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Thèse (M.A.)--Université Laval, 1997. / Bibliogr.: p. [139]-151. Disponible aussi en version électronique. CaQQUQEN

by Erik Brynjolfsson [and] Lorin Hitt. / "January 1994." "Revised June, 1993 and October, 1993; revision of Sloan School WP #3571-93"--Added t.p. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 38-40). / Supported in part by the MIT Center for Coordination Science (CCS), the MIT Industrial Performance Center (IPC), and the MIT International Financial Services Research Center (IFSRC)

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Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T18:56:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 43.pdf: 527454 bytes, checksum: ad1d1d0d16448161146eaaaf59ede968 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / The purpose of the present study is to discuss the eventual relationship between foreign direct investment in Brazil and trade balance, considering the period after the beginning of 'Plano Real' on 1994, which presented a new currency regime and a new profile of Brazilian macroeconomy. It is important to state that there is a controversial debate around the question, since those investments are seen as positive to receiving countries by some authors and negative by other ones. Those who are favorable, argue that the recent attitude assumed by a lot of companies towards internalization is changing the modus operandi in some markets, providing a much more competitive framework. It is also remarkable - they also mention - the potential advantages brought by these new strategies. On the other hand, some authors defend that it increases the exposure of the country that receives such resources, since the subsidiaries of those companies operate under marketing strategies of profit maximization, considered the competitive environment they face. We will go over these opinions troughout the study, trying also to capture the reasons that usually motivate foreign companies to look for new markets and branches and also the effects on receiving country's Balance of Payments. Besides that point, the approach presented will try to answer if the increase of foreign capital stock in Brazil helps to explain some positive response from the country's trade balance, and more, on Balance of Payments. It is also important to mention that the considered period is extremely representative, mainly when considered the huge amounts involved and the increasing liberalization verified in brazilian's external policies since 1990. There is special concern, troughout the study, to define the pattern of such investments, and more, the impacts that those resources brought to public budget. The present study will focus on official data, published by Central Bank of Brazil, mainly those ones regarding Census of Foreign Capitals, as well as the referable to the evolution of Balance of Payments. Finally, based on statistical procedures, it will be provided multiple regressions on available data that will help the reader to capture the effects of some selected variables, which will bring a much more oriented analysis to the discussion. / O objetivo do presente estudo é discutir a eventual relação entre investimentos estrangeiros diretos no Brasil e a balança comercial do país, considerando o período após o início do Plano Real, em 1994, que trouxe um novo regime cambial, responsável pela mudança ao perfil macroeconômico do país. É importante ressaltar que o debate que envolve a questão é controverso, uma vez que tais investimentos são vistos como positivos para os países recebedores por alguns autores e como negativos por outros. Aqueles que são favoráveis argumentam que a recente atitude, assumida por muitas companhias, de se internacionalizarem, vem mudando o modus operandi de determinados mercados, trazendo um ambiente bem mais competitivo. Também é notável - estes mesmos autores também mencionam - as potenciais vantagens trazidas por estas novas estratégias. Por outro lado, outros autores defendem que isto costuma aumentar a exposição do país que recebem estes recursos, uma vez que as subsidiárias destas companhias operam sob estratégias de mercado voltadas para a maximização dos lucros, considerado o ambiente sumamente competitivo no qual operam. Estaremos examinando estas opiniões ao longo do estudo, tentando ainda captar as razões que normalmente motivam empresas estrangeiras a procurar novos mercados e praças de atuação, assim como os efeitos sobre o Balanço de Pagamentos dos países recebedores destes investimentos. Além do exposto, a abordagem sugerida irá tentar responder se a elevação do estoque de capital estrangeiro no Brasil irá ajudar a explicar determinadas respostas positivas na Balança Comercial do país, e mais, no Balanço de Pagamentos. É ainda importante mencionar que o período considerado é extremamente representativo, sobretudo quando considerados os valores envolvidos e a crescente liberação verificada nas políticas externas brasileiras desde 1990. Há especial preocupação, ao longo do estudo, em definir o perfil destes investimentos, e mais, os impactos que tais recursos trouxeram para as contas públicas. O presente estudo irá focar em dados oficiais, disponibilizados pelo Banco Central do Brasil, principalmente aqueles referentes ao Censo de Capitais Estrangeiros, bem como aos que evidenciam a evolução do Balanço de Pagamentos. Por último, baseado em procedimentos estatísticos, serão utilizadas regressões múltiplas, que irão ajudar o leitor a perceber os efeitos de variáveis selecionadas, possibilitando análise mais orientada para a discussão.

Magister Artium - MA / The second half of the 1990's was marked by a significant reworking of memory and history in South Africa. WHilst the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was involved in its hearings on amnesty applications and gross human rights violations, new museums were emerging and older ones began reshaping their displays. This thesis interrogated the changing representations of history, culture, identity and heritage in one South African city, Port Elizabeth, which in 2005 was re-named the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipal area. This discussion examined, at times, the historical era prior to South Africa's democracy and the period after the first democratic elections of 27 April 1994. / South Africa

The various independent chiefdoms that make up present day Malawi had a new constitution imposed over all of them by the British government without their consent. This new superimposed constitution was never really embraced by the various tribal groups. Its tenets were never internalised by the people and this lack of internalisation has continued to this day. The elite of the day decided which principles would govern the country. Successive elite groups in different periods of Malawi’s history have imposed their brand of constitutionalism on a hapless people. They have dutifully put in writing the constitutional principles without intending to apply them. Malawi is a nation that embraced constitutionalism with one reason only, that is, to gain acceptance from its peers in the international community. Throughout its history from pre-colonial times to the present, the general population has never been involved in framing the principles which govern and shape the destiny of the nation. A small group of people has always decided what the constitution should contain. The dominant man of the moment (the big man) and his political party decide what constitutionalism is to be. They govern the country through patronage. The president and a small group around him use state resources to promote their agenda often at the expense of the constitution they swore to uphold. The political leaders do not differentiate between resources of the state, the private sector and their ruling party and they often use them to peddle influence to promote their programs that are sometimes in violation of the constitution. When the president “donates” state resources to the poor communities, he tells them that he used his own money to buy the item he is donating, for example an ambulance, and nobody dares to contradict him. Only in financial matters has the nation demonstrated some marked commitment to the rule of law. The incentive for the government to comply with the law is much higher because about 80 percent of its capital budget is financed from external sources through donations, loans and grants from western nations. Government tends to take action against public officers who do not follow constitutionally laid down principles. Its commitment to the rule of law on social and political governance issues is not consistent. It appears to pick and choose which constitutional principles it will adhere to. In conclusion, it is difficult for Malawi to experience a government that adheres to the principles of constitutionalism because its widespread poverty helps entrench a system of patronage. This system has created a nation that tolerates serious abuses of its constitution. Transformative constitutionalism appears to offer the best hope for Malawi’s future. The nation needs a judiciary that is more innovative and bold in interpreting, upholding and enforcing its own constitutional tenets. Only then will the nation be on a sound footing to realise the benefits of constitutionalism for its people. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Jurisprudence / LLM / Unrestricted

Master of Engineering