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This thesis is a critical study of three violoncello suites of Johann 8ebastian Bach from the performer's point of view. Its purpose is to determine the comparative differences and similarities of several well known editions including the Bach Gesellschaft edition and the Pablo Casals recording. It will explain a few of the many discrepancies and provide adequate reasons for given suggestions and preferences concerning dynamics, tempi, ornamentation, bowing styles, and other elements of performance. By stating a brief historical background of the evolution of the violoncello and the development of musical form and style, it is possible to conceive Bach's ideas and intentions as he wrote the collection of six suites.

MORAES, Ana Paula da Cruz Pereira de. Entre mobilidades e disputas: o sertão do Rio Piranhas, Capitania da Paraíba do Norte (1670-1750). 2015. 301f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em História Social, Fortaleza (CE), 2015. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-12-15T11:39:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_apcpmoraes.pdf: 6078475 bytes, checksum: 33db9db18e8a2ab123388f2aa59ee385 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-12-15T17:09:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_apcpmoraes.pdf: 6078475 bytes, checksum: 33db9db18e8a2ab123388f2aa59ee385 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-15T17:09:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_apcpmoraes.pdf: 6078475 bytes, checksum: 33db9db18e8a2ab123388f2aa59ee385 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / After the expulsion of the Dutch of Portuguese America, the Lusitanian Crown returned to efforts for economic development and occupation of their colony in the New World. The time had come to expand its boundaries westward, turning to the distant hinterlands, investing in wars and raising cattle, as a impeller of the opening of paths and of occupation areas. From the perspective of a Social History of the Hinterland, this research sought to contribute to the debate on the spatial and social formation of the colonial hinterlands, building upon the Hinterland of Rio Piranhas, between 1670 and 1750, located in the Captaincy of North Paraíba. In this context of internalization of the lusos domains, the aforementioned hinterland was involved in a play of power over their spaces articulated by strategic actions of the colonizers, which resulted in the reconfiguration of territories, through the deterritorialization of indigenous nations, which in turn, they did resistance actions of different ways, from direct confrontation, the war against the colonial forces, to the formation of alliances with outsiders. Using documents of the Overseas Historical Archive, land grants registers and cartographic documents, among other sources, sought to launch a historiographic view at the plot of this hinterland, which had become a zone of multiple frontiers, pervaded by the mobile capability of their social agents, which articulated in paths networks and social networks that points a moving hinterland. / Após a expulsão dos neerlandeses da América Portuguesa, a Coroa retomou os esforços pelo desenvolvimento econômico e ocupação da sua colônia no Novo Mundo. Chegara o tempo de expandir seus limites na direção oeste, voltando-se para os sertões ermos, investindo nas guerras e na criação do gado, como um propulsor de abertura de estradas e núcleos de ocupação. Partindo da perspectiva de uma História Social do Sertão, esta pesquisa buscou contribuir com o debate em torno da formação espacial e social dos sertões coloniais, tomando como base o Sertão do Rio Piranhas, entre 1670 e 1750, localizado na Capitania da Paraíba do Norte. Nesse contexto de interiorização dos domínios lusos, o mencionado sertão foi envolvido em um jogo de poder sobre seus espaços, articulado por ações estratégicas dos colonizadores, que culminou na reconfiguração de territórios, por meio da desterritorialização das nações indígenas que, por sua vez, empreenderam ações de resistência de diferentes maneiras, desde o confronto direto, a guerra contra as forças coloniais, até a tessitura de alianças com os forasteiros. Utilizando documentos do Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, cartas de sesmarias e material cartográfico, entre outras fontes, buscou-se lançar um olhar historiográfico sobre a trama desse sertão, que se tornara uma zona de múltiplas fronteiras, perpassadas pela capacidade móvel dos seus atores sociais, que se articulavam em redes de caminhos e redes sociais que apontam um sertão em movimento.

In 1950-51, for the bicentennial of the death of J. S. Bach, Dmitri Shostakovich wrote his collection of Twenty-four Preludes and Fugues, Op. 87. This thesis is a study of the fugal technique of Shostakovich as observed in Op. 87, in light of the fugal style of Bach as observed in The Well-Tempered Clavier, Volume One. Individual analyses of each of the twenty-four Shostakovich pieces yield the conclusion that Op. 87 is an emulation of Bachian fugal methods as observed in The Well-Tempered Clavier, Volume One.

This subject has been chosen by the writer for the purpose of discussing these problems of performance, arising with the composition, the St. Matthew Passion, by J. S. Bach. Since Bach was a German and wrote in that language, the edition used is called the American edition. The performances in America are, with few exceptions, based upon translations which must be accurately edited so as not to obscure Bach's intentions.

One of the outstanding aspects of nineteenth-century romanticism was its preoccupation with the past. This interest in the music or the old masters has lasted well into the twentieth century, and one whose lifetime bridged the two centuries was the composer Max Reger (1873-1916). Reger's admiration for the music of the past pervaded his own works. His preference for contrapuntal textures and devices, his use of baroque forms, his distaste for program music--all bespeak Reger's especial interest in the old masters, particularly in 5. S. Bach. These qualities led some to regard him as the successor of Johannes Brahms, who held similar tenets. Because of his particular interest in composing for the organ, Reger was viewed as a "nineteenth-century Bach."

History shows that Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) was a devout member of the Lutheran faith. Studying Bach’s life reveals that two sects of Lutheranism were the most influential to him, Orthodoxy and Pietism. A brief historical study of these two sects’ founders and their theology are presented in this document. All of Bach’s compositions are a reflection of his Christian beliefs but none is greater than his St. Matthew Passion. Although Bach is known to be a member of the Orthodox denomination, by observing the parallels between the beliefs of the two sects and the St. Matthew Passion, this document reveals Bach to take a more liberal view. This thesis intends to show that Bach’s St. Matthew Passion is a universal piece of Christian music that transcends religious denomination. Ultimately, Bach’s faith was centered on Jesus Christ and His message. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Einen Einblick in die Genealogie der Hausfrau gewährt ein Ratgeber aus der Spätaufklärung, der sich als erste deutsche Ökonomik ausschließlich an Frauen richtet: Die Hausmutter in allen ihren Geschäfften von Christian Friedrich Germershausen, einem brandenburgischen Landgeistlichen. Das um 1780 veröffentlichte Werk umfasst fünf Bände à ca. 900 Seiten praktischen Wissens über das Führen eines Gutsbetriebes. Es befindet sich auf der Schnittstelle zwischen traditioneller Hausväterliteratur und der Haushaltsliteratur des 19. Jahrhunderts. Der Autor gehörte der Ökonomischen Aufklärung an, einer Bewegung, die sich für Agrarreformen einsetzte. Die historische Forschung hat bisher die Rolle von Frauen in der Ökonomischen Aufklärung vernachlässigt, Germershausens Hausmutter ist jedoch eine wichtige Figur in der Vermittlung dieses Wissens. Ebenso wichtig ist ihre Aufgabe, die soziale Hierarchie des Hauses herzustellen: Der eigene Stand wird mithilfe des Essens verortet. Bei Gastessen darf weder geprotzt werden, noch darf die Hausmutter zu geizig sein, während das Gesinde auf keinen Fall zu gutes Essen bekommen darf. Die geforderte Sparsamkeit wird so zu einer Gratwanderung und setzt schließlich nicht mehr nur beim Gesinde, sondern auch bei der Hausmutter selbst an. Die bürgerliche Ehefrau hat in der Folge im Laufe des 19. Jahrhunderts als Laie und unbezahlt immer mehr Aufgaben übernommen. Diese Entwicklung fängt mit dem spätaufklärerischen idealisierten Mutterbild an, das sich auch im letzten Band der Hausmutter finden lässt. In den ersten vier Bänden adressiert Germershausen seine Leserin als kompetente Betriebsleiterin. Dieser Tonfall ändert sich im letzten Band, in dem es um Schwangerschaft, Mutterschaft und die Erziehung der Töchter geht. Der Autor vollzieht hier einen Strategiewechsel in der Propagierung seines Hausmutterideals: vom gesellschaftlichen Druckmittel der Fremdbestimmung zur Selbstdisziplinierung und Affektbeherrschung durch schlechtes Gewissen. / In order to understand the concept of the housewife, I took a look at an advice book from the late Enlightenment, the first German household book that addressed exclusively women: Die Hausmutter in allen ihren Geschäfften (The Complete Guide to the activities of the Mistress of the Household) by Christian Friedrich Germershausen, a rural pastor. It was published around 1780, and consisted of five volumes à ca. 900 pages of practical knowledge about how to run a rural estate. It marks a unique position between traditional Hausväterliteratur and household literature from the 19th century. The author belonged to a movement that tried to introduce agricultural reforms. Historical research looking into this ‚Economic Enlightenment‘ has so far neglected the role of women in it. Germershausen, nevertheless, regards the Hausmutter as an important figure in the process of communicating and realizing this knowledge. Equally important is her task to establish the social order in the house: the status in feudal society is defined with the help of food. Having guests for dinner, she is supposed to find the right balance between decadence and parsimony. The servants mustn’t be served food the author regards as too good for them. Eventually, the requested thriftiness doesn’t only concern the servants, but also the Hausmutter herself. During the 19th century, the bourgeois housewife, layperson and unpaid, consequently takes over more and more tasks. This development started with motherhood being idealized in the late Enlightenment, apparent in the last volume of the Hausmutter. While Germershausen still addresses his reader as competent manager in the first four volumes, his tone changes in the last volume, as the subject turns to pregnancy, motherhood, and the upbringing of daughters. The author changes his strategy propagating his ideal of the Hausmutter: from societal pressure of heteronomy to self-discipline and control of affects by means of a guilty conscience.

Diese Doktorarbeit behandelt die Beobachtung, daß Koregulationsmuster in Genexpressionsdaten häufig Funktionsstrukturen der Zelle widerspiegeln. Zunächst werden simulierte Genexpressionsdaten und Expressionsdaten aus Hefeexperimenten mit Hilfe von Independent Component Analysis (ICA) und verwandten Faktormodellen untersucht. In einem eher theoretischen Zugang werden anschließend Beziehungen zwischen den Expressionsmustern und der biologischen Funktion der Gene aus einem Optimalitätsprinzip hergeleitet. Lineare Faktormodelle, beispielsweise ICA, zerlegen Genexpressionsmatrizen in statistische Komponenten: die Koeffizienten bezüglich der Komponenten können als Profile von verborgenen Variablen ("Expressionsmoden") interpretiert werden, deren Werte zwischen den Proben variieren. Im Gegensatz zu Clustermethoden beschreiben solche Faktormodelle eine überlagerung biologischer Effekte und die individuellen Reaktionen der einzelnen Gene: jedes Genprofil besteht aus einer überlagerung der Expressionsmoden, die so die gemeinsamen Schwankungen vieler Gene erklären. Die linearen Komponenten werden blind, also ohne zusätzliches biologisches Wissen, aus den Daten geschätzt, und die meisten der hier betrachteten Methoden erlauben es, nahezu schwach besetzte Komponenten zu rekonstruieren. Beim Ausdünnen einer Komponente werden Gene sichtbar, die stark auf die entsprechende Mode reagieren, ganz in Analogie zu Genen, die differentielle Expression zwischen einzelnen Proben zeigen. Verschiedene Faktormodelle werden in dieser Arbeit auf simulierte und experimentelle Expressionsdaten angewendet. Bei der Simulation von Expressionsdaten wird angenommen, daß die Genexpression von einigen unbeobachteten Variablen ("biologischen Expressionsmoden") abhängt, die den Zellzustand beschreiben und deren Einfluss auf die Gene sich durch nichtlineare Funktionen, die sogenannten Genprogramme, beschreiben läßt. Besteht Hoffnung, solche Expressionsmoden durch blinde Datenanalyse wiederzufinden? Die Tests in dieser Arbeit zeigen, daß die Moden mit ICA recht zuverlässig gefunden werden, selbst wenn die Daten verrauscht oder leicht nichtlinear sind und die Anzahl der wahren und der geschätzten Komponenten nicht übereinstimmt. Regressionsmodelle werden an Profile einzelner Gene angepasst, um ihre Expression durch Expressionsmoden aus Faktormodellen oder durch die Expression einzelner Transkriptionsfaktoren zu erklären. Nichtlineare Genprogramme werden mit Hilfe von nichtlinearer ICA ermittelt: solche effektiven Genprogramme könnten zur Beschreibung von Genexpression in großen Zellmodellen Verwendung finden. ICA und verwandte Methoden werden auf Expressionsdaten aus Zellzyklusexperimenten angewendet: neben biologisch interpretierbaren Moden werden experimentelle Artefakte identifiziert, die vermutlich Hybridisierungseffekte oder eine Verunreinigung der Proben widerspiegeln. Für einzelne Komponenten wird gezeigt, daß die koregulierten Gene gemeinsame biologische Funktionen besitzen und daß die entsprechenden Enzyme bevorzugt in bestimmten Bereichen des Stoffwechselnetzes zu finden sind. Die Expressionmechanismen scheinen also - als Ergebnis der Evolution - Funktionsbeziehungen zwischen den Genen widerzuspiegeln: es wäre unter ökonomischen Gesichtspunkten vermutlich ineffizient, wenn kooperierende Gene nicht auch koreguliert würden. Um diese teleologische Vorstellung von Genexpression zu formalisieren, wird in dieser Arbeit ein mathematisches Modell zur Analyse der optimalen differentiellen Expression (ANODE) vorgeschlagen: das Modell beschreibt Regulatoren, also beispielsweise Gene oder Enzyme, und die von ihnen gesteuerten Variablen, zum Beispiel metabolische Flüsse. Das Systemverhalten wird durch eine Fitnessfunktion bewertet, die beispielsweise vom bestimmten Stoffwechselflüssen abhängt und die es zu optimieren gilt. Dieses Optimalitätsprinzip definiert eine optimale Reaktion der Regulatoren auf kleine äußeren Störungen. Zur Berechnung optimaler Regulationsmuster braucht das zu regulierende System nur teilweise bekannt zu sein: es genügt, sein mögliches Verhalten in der Nähe des optimalen Zustandes sowie die lokale Form der Fitnesslandschaft zu kennen. Die Methode wird auf zeitabhängige Störungen erweitert: um die Antwort von Stoffwechselsystemen auf kleine oszillatorische Störungen zu beschreiben, werden frequenzabhängige Kontrollkoeffizienten definiert und durch Summations- und Konnektivitätstheoreme charakterisiert. Um die vorhergesagte Beziehung zwischen Expression und Funktion zu prüfen, werden Kontrollkoeffizienten für ein großes Stoffwechselnetz simuliert, und ihre statistischen Eigenschaften werden untersucht: die Struktur der Kontrollkoeffizientenmatrix bildet die Netztopologie ab, das bedeutet, chemische Reaktionen haben gewöhnlich einen geringen Einfluss auf weit entfernte Teile des Netzes. Außerdem hängen die Kontrollkoeffizienten innerhalb eines Teilnetzes nur schwach von der Modellierung des umgebenden Netzes ab. Verschiedene plausible Annahmen über sinnvolle Expressionsmuster lassen sich formal aus dem Optimalitätsprinzip herleiten: das Hauptergebnis ist eine allgemeine Beziehung zwischen dem Verhalten und der biologischen Funktion von Regulatoren, aus der sich zum Beispiel die Koregulation von Enzymen in Komplexen oder Funktionsmodulen ergibt. Die Funktionen der Gene werden in diesem Zusammenhang durch ihre linearen Einflüsse (die sogenannten Responsekoeffizienten) auf fitnessrelevante Zellvariable beschrieben. Für Stoffwechselenzyme werden aus den Theoremen der metabolischen Kontrolltheorie Summenregeln hergeleitet, die die Expressionsmuster mit der Struktur des Stoffwechselnetzes verknüpfen. Weitere Vorhersagen betreffen eine symmetrische Kompensation von Gendeletionen und eine Beziehung zwischen Genexpression und dem Fitnessverlust aufgrund von Deletionen. Wenn die optimale Steuerung durch eine Rückkopplung zwischen Zellvariablen und den Regulatoren verwirklicht ist, dann spiegeln sich funktionale Beziehungen auch in den Rückkopplungskoeffizienten wider. Daher ist zu erwarten, daß Gene mit ähnlicher Funktion durch Eingangssignale aus denselben Signalwegen gesteuert werden. Das Modell der optimalen Steuerung sagt voraus, daß Expressionsprofile aus Linearkombinationen von Responsekoeffizientenprofilen bestehen: Tests mit experimentellen Expressionsdaten und simulierten Kontrollkoeffizienten stützen diese Hypothese, und die gemeinsamen Komponenten, die aus diesen beiden Arten von Daten geschätzt werden, liefern ein anschauliches Bild der Stochwechselvorgänge, die zur Anpassung an unterschiedliche Umgebungen notwendig sind. Alles in allem werden in dieser Arbeit empirische Beziehungen zwischen der Expression and der Funktion von Genen bestätigt. Darüber hinaus werden solche Beziehungen aus theorischen Gründen vorhergesagt. Ein Hauptziel ist es, teleologische Aussagen über Genexpression auf explizite Annahmen zurückzuführen und dadurch klarer zu formulieren, und so einen theoretischen Rahmen für die Integration von Expressionsdaten und Funktionsannotationen zu liefern. Während andere Autoren die Expression mit Funktionskategorien der Gene oder topologisch definierten Stoffwechselwegen verglichen haben, schlage ich vor, die Funktionen von Genen durch ihre Responsekoeffizienten auszudrücken. Als ein Hauptergebnis dieser Arbeit werden allgemeine Beziehungen zwischen der Funktion, der optimalen Expression und dem Programm eines Gens vorhergesagt. Soweit die Optimalitätsannahme gilt, rechtfertigt das Modell die Verwendung von Expressionsdaten zur Funktionsannotation und zur Rekonstruktion von Stoffwechselwegen und liefert außerdem eine funktionsbezogene Interpretation für die linearen Komponenten in Expressionsdaten. Die Methoden aus dieser Arbeit sind nicht auf Genexpressionsdaten beschränkt: die Faktormodelle lassen sich auch auf Protein- und Metabolitdaten anwenden, und das Optimalitätsprinzip könnte ebenfalls auf andere Steuerungsmechanismen angewendet werden, beispielsweise auf die allosterische Steuerung von Enzymen. / This thesis is concerned with the observation that coregulation patterns in gene expression data often reflect functional structures of the cell. First, simulated gene expression data and expression data from yeast experiments are studied with independent component analysis (ICA) and with related factor models. Then, in a more theoretical approach, relations between gene expression patterns and the biological function of the genes are derived from an optimality principle. Linear factor models such as ICA decompose gene expression matrices into statistical components. The coefficients with respect to the components can be interpreted as profiles of hidden variables (called "expression modes") that assume different values in the different samples. In contrast to clusterings, such factor models account for a superposition of effects and for individual responses of the different genes: each gene profile consists of a superposition of the expression modes, which thereby account for the common variation of many genes. The components are estimated blindly from the data, that is, without further biological knowledge, and most of the methods considered here can reconstruct almost sparse components. Thresholding a component reveals genes that respond strongly to the corresponding mode, in comparison to genes showing differential expression among individual samples. In this work, different factor models are applied to simulated and experimental expression data. To simulate expression data, it is assumed that gene expression depends on several unobserved variables ("biological expression modes") which characterise the cell state and that the genes respond to them according to nonlinear functions called "gene programs". Is there a chance to reconstruct such expression modes with a blind data analysis? The tests in this work show that the modes can be found with ICA even if the data are noisy or weakly nonlinear, or if the numbers of true and estimated components do not match. Regression models are fitted to the profiles of single genes to explain their expression by expression modes from factor models or by the expression of single transcription factors. Nonlinear gene programs are estimated by nonlinear ICA: such effective gene programs may be used for describing gene expression in large cell models. ICA and similar methods are applied to expression data from cell-cycle experiments: besides biologically interpretable modes, experimental artefacts, probably caused by hybridisation effects and contamination of the samples, are identified. It is shown for single components that the coregulated genes share biological functions and the corresponding enzymes are concentrated in particular regions of the metabolic network. Thus the expression machinery seems to portray - as an outcome of evolution - functional relationships between the genes: regarding the economy of resources, it would probably be inefficient if cooperating genes were not coregulated. To formalise this teleological view on gene expression, a mathematical model for the analysis of optimal differential expression (ANODE) is proposed in this work: the model describes regulators, such as genes or enzymes, and output variables, such as metabolic fluxes. The system´s behaviour is evaluated by a fitness function, which, for instance, rates some of the metabolic fluxes in the cell and which is supposed to be optimised. This optimality principle defines an optimal response of regulators to small external perturbations. For calculating the optimal regulation patterns, the system to be controlled needs to be known only partially: it suffices to predefine its possible behaviour around the optimal state and the local shape of the fitness function. The method is extended to time-dependent perturbations: to describe the response of metabolic systems to small oscillatory perturbations, frequency-dependent control coefficients are defined and characterised by summation and connectivity theorems. For testing the predicted relation between expression and function, control coefficients are simulated for a large-scale metabolic network and their statistical properties are studied: the structure of the control coefficients matrix portrays the network topology, that is, chemical reactions tend to have little control on distant parts of the network. Furthermore, control coefficients within subnetworks depend only weakly on the modelling of the surrounding network. Several plausible assumptions about appropriate expression patterns can be formally derived from the optimality principle: the main result is a general relation between the behaviour of regulators and their biological functions, which implies, for example, the coregulation of enzymes acting in complexes or functional modules. In this context, the functions of genes are quantified by their linear influences (called ``response coefficients'') on fitness-relevant cell variables. For enzymes controlling metabolism, the theorems of metabolic control theory lead to sum rules that relate the expression patterns to the structure of the metabolic network. Further predictions concern a symmetric compensation for gene deletions and a relation between gene expression and the fitness loss caused by gene deletions. If optimal regulation is realised by feedback signals between the cell variables and the regulators, then functional relations are also portrayed in the linear feedback coefficients, so genes of similar function may be expected to share inputs from the same signalling cascades. According to the model of optimal regulation, expression profiles are linear combinations of response coefficient profiles: tests with experimental expression profiles and simulated control coefficients support this hypothesis, and the common components which are estimated from both kinds of data provide a vivid picture of the metabolic adaptations that are required in different environments. To summarise, empirical relations between gene expression and function have been confirmed in this work. Furthermore, such relations have been predicted on theoretical grounds. A main aim is to clarify teleological assertions about gene expression by deriving them from explicit assumptions, and thus to provide a theoretical framework for the integration of expression data and functional annotations. While other authors have compared expression to functional gene categories or topologically defined metabolic pathways, I propose to relate it to the response coefficients. A main result of this work is that general relations are predicted between a gene's function, its optimal expression behaviour, and its regulatory program. Where the assumption of optimality is valid, the model justifies the use of expression data for functional annotation and pathway reconstruction, and it provides a function-related interpretation for the linear components behind expression data. The methods from this work are not limited to gene expression data: the factor models are applicable to protein and metabolite data as well, and the optimality principle may also apply to other regulatory mechanisms, such as the allosteric control of enzymes.

Submitted by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2013-09-20T14:57:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_EngenhosEngenhocasAtividades.pdf: 1519916 bytes, checksum: 820587e046db65d7421d4a45dbbb3dbc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2013-10-10T12:04:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_EngenhosEngenhocasAtividades.pdf: 1519916 bytes, checksum: 820587e046db65d7421d4a45dbbb3dbc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-10T12:04:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_EngenhosEngenhocasAtividades.pdf: 1519916 bytes, checksum: 820587e046db65d7421d4a45dbbb3dbc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / A atividade açucareira no Estado do Maranhão é pouco tratada pela historiografia brasileira e apresenta peculiaridades. Esta dissertação compreende uma análise da atividade açucareira no Estado do Maranhão na primeira metade do século XVIII, com a finalidade de compreender a importância do açúcar nas Capitanias do Pará e Maranhão, onde a atividade foi intensamente praticada ao longo do período colonial. Ancorado firmemente na documentação manuscrita e relatos do período, buscou-se identificar os significados do açúcar nesta região – que não eram puramente econômicos – a fim de explicar a continuidade da atividade açucareira na região em meio a problemas característicos de sua historia dentre os quais pode-se destacar a falta de escravos, ataques indígenas, inexistência de moeda metálica, entre outros. / The sugar cane activity in the State of Maranhão and Grão-Pará, instead of been barely treated for the Brazilian historiography, shows some peculiarities. This thesis pretends to analyze the sugar cane activity in the State in the first half of 18th century and intent to understand the importance of sugar in the region, where this activity was intensely practiced in the called “Brazil Colonial History”. Working with the manuscripts and other documents produced in the period, this thesis intent to identify the meanings of the sugar in this particularly region – not only economic meanings – with the purpose to explain the continuity of the sugar cane activity behalf characteristics problems of it history, like the leak of slaves, Indian attacks, inexistence of metallic coin, etc.