Orientador: Héctor Luis Saint-Pierre / Banca: Suzeley Kalil Mathias / Banca: João Roberto Martins Filho / Mestre

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Sowohl in den Romanen als auch in den Novellen und Erzählungen beschäftigt sich Bergengruen immer wieder mit dem Thema der Gerechtigkeit. In diesem Zusammenhang taucht stets die Frage auf, ob irdische Gerechtigkeit überhaupt möglich ist, und wenn, ob sie eine Kardinaltugend ist, nach welcher der Mensch unbedingt streben soll. Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit soil nun gezeigt werden, wie der Mensch richtet und was für Formen daher irdische Gerechtigkeit annimmt. Im zweiten Teil sind es aussermenschliche Mächte und vor allem Gott, die Gerechtigkeit ausüben. Das Gerechtigkeitsprinzip wurzelt in einer von Gott beherrschten Welt der "ewigen Ordnungen". Diese Welt gerät durch ein Vergehen in Unordnung, und der daran Schuldige wird einem Gericht unterstellt. Der Richter muss versuchen, die Ordnung wieder herzustellen. Auf diesen sich in einer "Grenz-situation" befindenden Menschen ist das Hauptinteresse Bergen-gruens gerichtet. In dieser Situation wird der Richter gezwungen zu urteilen. Es bestehen verschiedene Möglichkeiten für ihn, denn er kann sich entweder für ein gerechtes oder für ein ungerechtes Urteil entscheiden. Er wird auch oft, weil Gerechtigkeit auf Erden nicht immer möglich ist, bei allem Bemühen keinen gerechten Richtspruch fällen können. Er kann sich aber auch für überrechtliches Richten entscheiden. Überrechtlich richtet der Richter, wenn Gnade und Liebe eine starre Gerechtigkeit, die vom Buchstaben abhängt, überflügelt. Die Ordnung der Welt kann also auch durch Begnadigung des Täters wieder hergestellt werden. In manchen Fällen kann der Schuldige von menschlichen Richtern nicht erreicht werden. Doch auch das Gewissen kann ihn richten und somit einer allwaltenden göttlichen Gerechtigkeit zu ihrer Erfüllung verhelfen. Göttliche Gerechtigkeit ist oft anders als menschliche. Was hier auf Erden als Ungerechtigkeit erscheint, kann bei Gott als Gerechtigkeit gelten, oder umgekehrt. Auch Gott kann eingreifen, wenn der Täter vom irdischen Gericht nicht erfasst wird, auf dass die ewigen Gesetze erfüllt werden. Hierzu tragen auch, hauptsächlich im Frühwerk, dämonische Mächte und das Reich der Toten bei. Diese Untersuchung hat zu dem Ergebnis geführt, dass völlige Gerechtigkeit bei Bergengruen selten erreicht werden kann. Es besteht immer die Gefahr, dass sie in starre Buchstabengerechtigkeit ausartet. Diese gehört zwar mit in Bergengruens Weltbild, doch sie soll, falls die Gelegenheit dazu da ist, der Gnade weichen. Der Richter soll neutestamentlich, überrechtlich richten. Zu dieser Anschauung gelangt Bergengruen erst als reiferer Dichter. Sie ist teilweise eine Folge seines Bekenntnisses zum Christentum. / Arts, Faculty of / Central Eastern Northern European Studies, Department of / Graduate

This thesis, "Sean O'Casey's Last Plays: A Celebration of Life, " is a study of O'Casey's five last full-length plays: Cock-A-Doodle Dandy, The Bishop's Bonfire, The Drums of Father Ned, Behind the Green Curtains, and Figuro in the Night. The focus of the thesis is on O'Casey's dramatization of man's spiritual environment and conflicts. My point of view is that O'Casey is presenting a very humanized religion of love. The plays are, in fact, morality plays depicting the struggle of the forces of good and evil for the soul of man. The first chapter of the thesis will analyse the religious nature of the themes in O'Casey's morality plays. Chapter two will discuss the relationship between the structure of the plays and the themes. Chapter three will attempt to show that O'Casey uses theatrical effects as persuasive techniques to convince an audience of the validity of his themes. Each of the five plays dramatizes the struggle between the true religion of life-worship and the false faith of the organized Church. The struggle is made concrete through the presentation of various conflicts. There is the conflict between youth and age, between sexual expression and repression, between love of life and love of money, between celebration and gloom, between freedom and restraint. At the centre of the conflict are two opposing priest figures. In Cock-A-Doodle Dandy, it is Father Domineer who fights against the joy and beauty offered by the Cock. Father Domineer wins when the Cock and his followers flee in search of a better land. In The Bishop's Bonfire, there is no escape to another life. Father Canon prevails over Father Boheroe, The Codger is banished, Keelin and Manus must live a loveless existence, and Foorawn is shot. In The Drums of Father Ned, on the other hand, it is the forces of good that are completely victorious. The mythical Father Ned and his followers completely defeat Father Fillifogue. In Behind the Green Curtains, we are once again in the real world in which the love, kindness, and joy that Beoraan struggles for are defeated by the cruelty and repression that Komavaun, the Church's lieutenant, advocates. O'Casey's conviction, however, that man can find salvation is presented in Figuro in the Night where the Figuro is triumphant over all the repressive elements of traditional beliefs. To explain his religion of life and love, O'Casey developed a structure of interlocking levels of farce, satire, fantasy, and symbolism to replace the traditional plot structure of the drama. O'Casey’s last plays have only the most tenuous of plot lines. Instead, the conflict is heightened by playing off one level of development against another in a dramatic counterpoint. Each mode of development uses its own techniques, develops its particular type of character, and clarifies its individual aspect of the theme. Although the levels are largely independent of one a other, each, adds contrasts and parallels to the comment made by the other levels to give density to the thematic statement of the plays. The second chapter of this thesis will attempt to show how each of the structural levels of farce, satire, fantasy, and symbolism work independently and how they are brought together into a thematic and theatrical climax. Finally, the thesis will examine the theatrical effects of the last plays. In these plays, O'Casey uses all the possible visual and sound effects of the theatre to make his themes convincing. Essentially, the visual effects of lighting, costumes, and sets distance the audience from the events of the plays. Whereas, the sound effects tend to involve the audience in an emotional response to the ideas of the plays, not the events. Thus the theatrical effects cause the audience to make an objective assessment of the theme of the plays and, at the same time, to take part in the celebration of life that is presented in the plays. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

Angus MacInnis was elected Member of Parliament for Vancouver South in 1930 as a representative of the Independent Labour Party and on a socialist platform. During his first session of Parliament, he began a political career that would last twenty-seven years, and also played a prominent role in the development of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. The purpose of this study is to determine the nature of Angus MacInnis' early political career, both in Vancouver and in Ottawa, and to assess his role in the development of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in its formative years from 1932 to 1935. The most important primary source of information is the Angus MacInnis Collection in the Special Collections Division of The University of British Columbia Library. This collection includes MacInnis' private correspondence and his scrapbooks; the records of the C.C.F. and its predecessors in British Columbia; and material of a general nature on the early socialist movement in British Columbia. Other primary sources in Vancouver include the labour press in the period 1915-1935, the daily press, records of Parliamentary debates and relevant government documents. Records of the national Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and several of MacInnis' contemporaries are found in the Public Archives of Canada in Ottawa. Also, associates of Angus MacInnis in the period under study were interviewed. Secondary sources include studies of the period, and biographies of contemporaries. Because this study is only of Angus MacInnis' early political career, the 1935 federal election has been selected as the termination point. This election was the first test at the polls of his Parliamentary efforts, and of his commitment to the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. Had he and the C.C.F. failed, all his efforts in the preceding ten years would have been for naught. His personal success and the comparative success of the C.C.F. vindicated his efforts. Angus MacInnis was first and foremost a socialist; not, however, of the doctrinaire, Marxian variety so typical of British Columbia, but rather pragmatic and Fabian in his approach, preferring constitutional to violent means. He was Canadian-born and understood Canadian problems to a much greater extent than did most of the British-born socialists in B. C. For this reason, Angus MacInnis was able to see the need for, and prospects of, a national, broadly based, constitutional, socialist party in Canada. Because of his pragmatism and his faith in constitutional methods, and because of early experience, he was adamantly anti-communist. As a member of Parliament, he showed himself to be conscientious, forthright and quick witted. He stood out in particular as a humanitarian in his defence of the victims of the Depression, especially the unemployed. He also indicated on many occasions his pragmatism and his faith in parliamentary democracy. In spite of these qualities, he was narrow in his interests, concentrating primarily on the failure of capitalism, the ineptitude of the Bennett government, the plight of British Columbia and Vancouver, and the condition of the unemployed. Angus Maclnnis' most lasting contribution in this period was not made in Parliament but rather in the C.C.F. To a great extent, it was because of his efforts that there was a strong socialist party in British Columbia when the C.C.F. began. His influence did much to bring the Socialist Party of Canada into the C.C.F., and to merge the two affiliates in the British Columbia C.C.F. into one party. As a political realist, he saw the need for a strong party structure, and did much to bring about such a development in B. C. and Ontario. It was for this reason that he attempted to forestall any compromise on the C.C.F.'s anti-communism, because he knew that the communists would destroy the Federation. As a socialist, he saw the need for the B. C. socialists in the national federation, and did much, by his own efforts and by bringing the B. C. socialists into the C.C.F., to ensure that the C.C.F. retained its socialist goals. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

Iniciamos o primeiro capltulo deste trabalho justificando a necessidade de nos referirmos a alguns dados biograficos para chegarmos a tuna melhor compreens ão da personalidade e da visão do mundo do nosso poeta. Tres factores são sumamente importantes: uma infa'ncia solitSria, o conhecimento do folclore luso-brasileiro e a precoce "intimidade com a morte". Discutimos tambem a influencia dos ideals simbolistas na obra de Cecilia Meireles, desde a marcada caracteristica de trabalhos de escola dos seus primeiros livros a individualizacão do lexico e dos processos simbolistas que vinham sendo absorvidos pela poesia contemporãnea universal. Nunca completamente integrada no Modernismo brasileiro, Cecilia negou sua adesão a fase inicial do mesmo mdvimento, devido a sentir mais afinidades com o grupo espiritualista de Festa que combatia as tendSncias inconoclastas do Modernismo. Frente a obra poetica, analisamos a posicão da autora em relacão a sua filosofia de vida e tentamos sistematizar seus temas ou complexos tematicos, que sfifo uma slntese do pensamento tradicional com a problematica contemporflnea. Muitos temas são expressos na transfiguracão simbolica dos elementos naturais. A natureza Surn leit-motiv. O contacto do homem com a natureza manifesta-se num ambiente optimista, mas o pantelsmo não soluciona nem satisfaz a aspiragão ascetica do homem. O tema do homem e seu destino, ligado ao complexo vida-tempo-morte, e constante. O subtema do amor apresenta urn aspecto de intelectualizacão semelhante ao pensamento expresso por Antonio Machado: o homem, devido aos seus limites no espago e no tempo, não tern possibilidades de amar outro ser. Limita-se a amar o amor. O tempo, como tema, apresenta aspectos de tratamento barroco: uma conscigncia aguda de transitoriedade que escolhe a atitude quevedesca frente ao circunstancial, sempre na procura de valores absolutos. Subjugado ao tenia do tempo surge o complexo espelho-face-retrato que traduz a preocupacSfo ,contemporcfnea sobre a unidade e a unicidade do "ego" atraves dos varios estãgios da vida individual. O tema da brevidade da vida e expressado especialmente pelo slmbolo da rosa, cuja beleza transit6ria s6 pode ser perpetuada pela memoria. 0 tema do sonho versus realidade e tratado de maneira nitidamente barroca. Deus, como chave do misterio existencial, e sempre procurado e interrogado mas não chega a ser tema exclusivo. O mar e tema proeminente na poesia de Cecilia Meireles. Este tema e explorado numa escala simbfilica que conduz sempre a depuracSto dos motivos intlteis e & procura do absolute A noite surge como integracSfo no absolute e desprendimento da condicão humana. Quanto a analise estilistica, pomos em destaque o simbolo em seus aspectos temStico e tecnico, apontando '. os recursos que contribuem para o sucesso de algiim dos slmbolos. Alem do simbolo, referimo-nos as caracterlsticas dos outros procedimentos metaf6ricos, imagens visionarias e visos, que, em Cecilia Meireles, apresentam sempre uma reminiscencia logica nas suas associacoes, tendo, por isso, nuita afinidade com a metafora tradicional. No capitulo IV apontamos outros recursos estillsticos muito frequentes na obra que estudamos como a sobreposicão temporal, especialmente a anticipacão, a sinestesia, que se manifesta numa tentativa de slntese preceptiva fazendo corresponder sons e formas, sons e cores, sons e tacto, ou materializando os sons e dando significado simbSlico as cores. Como processos geradores de ritmo observarnos as reiteracães de som, de imagem,de significado, que criam um ritmo emotivo mais que musical, no sentido restricto do termo. São tambem de notar a repeticão anaforica, a correlacão e o paralelismo tradicional. As caracterlsticas individualistas da linguagem poetica de Cecilia Meireles são acentuadas pelo uso de adjectivos abstractos, de substantivos de carScter pouco material e de verbos em sucessoes que desenvolvem um dinamismo ora ascendente ora descendente. No ultimo capitulo tentamos situar o Romanceiro da Inconfidgncia na evolucão das criacoes epicas do Modernismo. Tracamos a afiliacão do Romanceiro nas tradicoes hispãnica do romance e folclorica da sociedade brasileira. Referimo-nos ao abandono das tradigftes da epopeia greco-latina e camoniana, devido as novas filosofias do humano e do her6ico, a aceitacão do prosaico como elemento artistico e a despreocupacão pela dif erenciagSto entre os generos litergrios que se observa na literatura contemporSnea. Contra o panorama das tentativas epicas modernistas, mais ou menos a volta de temas de viagens marltimas ou de exploracSto do interior, o Romanceiro canta a essSncia da nacionalidade ou seja a consciencia de se ser brasileiro, desenhando a evolucSto do sentimento de nacionalidade desde as suas primeiras manifestacoes. Por isso o consideramos a tentativa epica mas adequada e mais intrinsecamente brasileira da sua epoca. / Arts, Faculty of / French, Hispanic, and Italian Studies, Department of / Graduate

This thesis analyses the development, interrelations, and the roles of the "Everybody-A-Soldier" Movement (EASNI) in China between 1958 and 1964, which is a major cornerstone of the militarization of Chinese society, wl\ich, in turn, is seen as a unique strategy of Chinese Communist development. The basic assumption of this thesis is that a strong political organization, to strengthen the capacity of a political system in order to promote political stability, political integration, and socio-economic development, is of primary importance. Most developing countries badly need but often lack political stability, integrati0n, and. satisfactory economic development in the process of modernization, which is a prevailing political th1:;me in developing countries. According to this thesis, the EASM system, among other things, is nicely to solve these problems. It is contended that the EASM system aid not happen just because Mao Tse-tung wished it. It was brought about by the contemporary internal and external political developments in China and by special historical circumstances that promoted the emergence of the system. Any socio-political system necessarily affects, and is affected by, the environment in which it exists. The thesis this analyzer's the institutional factors of the EASM in order to explore its interrelationships with other systems. In analysing the roles of the militia, this thesis finds that the EASM in China has helped the Communist Party of China to consolidate its political support and thus its political control in the countryside. It has halted political insurrections in the countryside, which used to be the hothouse of political insurrections. The EASM by enrolling the majority of the Chinese labour force in the militia organization, has helped the Communist Party of China to mobilize and organize coordinated actions of large numbers oi people in pursuing economic development and other social reforms which are of primary importance to a capital-short country such as China. The possible role of the EASM in future wars is discussed along with the military functions of the militia. Accoraing to the thesis, the militia has played a successful role in war and will continue to be useful in the future. My analysis has to a considerable aegree confirmed my propositions. I also perceived in the conclusion of my study that the militia organization would change toward a more limited role and insignificant status as the 0ommunist Party of China becomes more routinized and institutionalizea, and Chinese modernization makes significant progress. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The Peaks of Otter area includes two-thirds of the fifteen-minute Peaks of Otter quadrangle in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont physiographic provinces of central Virginia. The rocks of the area are mainly early Precambrian igneous, metasedimentary, and meta-igneous formations, which are cut by small Triassic(?) dikes and locally covered by Quaternary deposits. All the Precambrian formations are part of the Virginia Blue Ridge Complex. The Marshall Gneiss, believed to be the oldest formation, is in part metasedimentary but also has been extensively modified by granitization processes and intruded by granitic rocks. A few parallel bands or actinolite schist in the Marshall probably were basic flows, stills, or tuffs in the original sediment. The Lovingston and Moneta Formations, the second and third oldest formations, respectively, are mainly metasedimentary. The Pedlar Hypersthene Granodiorite is considered the youngest tonnation and consists chiefly of hypersthene granodiorite of igneous origin but includes rock types near its contacts which are probably hybrid varieties. The formations crop out in parallel, northeast-trending belts located on the crest and southeast limb of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium. All the metasedimentary formations dip southeastward, possibly as a series or tightly folded, isoclinal folds, or as beds repeated by faulting, or as a homocline. The Peaks of Otter fault, striking northeast along the Blue Ridge, could be either reverse or normal, but reverse is favored. Another inferred reverse fault, the Suck Mountain fault, is believed to expose rocks of the Marshall Gneiss which were more deeply buried and granitized than those exposed elsewhere in the Piedmont of this area. The metasedimentary formations were deformed and metamorphosed during the Precambrian. The Pedlar Hypersthene Granodiorite was emplaced relatively late after most of the deformation had ceased. A younger sequence of Precambrian formations is southeast of the area but presumably was either not deposited or has been eroded from this area. During the Paleozoic the Blue Ridge overthrust developed northwest ot the area and the Peaks of Otter and Suok Mountain reverse faults probably formed more or loss at the same time, Succeeding cycles of erosion and uplift caused the development of the Schooley peneplain, then the Piedmont peneplain, and, most recently, rejuvenation ot streams. Evidence of the peneplains in this area includes low-relief uplands in the Blue Ridge representing peneplain remnants and a gently-rolling surface in the Piedmont now being dissected by rejuvenated streams. Small ice caps or periglacial conditions may have existed in the Blue Ridge during the Pleistocene causing increased erosion and stream flow which resulted in the deposition or large, fan-shaped sedimentary bodies along the southeastern base of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The only mineral resource or importance in the area is feldspar, which is quarried from both pegmatite and fine-grained, feldspathic dikes in the Suok Mountain area / Ph. D.

M.S.

Ph. D.