This study examines the two-phase development of the movement for the higher education of women in Scotland from 1869 to 1939. The first phase covers the period from the mid-1860s when the movement to gain the admission of women to the Scottish Universities was first begun. The efforts of pioneer women and individual professors were crucial and contributed largely to the foundation of women's educational associations in Aberdeen, St Andrews, Edinburgh and Glasgow. The establishment of lecture courses and university certificates marked considerable progress towards the goal of university admission. This was achieved by the passing of the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889 and subsequent Ordinances which gave the universities power to admit women. The separate dynamics of the medical women's campaign and in particular the role of Sophia Jex-Blake are also examined in same detail. The second phase covers the period from 1892 when the Ordinance admitting women was passed. In this period the levels of integration and acceptance of women students are assessed both at the formal level and at the informal level of integration into the social and corporate life of the universities. Full informal integration did not occur due to the 'separate' nature of many of their social activities including Women's Unions, committees and societies. women students, assessing the patterns and trends of economic and social change as it affected the statistics of matriculation and graduation and the relative position of women compared to men. The social origins of women students are examined revealing through oral evidence and recollections the diversity of perceptions and experiences which occurred within a general middle-class background. The crucial questions raised about the self-awareness of women students are looked at under the key themes of image, identity and consciousness, identifying the feminist perspective in the Women's Debating and Suffrage societies. Finally, the destination and marriage trends of women graduates are examined revealing that the majority of women graduates became teachers and that many did not marry. Thus the study provides a Scottish dimension and insight into the general movement for the higher education of women and reveals some of the perceptions, origins and experiences which shaped the lives of a significant group of women in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The purpose of this study is to discover what the newcomers from the Baltic countries consider to be some of the more important situations to which they have to adjust in becoming settled in Canada, their feelings and attitudes in this regard, and some of the ways in which the adjustment has been made. In this connection "newcomer" refers to displaced persons and refugees who arrived in Canada after World War II. In the course of this investigation various methods and techniques were tried. These included testing, the use of biograms, interviews, systematic field observations and a questionnaire. Sociometric methods, experiments and life histories were considered but not used due principally to the relatively small number of newcomers in the area under study and the need to maintain anonymity in order to establish rapport. These methods and techniques might be useful in studying the social adjustment of newcomers in larger areas having a larger newcomer population. Of the methods tried, interviews, systematic field observations and questionnaire replies proved most useful. No one method in itself was sufficient, but the combination seemed to yield adequate data for the study of the newcomers' problems. Interviews and field observations were carried out concurrently throughout the period of investigation. The questionnaire was used towards the end of the study, after rapport had been established, and was based on the data obtained through the use of interviews and field observations. It was administered to 62 newcomers from the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The replies were useful in determining the relative significance of problems which had been discovered through the use of the other methods. Some of the tension-situations to which the newcomers had to adjust arose out of difficulties encountered in understanding the Canadian culture and difficulties in connection with interpreting their own culture to Canadians. Since assimilation is a two-way process, the solving of the problem of interpreting their culture to Canadians encouraged the newcomers to endeavor to understand Canadian culture better. Out of 57 newcomers who replied to the question about wanting to interpret their culture to Canadians, 52 replied in the affirmative. However, when asked what opportunities they had, the replies were, "none", or "very little". Due to this study being made, the newcomers came to the attention of the Canadian Folk Society and were invited to take part in the Folk Festival, thus relieving in part the tension in this regard. Participation in the planning and program of the Festival resulted in greater interest, on the part of the newcomers, in Canadian citizenship. The two problems which seemed most formidable, however, were those arising out of the Russian occupation of their homeland, which resulted in the deportation of friends and relatives; and the separation of families due to the preference given to single adults under the Canadian immigration policy and its administration. Before any general conclusions can be drawn, however, concerning the social adjustment of the newcomers, it would be necessary to conduct the study on a much larger scale than that used in the present investigation. Further, it would be necessary to consider the viewpoint of Canadians as well as the newcomers before a final evaluation can be made. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

During the Second World War, the Canadian government could claim only moderate success for its information operations. To begin with, the government had difficulty in 1939 establishing its first-ever, full-scale wartime information agency, the Bureau of Public Information, and providing it with an effective organization and policy. Various outside interests, particularly Canadian newspapers and social scientists, pressed the government to adopt a policy which reflected their particular views on the role of wartime information in a liberal democratic system. After trying out an information policy that rested on facilitating newspaper coverage, the minister of National War Services with responsibility for public information allowed the director of Public Information to expand his activities in an ad hoc manner and to adopt newspaper or social scientific techniques if he saw fit. This approach satisfied no one and led to a complete reorganization of information work in 1942 and the formation of the Wartime Information Board, the Bureau's replacement, which finally emerged with a policy in 1943. The chief architect of the new approach, John Grierson, wanted to use the social sciences in an integrated media approach that explained how democracy fit into an increasingly complex, technological society. But this was difficult. The WIB could not avoid involvement in conflicting currents of midwar opinion. Orthodox free-enterprisers asserted the primacy of private business while anyone with opinions to the left of them urged varying degrees of social change. The reformers themselves, however, could not agree on the desirable measures. After barely escaping the crossfire, Grierson resigned in 1944. The new general manager, A.D. Dunton, finally succeeded in setting up a smoothly-run operation that generally followed Grierson's direction. At the same time that the board was explaining democratic procedures to Canadians, however, political interference in its operations demonstrated that the new propaganda techniques could be manipulated for possibly undemocratic ends. The evolution of official wartime ideology more or less parallelled policy development. The Bureau began by trying to establish a concept of Canadian nationalism that encompassed a mixture of chauvinistic patriotism and a general realization of the outlines of Canadian nationhood. In the wartime context, this meant presenting a view of the enemy, of the allies and of wartime events that would mobilize Canadians to support the government's policies. It also involved trying to define a view of 'Canadianism' that would encompass the ethnic community as well as English and French Canadians. By the middle of the war, it was obvious that this approach had not proved satisfactory. The BPI's successor, the Wartime Information Board could not totally reorient all these operations but did manage to establish new programmes that took a different approach to Canadian nationhood. Basically, these programmes tried to awaken a sense of participation in alienated groups, to take individual needs into account and to provoke discussion about the direction of government policy. The propaganda operations, however, were not totally reoriented and retained some elements of chauvinistic patriotism. The new system, despite its success in heading off popular discontent, opened the door to manipulation of public opinion. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

Tese (livre-docencia) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-20T14:47:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GabbiJunior_OsmyrFaria_LD.pdf: 10222426 bytes, checksum: 442ad12326009bdec23c553b1646944d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-20T11:46:59Z / Resumo: Freud: racionalidade, sentido e referência é, antes de mais nada, uma tentativa de mostrar, a partir de uma série de recortes no interior da teoria freudiana, que ela pode ser pensada como uma teoria sobre os atos irracionais do homem, possibilitados pelas características da sua linguagem. Ao mesmo tempo procuraremos demonstrar que dado que tal teoria exige tão-somente uma teoria do sentido - a racionalidade é no fundo um problema de coerência, de consistência -, Freud, ao pensar que as palavras se comportam como nomes próprios, procurou fundamentar seu trabalho em uma certa teoria da referência que funcionaria simultaneamente como universal. Em outros termos, ele não se deu conta de que a psicanálise, desde o início, tomou como universal a própria prática lingüística. Não haveria nenhuma necessidade de elucidar o sentido a partir de uma suposta referência que desempenharia este papel na teoria psicanalítica. Nossa tese pode ser vista como uma reconstrução de uma parte da teoria freudiana que assume certos pressupostos. Ela toma de forma axiomática as condições mínimas ditadas por Davidson que deveriam ser obedecidas por qualquer empreendimento teórico que pretendesse explicar atos irracionais e que ele acredita estarem presentes na psicanálise. Tal concepção teórica teria que lidar com dois princípios: o princípio de Platão, segundo o qual não há atos acráticos, e o de Medéia, que estipula que os atos acráticos podem ser não intencionais. Por conseguinte, estaremos procurando insinuar ao mesmo tempo como a obra freudiana efetivamente obedece aos preceitos.citados por Davidson e tenta dar conta dos dois princípios mencionados: o de Platão (não há atos irracionais) e o de Medeia (a ação de forças cegas torna os atos não intencionais; logo, não haveria mais sentido em se falar em atos irracionais). A outra parte do trabalho consiste em indicar como a obediência a tais preceitos prescinde completamente de uma teoria da referência, dado que a irracionalidade aparente é apreendida pela falta de sentido presente no ato acrático. Contudo, Freud, parece endossar a hipótese de que uma teoria do sentido precisaria de uma teoria da referência. Para construir a última, foi necessário procurar numa origem - que não parou de recuar - o referente fundamental que seria responsável pelos discursos sensatos do ser humano. Não podemos negar que as poucas e esparsas observações feitas por Wittgenstein a respeito da psicanálise influenciaram nossa leitura dos textos freudianos. Como ele, acreditamos que o interesse da teoria psicanalítica está em questionar nossas formas habituais de ver as coisas, na medida em que ela ressalta e enfatiza constantemente a polissemia presente na linguagem. Em Alice e a Metapsicologia apresentamos diversos argumentos a favor da tese de que Freud recorre a uma teoria da significação baseada em definições ostensivas. Em certo sentido, o presente trabalho pode ser entendido como um prolongamento daquele. Contudo, acreditamos que a questão da racionalidade pode e deve ser diferenciada da questão da significação. A escolha de Wittgenstein e de Davidson não é casual. Da mesma maneira que eles, também não cremos na cientificidade da psicanálise, não obstante todos os esforços freudianos de considerá-la uma ciência natural. Assim, não se trata de um trabalho de cunho epistemológico. Por outro lado, é evidente que algum leitor de inspiração fregeana poderia observar que todo nosso projeto de desacreditar uma teoria da referência em Freud é tão-somente uma conseqüência de nossa crença na sua falta de cientificidade, ou melhor, na impossibilidade de qualquer empreendimento semelhante obedecer aos ditames de uma teoria científica. Ele não estaria errado. Mas é preciso acrescentar que, ao exibir as incoerências geradas pela busca de uma referência aceitável no caso em estudo, também estaremos justificando a impossibilidade de se ter uma psicanálise científica. Fato que só pode ser estarrecedor para aqueles que acreditam que a ciência possa trazer algum esclarecimento para os problemas humanos relevantes; em especial, o da racionalidade. Em todo o caso, sustentamos que a leitura aqui proposta não é fruto de uma violência feita ao texto freudiano. Mesmo que ela aparente ser no fundo nada mais do que uma tentativa de oferecer a Freud uma boa teoria da linguagem, o leitor atento não deixará de notar todos os esforços que foram dispendidos no afã de indicar que ela estava dentro do campo de possibilidade de desenvolvimento da obra freudiana desde o seu início / Abstract: Not informed / Tese (livre-docencia) - Univer / Livre-Docente em Epistemologia

Orientador : Osmyr Faria Gabbi Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-13T22:46:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Durante_SandraBassi_M.pdf: 33101587 bytes, checksum: 97cbd7ed26e957d3345425b13ee9bd7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 1991 / Resumo: Não informado / Abstract: Not informed. / Mestrado / Mestre em Filosofia

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Inglesa

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

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