Charles Baudelaire apparaît aujourd'hui comme le premier en date des poètes dits "modernes” et c'est parmi les poètes que le placent les anthologies contemporaines. Mais la renommée et l'influence de la poésie baudelairienne ont tendance à faire oublier le fait que Baudelaire fut également prosateur et que c’est à la prose qu'il dut ses premiers lauriers littéraires. La traduction des "Histoires Extraordinaires" d’Edgar Poe ne fut-elle pas son premier succès, et le plus indiscutable? Néanmoins, l’oeuvre en prose de Baudelaire ne représente qu'environ un quart de son oeuvre publiée — elle souffre donc d'un manque de volume par rapport à son oeuvre en vers et ce premier avantage explique en partie pourquoi elle a moins attire les étudiants et les chercheurs.

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Thèse--Sciences politiques et économiques--Dijon, 1904. / Bibliogr. pp. XIII-XX.

From Conclusion: The Artist can regard Baudelaire as a touchstone, as so many of his ideals and maxims are the ideals and maxims of the Artist himself. He teaches us many invaluable secrets of the universe and his lucid rendering of their explanations give us a clear insight into its mystery. He believed that Art was the ‘brainchild’ of Nature’s inspiration and that through its means and ways Natures mysteries will be revealed to us. He fought against all that the modern-day Artist is stiII fighting against. He rebelled against society1s false reasoning and its false morals. He became ‘self-exiled’ so that he could retain his individuality and reasoning. Like the Artist, his most valuable quality was his spontaneity and inspiration, given to him when his spirit moved him. His poems stand complete in themselves and yet all have a mysterious quality binding them. Likewise our paintings must also stand complete, they must be an end in themselves, each with its own singular message and yet a unity must prevaiI throughout. We must strive for that eternal quality that is so obvious in Baudelaire1s work. He can be read today at the distance of a century as if he had written for the present generation, with a knowledge of its problems and interests. His appeal is still vital because he was not fettered by the fashionable opinions and evanescent whims of his own age, and he made no concessions to the spirit of his own time in order to gain popularity.

Travel accounts are an important source of information about eastern Canada during the period 1763-1838. The authors included civil and military officers, merchants, and farmers, of British, French, German, and American nationality. Most of them displayed the outlook and prejudices of the middle and upper classes, and almost all of them were Protestants of varying degrees of conviction. Between the Conquest and the Peace of Paris, these travellers found a conquered province inhabited mainly by French-speaking peasants with distinctive customs. The influx of Loyalists after the American Revolution augmented the small but influential English-speaking community and led to the establishment of the separate provinces of Lower and Upper Canada in 1791. After the War of 1812, immigration from Great Britain and Ireland added to the complexity of the eastern province and greatly increased the population of the western. Racial antagonism became serious in Lower Canada, but it was never important in Upper Canada. Social conditions showed gradual improvement throughout the period 1763-1838, but intellectual and cultural progress was slow, particularly in Upper Canada. The dominance of the Roman Catholic church in Lower Canada had no parallel in the western province, where religious diversity was the rule. Economically, "both provinces were backward, even in agriculture, the mainstay of their people. Transportation facilities were generally primitive, with certain important exceptions. The political struggle in Lower Canada was essentially an attempt by the French-speaking majority to assume the direction of its own affairs by subordinating the executive to the popular legislature. This racial issue did not arise in Upper Canada, where the reformers sought to put into effect democratic principles of British and American provenance. The Rebellions of 1837 came as a surprise, despite the evidence of mounting tension in the years immediately preceding. The observations of travellers were sufficiently consistent to act as a useful complement to Lord Durham's Report. On the whole, they confirmed his diagnosis and supported his recommendations. The picture of the Canadas derived from travel literature is of considerable value for an understanding of Canadian development during the period 1763-1838. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this paper is two-fold - to trace the development of Russian American Company relations with foreigners in Alaska and to assess the effects of foreign trade there on the competitive position of the company. The closing year for this study, 1839, is the year in which the Russian American Company made definite arrangements to receive much of its provisions from the Hudson's Bay Company in order to resolve its long-standing problem of supply. As to the first aspect of this theme, this account of Russian American Company foreign relations follows in broad outline the existing works dealing with the history of the company. However, some corrections and new material based on a careful study of unpublished sources in America and the Soviet Union have been added concerning the details of foreign visits to Alaska. Various subject relevant to the development of foreign trade are considered: its beginnings, the evolution of company and government attitudes to relations with foreigners, and the development of Hudson's Bay Company trade in the area. The financial prosperity of the Russian American Company is reassessed and revised downwards on the basis of some relatively unexploited archival material, with the inflationary decrease in the value of the paper ruble being taken into account. Particular attention is paid to the events leading up to the lease of the Alaska panhandle (lisière) in 1839 in order to determine the essential significance of the agreement in terms of the foreign trade and further development of the Russian American Company. The main conclusions of the thesis can be stated briefly as follows. Although small in comparison with the total income and expenditure in the colony, foreign trade was absolutely necessary to the survival of the company in Alaska unless and until some reliable alternative source of vital provisions and supplies could be devised. The final decision to regularize and perpetuate the Russian American Company's dependence on foreign trade signified a final acceptance of the view that there was no feasible alternative. Whether this view was completely valid cannot be answered definitely on the basis of the available evidence. It seems clear that the decision was not made on the basis of economic feasibility or political considerations alone. In any case the principal result of the lease agreement was that the Russian American Company's prospects for economic progress or even for holding its own financially practically disappeared. / Arts, Faculty of / Central Eastern Northern European Studies, Department of / Graduate

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