analisamos a governabilidade do rei português D. Pedro I (1357 – 1367) sob a ótica das Cortes de Elvas de 1361 e pela Crônica de D. Pedro I escrita por Fernão Lopes na primeira metade do século XV. Porém, dentro desta documentação, privilegiamos aspectos voltados para questões jurídicas e administrativas que pudessem nos elucidar os modos como este rei governou e as relações do poder central com os outros grupos constituintes do reino. Nossa intenção no trabalho não foi contrapor estas documentações, mas apresentá-las, discorrer sobre estes dois pontos de vista para compreender o que foram os anos de reinado de D. Pedro e as rupturas e continuidades em relação aos reinados passados. Também procuramos buscar fatos inseridos em uma conjuntura mais ampla, acontecimentos que ocorreram em outros lugares da cristandade no período para apresentar na pesquisa intrumentos a mais na tentativa de elucidação da problemática. Segundo os escritos de Fernão Lopes, a tônica do reinado de D. Pedro I foi a aplicação da justiça, fato confirmado pelas Cortes, porém, com outro enfoque, tendo em vista que as grandes reclamações dos representantes dos grupos participantes (clero, nobreza e povo) davam conta de leis que não estariam sendo respeitadas. Por fim, ressaltemos que D. Pedro I seguiu uma orientação, proposital ou não, de acordo com a dinastia (Borgonha) a que pertencia e herdou um reino cujos preceitos jurídicos e administrativos já estavam traçados, ainda que tenha contribuído à sua maneira para o particularismo de seu reinado. / Abstract: This research was conducted at the Federal University of Parana under the guidance of Dr. Marcella Lopes Guimarães and obtained as a main source of documentation distinct roots. We analyze the governance of the Portuguese king D. Pedro I (1357 - 1367) from the viewpoint of the Cortes of Elvas in 1361 and by the Chronicle of D. Pedro I written by Fernão Lopes in the first half of the fifteenth century. However, on the inside this documentation, we focus aspects related to legal and administrative matters that could to show on the ways in which this king ruled and the relations of the central power with other groups in the kingdom. Our intention at research was not to confront these documentations, but present them, discuss two points of view to understand what were the years of the reign of D. Pedro I and the ruptures and continuities over the kings in the past. Also try to look facts placed in context of more extensive, events that occurred in other places of Christianity in the period to present the most research instruments in order to elucidate the problem. According to the writings of Fernão Lopes, the chronicler of the reign, D. Pedro I was the "righteous king", a fact confirmed by the courts, but with another approach, considering that the major complaints of the representatives of participating groups (clergy, nobility and people) they realized that no laws were being respected. Finally, let's point out that D. Pedro I followed one direction, intentional or not, according to the dynasty (Borgonha)) to which his house owned and inherited a kingdom whose legal and administrative provisions already outlined, however, contributed their way to the particularism of his reign.

Orientador: Fátima Regina Rodrigues Évora / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T03:35:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Malbouisson_IaraVelascoeCruz_M.pdf: 1013402 bytes, checksum: d9fab04e3710fe9e8d5bbf376e49bfdc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Essa dissertação tem por objetivo geral investigar as noções de ciência e conhecimento científico de Nicole Oresme (1323?-1382). Mais precisamente, procura-se situar o projeto filosófico de Oresme no contexto do século XIV e de seu progressivo afastamento da concepção aristotélica de ciência enquanto um saber demonstrativo, necessário e evidente. Desse modo, procura-se investigar de que maneira e por quais razões Oresme fala em causas prováveis, bem como qual o papel que a matemática ocupa em sua epistemologia probabilista. Para tanto, empreende-se a análise de algumas passagens do comentário de Oresme ao De anima de Aristóteles, e procura-se sobretudo apresentar e explicar a ciência de figurar qualidades e movimentos que Oresme formula, em seu Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum e motuum, com o intuito de assinalar as causas prováveis de diversos fenômenos naturais / Abstract: The objective of this thesis is to investigate Nicole Oresme's notions of science and scientific knowledge. More specifically, we attempt to place Oresme's philosophical project in the context of fourteenth-century natural philosophy, with its progressive departure from an Aristotelic conception of science as an evident, necessary and demonstrative knowledge. Hence, we investigate how and for which reasons Oresme speaks of \probable causes" and \probable explanations", and try to determine the role that mathematics plays in his probabilistic epistemology. For this effect, we analyse some passages of Oresme's commentary on Aristotle's De anima and seek, above all, to present and explain the science of figuring qualities and movements formulated by Oresme in his Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum e motuum for the pourpose of assigning probable causes to various natural phenomena / Mestrado / Filosofia / Mestre em Filosofia

The problem scrutinized in this thesis is the relationship between Robert Grosseteste, mentioned in the colophon of William of Shoreham's "Song to Mary," and the author of said poem. The influence of Grosseteste on William of Shoreham appears to be extensive. Many similarities of organization, diction, and, especially, imagery, exist in the works of both men. The images of the windowpane, the mirror, and Mary as a castle are found in more than one instance in both Grosseteste's Chasteau d'Amour and in several of Shoreham's poems. Moreover, the borrowed imagery in Shoreham's poetry is unquestionably superior to any other in his works. It is the conclusion of this thesis that Robert Grosseteste was a considerable influence on the works of William of Shoreham.

Um zu verstehen, wie das Gehirn von Säugetieren funktioniert, untersuchen wir wie neuronale Aktivität einerseits zu Kognition beträgt und andererseits komplexe Verhaltensweisen ermöglicht. Im Fokus dieser Doktorarbeit stehen dabei zwei Regionen der Großhirnrinde der Ratte: der parahippocampale Cortex und der motorische Cortex. Im ersten Teil haben wir neuronale Schaltkreise im parahippocampalen Cortex und in den oberen Schichten des enthorhinalen Cortex untersucht, während Ratten ihre Umgebung räumlich erkunden. Diese beiden Regionen tragen wesentlich zum Orientierungssinn bei. Dabei haben wir herausgefunden, dass anatomische Identität und Einbindung in den Microschaltkreis einerseits räumliche neuronale Signale, wie zum Beispiel der Aktivität von grid cells, border cells und head-direction cells, bestimmen. Andererseits tragen diese beiden Eigenschaften auch zur temporalen Präzision neuronaler Signale bei, wie zum Beispiel in Form von spike bursts, theta Modulation und phase precession. Im zweiten Teil dieser Doktorarbeit untersuchen wir die Aktivität von Neuronen im Vibrissen Motorcortex während komplexer Bewegungsabläufe der Schnurrhaare, die dem natürlichen Repertoire der Ratte entstammen: eigeninitiierte Bewegungen in freier Luft, Berührung von Artgenossen zur sozialen Interaktion und das Abtasten von Objekten. Dabei haben wir herausgefunden, dass neuronale Aktivität im Motorcortex während der Bewegung der Schnurrhaare unterdrückt ist, dass elektrische Microstimulation zum Rückzug der Schnurrhaare führt und, dass pharmakologische Blockade Bewegung der Schnurrhaare fördert. Um diese überraschende Beobachtung in einen breiteren Kontext zu integrieren, endet dieser Teil mit einer Bewertung der Literatur zu der bewegungsunterdrückenden Wirkung von Motorcortex Aktivität bei Nagetieren, Primaten und Menschen. / In order to understand how the mammalian brain works, we must investigate how neural activity contributes to cognition and generates complex behavioral output. In this thesis I present work, which focuses on two regions of the cerebral cortex of rats: parahippocampal cortex and motor cortex. In the first part of the thesis we investigate neural circuits in the parasubiculum and the superficial medial enthorhinal cortex, two structures that play a key role in spatial cognition. Briefly, we find that the in these regions, anatomical identity and microcircuit embedding is a major determinant of both spatial discharge patterns (such as the discharge patterns of grid cells, border cells and head-direction cells) and temporal coding features (such as spike bursts, theta-modulation and phase precession). In the second part of the thesis we investigate the activity of neurons in vibrissa motor cortex during complex motor behaviors, which play a vital role in rat ecology: self-initiated bouts of exploratory whisking in air, whisking to touch conspecifics during social interactions and whisking to palpate objects. Briefly, we find that neural activity decreases during whisking behaviors, that microstimulation leads to whisker retraction and that pharmacological blockade increases whisker movement. Thus, our observations collectively suggest that a primary role of vibrissa motor cortex activity is to suppress whisking behaviors. The second part of the thesis concludes with a literature review of motor suppressive effects of motor cortical activity across rodents, primates and humans to put this unexpected finding in a broader context.