Because of his portrayal of noble and heroic Indians in the Leatherstocking Tales, James Fenimore Cooper has often been regarded as a writer very sympathetic to the Indian people in their struggle against dispossession by white society. Because they include many statements which support concepts of aboriginal land rights for the Indians, the Leatherstocking Tales appear to support this understanding of Cooper. However during the time in which Cooper wrote and published the five Leatherstocking Tales, Pioneers (1823), Last of the Mohicans (1826), Prairie (1827), Pathfinder (1840), and Deerslayer (1841), the United States debated and adopted a policy of Indian removal. As a result of this policy, most Indian peoples living east of the Mississippi were removed to unfamiliar lands west of the Mississippi. While some Indians agreed to this policy, others, most notably the Cherokee, objected and tried to maintain themselves as a people on their traditional lands. A treaty, endorsed by an unrepresentative minority of the Cherokee people, ceded these lands and the Cherokee were expelled from their homeland; some four thousand Cherokee people died on this "Trail of Tears" to their new home. Although Cooper was politically active and aware, he did not protest the actions of the government. In Notions of the Americans (1828), a fictional travel narrative, the presumed author, who, in many respects, can be identified with Cooper, speaks of removal as a "great, humane, and . . . rational project." Otherwise, Cooper does not appear to have addressed himself to the removal controversy. The thesis, therefore, re-examines the Leather-stocking Tales in the light of the removal controversy; it seeks to determine what understanding these novels give of the Indian people, of Indian-white relations, and of Indian rights to the land. The first three Leatherstocking novels were written during the debate on Indian removal. Although Indian rights to the "land are frequently mentioned, other aspects of these novels work to deny the validity of the Indian claim. The last two Leatherstocking novels, written after the removal policy had come into effect, do not have as much rhetoric about Indian land rights; like the earlier Leatherstocking Tales, however, they see the Indian and white civilization as mutually exclusive. Although Cooper presents good and noble Indians, in opposition to his Indian villains, they lack the necessary qualities to become a happy and worthwhile part of American life and culture. Critics accused Cooper of patterning his Indians too much after those described by Rev. John Heckewelder, one of Cooper's major sources. However, as this thesis shows, Cooper significantly altered Heckewelder's view of the Indians and of Indian-white relations; Cooper plays down the importance of white savagery, which Heckewelder had stressed and detailed, and, in contrast, emphasizes and details Indian acts of savagery and cruelty. The thesis concludes that Cooper saw the Indian primarily as material for romance; wrongs done to the Indian and statements about Indian rights to the land are included in the novels because they added to the picture of the Indian as a romantic figure. Basically, Cooper did not have any political or social commitment to the Indian people. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

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Describe el surgimiento de la Revolución francesa y sus consecuencias, así como el papel que desempeña en los acontecimientos del siglo XIX y la influencia que está llamada a ejercer en el mundo. Considera que la Revolución francesa desempeñó en la historia, el mismo papel que el cristianismo. Este destruyó el paganismo, vino con el objeto de atacar la corrupción del hombre y eso efecto lo reformó. Cayó la sociedad antigua y vino una sociedad más desordenada más el hombre interior ganó con el cristianismo. La revolución se dirigió por el contrario al hombre externo, a la sociedad, no se dirigió a reformar la conciencia individual sino a atacar los vicios sociales. / Tesis

Lors de la Révolution française, la production de pamphlets à caractère politique s'est multipliée, donnant naissance à un genre particulier de courts récits pornographiques dont les personnages sont les divers acteurs du monde politique de l'époque. Ce type de récit, la pornographie politique, a connu une large diffusion au début de la Révolution. Le statut de la monarchie étant plus que jamais remis en cause, cette propagande s'en prend au couple royal, faisant de la reine une figure de la débauche; du roi, un symbole de l'impuissance sexuelle. Étrange entreprise de subversion de l'ordre établi, ces pamphlets visent manifestement à détruire la légitimité politique des personnalités qu'ils mettent en scène. Or, si cet objectif des pamphlétaires semble évident, le moyen qu'ils utilisent l'est moins: comment un récit pornographique peut-il être le vecteur d'un message politique? Pour comprendre le fonctionnement de ce type de discours politique, sept pamphlets publiés entre 1789 et 1793 et prenant Louis XVI ou Marie-Antoinette pour cible ont été sélectionnés: Les amours de Charlot et Toinette, Le godemiché royal, L'Autrichienne en goguettes, Bordel national, Fureurs utérines, La journée amoureuse et Bordel royal. S'ils ne reposent pas sur une argumentation au sens strict, ces pamphlets contiennent néanmoins un discours politique clair, lisible dans les portraits des protagonistes et dans un récit construit de manière à exposer leurs torts. S'appuyant sur la complicité du lectorat, ils n'hésitent pas à calomnier ouvertement le couple royal, accordant une large part à l'imagination et à l'exagération. Par une représentation hautement transgressive de l'intimité -tantôt grivoise, tantôt pornographique -ils désacralisent et souillent leurs adversaires. Grâce à une utilisation judicieuse de la métaphore sexuelle, ils maintiennent aussi une critique implicite de la politique, montrant un roi impuissant et un pouvoir laissé vacant. Le corps de la reine, par le biais de la représentation pornographique, est offert au lecteur en équivalent du pouvoir à saisir dans la démocratisation qui est en cours. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Pornographie, Révolution française, Monarchie, Propagande, Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette.

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The patriots depend on the uprising of the people and on popular enthusiasm in general, both for the physical and for the ideological support to achieve the revolution. In order to ensure the progress of the revolution, they will strive to control and direct popular agitation through written discourse. Revolutions de Paris, one of the most popular newspapers of the French Revolution, offers a good example of that: events are interpreted through narratives that distinguish 'good' popular uprisings from 'bad' ones, thus outlining a plan for the contribution of popular enthusiasm to the revolution.

Thèse (D. en histoire)--Université du Québec à Montréal, 2005. / En tête du titre: Université du Québec à Montréal. Bibliogr.: f. [319]-342. Publié aussi en version électronique.