No description available.

There is a striking contrast in the assessments by Western critics of the two variants of Leonid Leonov's novel, Vor (The Thief): whereas the original version (1927) is frequently acclaimed as the finest and most artistically honest of all his literary endeavours, Leonov's revision of the work (1959) is generally viewed as evidence of his final capitulation to the dictates of socialist realist doctrine. The present study was initiated as an attempt to elucidate certain obscure thematic and symbolic elements perceived during a concentrated examination of the first novel only. Gradually, however, as the significance of thesi elements became increasingly more evident, attention was shifted to the revision to determine whether or not they had survived the destructive influences of indoctrination and time. If they had been preserved, and the difficulties arrising from the obscurity of their presentation could be overcome, then Leonov's tarnished reputation in the West was decidedly undeserved. Surprisingly, those elements most crucial to the elusive message of the original have not merely survived, but have often been clarified and elaborated as well. The key to their understanding lies in the recognition of a level of narration "higher" than that of the everyday reality of socially and politically oriented circumstances and events. For, in addition to his concern with topical issues, Leonov reveals a profound interest in the great metaphysical conflicts that are eternally re-enacted within the confines of the human soul. The vehicle for his depiction of these conflicts is a network of symbolism, primarily Biblical in origin, which has as its basis the epic myth of "Paradise Lost." The exegesis of this symbolic framework has been divided into five chapters: I) Introduction, II) Paradise Lost, III) Paradise Regained, IV) Paradise Rejected, or the Theory of Progress, and V) Conclusions. Chapter I sets the stage for the analysis by placing the tragic "riddle" of human existence (the conflict of Good versus Evil) in the context of the "march of the generations," or history. Chapter II shows how the metaphysical rebellion (or "fall") of Dmitry Vekshin (Leonov1s "universal Adam") is reflected in the symbolic nucleus of the novel, the "blighted birch," and outlines the implications of this parallel for the fates of Vekshin and of Russia. As the tragedy of the fallen Adam led to the promise of the risen Christ, so the spiritual death signified by Vekshin 1s own "fall" leads to the potentiality of his "rebirth." Chapter III locates Leonov's discussion of this possibility in a polyphonic schematization of characters and events that is highly reminiscent of Dostoevsky, Chapter IV focuses on Vekshin's rejection of salvation and on the revised novel's greatly elaborated "theory of human progress," in which Leonov describes the conflict between "happiness" and "hope," between consideration for individual human beings and the abstract idea of a "greater human good." Dmitry Vekshin's. rejection of "Paradise" ultimately signifies the author's own lack of faith in the Communist ideal. In conclusion, Chapter V discusses specific indications of Leonov's awareness of the subversive nature of his ideas, and of the dangers to which he is consequently exposed. It is a highly ironic measure of his success that Leonov's survival in Soviet society should have won him such acclaim in the Soviet Union and such condemnation in the free world. In any case, his achievements as an artist have been attained at immense personal cost, and it is time they were recognized for their true value. / Arts, Faculty of / Central Eastern Northern European Studies, Department of / Graduate

Master of Science

Investigation in discrete event simulation modeling methodology has persisted for over thirty years. Fundamental is the recognition that the overriding objectives for simulation must involve decision support. Rapidly advancing technology is today exerting major influences on the course of simulation in many areas, e.g. distributed interactive simulation and parallel discrete event simulation, and evidence suggests that the role of decision support is being subjugated to accommodate new technologies and system-level constraints. Two questions are addressed by this research: (1) can the existing theories of modeling methodology contribute to these new types of simulation, and (2) how, if at all, should directions of modeling methodological research be redefined to support the needs of advancing technology. Requirements for a next-generation modeling framework (NGMF) are proposed, and a model development abstraction is defined to support the framework. The abstraction identifies three levels of model representation: (1) modeler-generated specifications, (2) transformed specifications, and (3) implementations. This hierarchy may be envisaged as consisting of either a set of narrow-spectrum languages, or a single wide-spectrum language. Existing formal approaches to discrete event simulation modeling are surveyed and evaluated with respect to the NGMF requirements. All are found deficient in one or more areas. The Conical Methodology (CM), in conjunction with the Condition Specification (CS), is identified as a possible NGMF candidate. Initial assessment of the CS relative to the model development abstraction indicates that the CS is most suited for the middle level of the hierarchy of representations — specifically functioning as a form for analysis. The CS is extended to provide wide-spectrum support throughout the entire hierarchy via revisions of its supportive facilities for both model representation and model execution. Evaluation of the pertinent model representation concepts is accomplished through a complete development of four models. The collection of primitives for the CS is extended to support CM facilities for set definition. A higher-level form for the report specification is defined, and the concept of an augmented specification is outlined whereby the object specification and transition specification may be automatically transformed to include the objects, attributes and actions necessary to provide statistics gathering. An experiment specification is also proposed to capture details, e.g. the condition for the start of steady state, necessary to produce an experimental model. In order to provide support for model implementation, the semantic rules for the CS are refined. Based on a model of computation provided by the action cluster incidence graph (ACIG), an implementation structure referred to as a direct execution of action clusters (DEAC) simulation is defined. A DEAC simulation is simply an execution of an augmented CS transition specification. Two algorithms for DEAC simulations are presented. Support for parallelizing model execution is also investigated. Parallel discrete event simulation (PDES) is presented as a case study. PDES research is evaluated from the modeling methodological perspective espoused by this effort, and differences are noted in two areas: (1) the enunciation of the relationship between simulation and decision support, and the guidance provided by the life cycle in this context, and (2) the focus of the development effort. Recommendations are made for PDES research to be reconciled with the “mainstream” of DES. The capability of incorporating parallel execution within the CM/CS approach is investigated. A new characterization of inherent parallelism is given, based on the time and state relationships identified in prior research. Two types of inherent parallelism are described: (1) inherent event parallelism, which relates to the independence of attribute value changes that occur during a given instant, and (2) inherent activity parallelism, which relates to the independence of attribute value changes that occur over all instants of a given model execution. An analogy between an ACIG and a Petri net is described, and a synchronous model of parallel execution is developed based on this analogy. Revised definitions for the concepts time ambiguity and state ambiguity in a CS are developed, and a necessary condition for state ambiguity is formulated. A critical path algorithm for parallel direct execution of action clusters (PDEAC) simulations is constructed. The algorithm is an augmentation of the standard DEAC algorithm and computes the synchronous critical path for a given model representation. Finally, a PDEAC algorithm is described. / Ph. D.

Natural chalcopyrite-bearing fluid inclusions from the Red Mountain, Arizona, porphyry copper prospect have been used to experimentally document the movement of hydrogen into and out of fluid inclusions in quartz. Chalcopyrite daughter minerals in inclusions do not dissolve during heating studies of "as collected" quartz vein material. However, after the samples were held at an elevated (but unknown) hydrogen pressure in a cold-seal-type pressure vessel at 600°C and 2.5 kbars for seven days, chalcopyrite daughter crystals dissolve easily and completely during subsequent heating in the fluid inclusion stage. The presence of hydrogen in the re-equilibrated inclusions was confirmed by both Raman microprobe and quadrupole mass spectrometric analyses of the inclusions. Repeated heating of re-equilibrated inclusions to measure the dissolution temperature of chalcopyrite (Tm Cpy) results in a considerably higher Tm Cpy during each successive run until, eventually, the chalcopyrite no longer dissolves when heated to the upper limit of the heating stage. This behavior is interpreted to indicate that hydrogen which had diffused into inclusions during re-equilibration experiments diffused out of the inclusions during microthermometric analyses. The dissolution of chalcopyrite following re-equilibration and its failure to dissolve before re-equilibration are consistent with proposed solubility models for chalcopyrite in aqueous solutions. The rapid movement of hydrogen into inclusions is also consistent with experimentally determined diffusion rates for hydrogen through quartz. These results reinforce conclusions reached by earlier workers who suggested that the failure of some fluid inclusion daughter minerals to dissolve during heating is a result of hydrogen loss. These results also support earlier workers who have suggested that unexpectedly low δD values obtained from inclusion fluids were produced by the preferential movement of hydrogen (relative to deuterium) into fluid inclusions. Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence (SXRF) analysis is a non-destructive analytical technique that provides compositional information for single fluid inclusions. Quantitative analyses of metals in individual synthetic fluid inclusions were carried out in order to gain an understanding of the accuracy, precision and detection limits of this technique, as well as the optimal shapes, sizes and geometries required for reliable fluid inclusion analysis. Aqueous fluid inclusions containing known concentrations of SrCl₂ were synthesized for the development and the standardization of this technique. Strontium chloride was selected because it is highly soluble, its freezing-point depression is well known (allowing us to confirm the inclusion composition through freezing studies) and the energetic Sr X-rays are only mildly attenuated by quartz. SXRF analyses were performed on beam line X26A of the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory using an 8 x 12 μm "white" X-ray beam. The analytical volume was calculated based on known beam dimensions and fluid inclusion geometry determined using a modified spindle stage. Elemental concentrations were determined by ratioing the Sr counts from an inclusion to the counts obtained from capillaries of known diameter containing similar solutions. Numerous inclusions from five different samples, each with a different Sr concentration, were analyzed. Within a single population the mean is very close to the correct composition, but the precision is poor, with standard deviations from 10-39% of the mean. Errors in determining the inclusion geometry produce the largest uncertainty in inclusion analysis thereby resulting in poor precision. This requires that numerous inclusions within one population be analyzed and averaged to obtain an accurate metal concentration for that population. The Texaco gasification system developed at the Monte Bello pilot plant efficiently burns petroleum-coke thereby producing syn-gas and electricity. This system produces more electricity than conventional burners, yet the only by-products are pharmaceutical grade sulfur and V-rich slag. Vanadium is known to exist in multiple valence states in compounds which possess a wide range of melting points and physical properties. Consequently, it becomes important to carefully regulate oxygen fugacity throughout the system in order to control vanadium valence state. Wanadium phase equilibria is presently poorly understood, in large part because of the multiple oxidation states of vanadium (-1, 0, +2, +3, +4, and +5) and the difficulty of unequivocally identifying the valence state(s) in many compounds. However, V valence in multi-element phases (especially phases containing other elements of variable valence) cannot be resolved by microprobe analysis alone. Petroleum-coke gasification slags collected from within the gasifier under different oxidation conditions were studied by electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectrometry in conjunction with microprobe analysis was found to resolve the valence of vanadium in the phases of these slags. Gasifier slag samples are, however, much more complicated. Oxidized samples contain: fine grained (Ca, Mg, Fe, V) oxide matrix of variable composition, (Fe, V, Ni) spinel, (Fe, Al, V, Ni, Mg) spinel, V₂O₅ laths, Al-Si glass blebs and Ni sulfides. Reduced samples contain: crystalline Ca-silicate matrix, subhedral to euhedral (V, Fe, Mg, Al) spinel, subhedral VO₂, Fe and Fe-Ni sulfides, Fe-Ni alloys, and complex Ca-oxide matrix. The different spinel assemblages, the characteristic V-oxides and the distinctly different character of the matrices makes the oxidized and reduced slags readily discernible. / Ph. D.

Many organizations, both public and private are implementing total quality management processes and procedures to ensure customer satisfaction, promote effective leadership, and enhance productivity. The sudden emphasis on customer satisfaction is observable governmentwide as federal agencies respond to the President’s Executive Order to create a government that works better and costs less. Finding ways to improve customer satisfaction is now a high priority of these service-oriented organizations. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence graduate satisfaction with a management development training program. In order to fulfill this purpose, data were collected from a respondent population of the United States Department of the Interior graduates of the Women’s Executive Leadership Program. Two surveys were used in this study to identify the factors and determine the level of importance of the factors. Based on the objectives of the research, in addition to demographic data, survey one contained open-ended questions designed to assess the graduates’ perceptual fields relative to their expectations, strengths and weaknesses of the management development training program. Twenty-eight items were identified from the qualitative data obtained from survey one and using a Likert-type scale, graduates were asked to rate the level of importance of each item in survey two. Graduate responses to survey two were subjected to standard statistical procedures. Results of these procedures led to the following conclusions: 1) Graduate satisfaction is influenced by professional advancement, personal growth and career development opportunities, program instruction, and program administration and management; 2) Graduates of the Women’s Executive Leadership Program are overwhelmingly satisfied with the training they received in the program; 3) Expectations of the Department of the Interior graduates are met; and 4) Further research is needed to determine the relationship between trainee satisfaction/dissatisfaction and expectations as well as the relationship between satisfaction and certain demographic and biographical characteristics. / Ed. D.

The use of pesticides in agricultural production has led to the contamination of surface and groundwater. There is a need for simple, on site wastewater cleanup procedures to minimize pollution caused by spills and improper disposal of pesticide wastes by pesticide applicators and farmers. Sorption technology may prove a viable alternative to biological wastewater treatment. Properties of the ideal sorbent are (i) a high capacity for the contaminant, (iii) inexpensive and/or regenerable, and (ili) easy to dispose of after use. Our objective was to evaluate Filtrasorb 400 (activated carbon), Ambersorb adsorbents, and thiol derivatized cellulose beads for pesticide adsorption. Also, the use of solid state fermentation as a means of final disposal of pesticide sorbed onto a lignocellulosic matrix was investigated. Adsorptive capacities of Ambersorb adsorbent 572 for dicamba as Banvel 4L and metolachlor as Dual 8E under flow through conditions were three times higher than adsorptive capacities of Filtrasorb 400. Better performance of Ambersorb adsorbents under flow through conditions was likely the result of faster mass transfer kinetics caused by a more favorable pore size distribution in Ambersorb adsorbents. Ambersorb adsorbents are easily regenerable, with a slight loss of adsorptive capacity, using methanol. Thiol derivatized cellulose beads were synthesized using a novel method. Carbonyldiimidazole activated cellulose beads were reacted with aminoethanethiol to yield thiol contents of up to 160 μmoles/mL beads. Sorption of metolachlor by ethanethiol-cellulose beads was primarily the result of chemisorption, although some physisorption may occur. Chemisorption of metolachlor by ethanethiol-cellulose beads is the result of a nucleophilic substitution reaction, immobilizing metolachlor. Chemisorption increased at elevated temperatures and pH. Sorptive capacity of ethanethiol-cellulose beads for metolachlor in batch studies was similar to Ambersorb adsorbent 572. Ethanethiol-cellulose beads may prove a useful sorbent for contaminants containing electrophilic centers, such as atrazine, simazine, alachlor, and metolachlor. Solid state fermentation of carbofuran in a peat matrix showed that a large amount of carbofuran residues became incorporated into organic matter. The formation of carbofuran-7-phenol was necessary for incorporation to occur. Carbofuran-7-phenol likely was incorporated through peroxidase catalyzed oxidative coupling reactions. Solid state fermentation of contaminants that can undergo oxidative coupling, may prove an effective detoxification method. / Ph. D.

The understanding of place is the primary basis for meaningful architecture. A possible methodology for making architecture begins with a sincere consideration of the complex forces at play on the site. The architect studies the situation and develops a concept as the seed of an architectural thought process. This conceptual thinking is the primary basis for a series of decisions in an unfolding process of invention. A concept grown out of an experience of place proposes a sensitive resolution for the site rather than an architecture of geometric contrivance forced upon it. This project began in walking the neighborhoods of Berlin and experiencing them as an "auslander" (foreigner). Its premise suggests that meaningful architecture requires a process of discovery anchored by a sincere desire to know the site in some quintessential way. Moving through the neighborhoods of Berlin and responding to the spaces provided the basis for an architectural concept. The intent of this thesis project was to define a process rooted in the experience of the site. The project began with a photographic study of the neighborhood. A series of models followed focusing on developing a position toward the site, materiality, and program. Three-dimensional computer modeling provided an opportunity to study spatial relationships. Finally, the project was committed to planning. What follows is a documentation of the process. / Master of Architecture

This thesis is a search for a position about architecture. The position which I have been exploring is found in the simplicity of the forms, geometry and conditions in the architecture of the Shakers and the Ticino architects in Switzerland. The formal simplicity of this architecture allows for a clarity in the relationship between light, construction and space. This position 1s investigated through the design of four contiguous houses which are one point “..in the slow unfolding of form.”. This project looks at autonomous architecture and its generation as the manipulation of simple geometries. Inherent in the idea of architectural autonomy is the notion of architecture as an object of pure form. As formal objects, these houses explore the ability of architecture to be generated from within. However, realizing that form and geometry alone do not necessarily equal architecture, these houses find architecture within the complex relationships between geometry, light, space and construction. / Master of Architecture

Architecture lies in the relationship between material and structure, in particular the poetic of constructed form. By poetic, I am referring to, as Kenneth Frampton put it, "the original Greek sense of poesis as an act of making and revealing." Through the dialogue of constructive elements, materials, the making of form and the resolution of structural forces, beauty and meaning arise. "Tectonics" is defined as "pertaining to building or construction in general" especially in reference to architecture. Gottfried Semper went further to use tectonic to define the qualities of making inherent in the constructed act. He broke down types of construction into that of using elements for a framework, such as wood frame construction, and that of using compressive mass to build an enclosure, such as block or stone work. The qualities of these he called "tectonics" and "stereotomics," respectively. Frampton discusses the ontological consequences of these differences: "framework tends towards the aerial and dematerialization of mass, whereas the mass form is telluric, embedding itself deeper in the earth. One tends toward the light and the other toward dark. These gravitational opposites . . . may be said to symbolise the two cosmological opposites to which they aspire; the sky and the earth." Human existence finds itself at the juncture between these opposites. Semper regarded the joint as "the primordial tectonic element" around which all building defines itself. Then in a sense architecture embodies the fundamental way man perceives his existence. / Master of Architecture