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Απο τις απαρχές της μελέτης του PAR1, είχε βρεθεί οτι βρίσκεται σε στενή συνάφεια με τον καρκίνο, με ποικιλία πειραμάτων που έγιναν σε καρκινικές σειρές και σε διάφορα πειραματικά μοντέλα ζώων. Οι σκοποί της παρούσας εργασίας μπορούν να συνοψιστούν ως εξης: Η διερεύνηση της έκφρασης του υποδοχέα 1 της θρομβίνης (PAR1) σε καρκινικές σειρές προερχόμενες από ανθρώπινους όγκους και συγκεκριμένα: Στις σειρές από καρκίνο του προστάτη PC3 και LNCaP και στις σειρές από καρκίνο του μαστού MDA-231 και MCF-7. Η διερεύνηση της λειτουργικότητας του παραπάνω υποδοχέα στις προαναφερθείσες σειρές και το αποτέλεσμα της αναστολής του υποδοχέα στην επιβίωση και στον πολλαπλασιασμό των μελετώμενων κυττάρων. Η διερεύνηση της ενεργοποίησης της ΜΑΡ κινάσης μέσω του PAR1. Και τελικά, η διερεύνηση της έκφρασης του PAR-1 σε ασθενείς που χειρουργήθηκαν για καρκίνο του πνεύμονα στην Παν/μιακη Καρδιοθωρακοχειρουργική κλινική της Πάτρας, απο τον Καθηγητή Κο Δ. Δουγένη και την ομάδα του. Ο ανταγωνιστής του PAR-1, SCH 79797, προκάλεσε μείωση του κυτταρικού πολλαπλασιασμού των προαναφερθέντων καρκινικών σειρών, όπως μελετήθηκε με τη μέθοδο ΜΤΤ και την ενσωμάτωση ραδιενεργού θυμιδίνης. Αυτή η μη ειδική ανταπόκριση όλων των μελετώμενων σειρών στον SCH, αποδόθηκε κατόπιν στο γεγονός ότι αυτοί οι ανταγωνιστές δεν ήταν απολύτως εκλεκτικοί για τον PAR-1 όπως πιστευόταν, όταν σχεδιάστηκαν. Ο συγκεκριμένος ανταγωνιστής επιλέχθηκε μεταξύ των λίγων, της μοναδικής κατηγορίας που υπήρχε, όταν ξεκίνησαν τα πειράματα. Η θρομβίνη υπερδιπλασίασε τον πολλαπλασιασμό της σειράς PC3 και δεν είχε κανένα αποτέλεσμα στον πολλαπλασιασμό της σειράς MDA-231. Το τελευταίο συμφωνεί και με προηγούμενη έρευνα όπου καταδείχθηκε ότι η θρομβίνη δεν επηρεάζει τον πολλαπλασιασμό, αλλά μειώνει τη μεταστατικότητα της σειράς MDA-231 (Kamath et al., 2001). Η αύξηση του πολλαπλασιασμού των καρκινικών κυττάρων του προστάτη PC3, από τη θρομβίνη γίνεται μέσω ενεργοποίησης του υποδοχέα της PAR-1, και μέσω ενεργοποίησης της ΜΑΡ κινάσης, όπως φάνηκε από τα πειράματα στα οποία χρησιμοποιήθηκε ο ειδικός αγωνιστής του PAR1, το εξαπεπτίδιο SFLLRN. Από κάποια πρώτα ενδεικτικά πειράματα φαίνεται ότι η ενεργοποίηση της ΜΑΡΚ λαμβάνει χώρα μέσω διενεργοποίησης του EGFR, κάτι που έχει αποδειχθεί για άλλους GPCRs. Η έκφραση του PAR1 όπως μελετήθηκε με RT-PCR, σε δείγματα ασθενών που χειρουργήθηκαν για κακοήθεις όγκους στους πνεύμονες, ανιχνεύθηκε σε όλα τα δείγματα καρκινικού ιστού. Η υψηλότερη έκφραση του PAR1 ανιχνεύθηκε στον ασθενή με μελάνωμα και στον ασθενή του υψηλότερου σταδίου. Φυσικά ο αριθμός των ασθενών που μελετήθηκαν δεν αρκεί για εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων, αλλά τα παραπάνω αποτελέσματα συμφωνούν με τα γνωστά ως σήμερα ευρήματα για τον PAR1. Παραμένει να διευκρινιστεί η σημασία της αυξημένης έκφρασης του PAR1 σε ασθενείς με κακοήθεις όγκους στους πνεύμονες, αφού πρώτα επιβεβαιωθεί αυτή η αυξημένη έκφραση σε μεγαλύτερο αριθμό ασθενών. / From the onset of studies of PAR1, it has been concluded that this receptor is closely related to cancer. This relationship has been established after various experiments in cancer cell lines and in experimental animal models. The purposes of the present study can be summarized as follows: To explore the expression of PAR1 in cell lines established from human solid tumors and specifically PC3 and LNCaP from prostate cancer and MDA-231 and MCF-7 from breast cancer. To explore the suppression of PAR1 to the above cell lines in cell division. To determine if the activation of PAR1 to the above cell lines leads to MAPK phosphorylation. And ultimatilly, to explore the expression of PAR1 in patients that have been operated for tumor in lungs in Patras University Hospitall by Dr. D. Dougenis and colleagues. It was found that PAR1 is strongly expressed in highly metastatic cell lines PC3 and MDA-231, opposite to the cells LNCaP and MCF-7 that have lower metastatic capacity. The finding for the breast cancer cells MDA-231 and MCF-7 was according to published results (Kamath et al., 2001). PAR1 selective antagonist SCH 79797, reduced cell survival and DNA synthesis to all the above mentioned cell lines, independently of PAR1 expression. These non-specific results contributed to the recent fact that these antagonists were not PAR1 selective finally. Thrombin caused more than 100% induction of DNA synthesis in PC3 cells and had no effect in MDA-231 cells in accordance with published results that thrombin reduces the metastatic capacity of MDA-231 cells (Kamath et al., 2001). This effect of thrombin in PC3 cells, is mediated by activation of PAR1 as it was shown with the use of the selective agonist peptide SFLLRN. The activation of PAR1 by thrombin in PC3 cells leads to MAPK activation as it was shown by Western analysis. Furthrmore, preliminary experiments indicate that MAPK phosphorylation after PAR1 activation may be result of EGFR transactivation. In the sample tissues from patients, PAR1 expression was detected in all cancers with different ODs. The number of the samples is not enough to lead to conclusions, but there are some important observations. The highest level of PAR1 expression as was detected by RT-PCR were found to the sample tissues of the patient diagnosed for melanoma and of the patient with the most advanced stage of lung cancer. More patients shoulde be examined and more experiments to be done in order to proceed to conclusions for the significance of PAR1 in lung cancer.

Relational theology became a major voice in the theological conversations of the twentieth century and now in the twenty-first century it is poised to become the major influence in doctrine of God discussions. Relational theology argues for a model of God that emphasizes a dynamic interaction between God and the cosmos. Reformulating the divine nature contra Classical theism, Relational theology instead includes images of God as sympathetic, mutable, limited in power and knowledge, creative, and as a risk-taker. The assertion is that such images or metaphors for the divine are necessary rightly to understand and discuss God's relationality with the world. This thesis argues that given the relational nature of God the metaphor of faith should be added to the list of God's attributes. The thesis begins by discussing issues of methodology then reviewing Relational theology in the forms of process and open theism as contrasted with Classical theism. This is followed by explorations of various depictions of faith as found in the Old Testament and New Testament. Faith is also examined theologically and philosophically as including the elements of belief, trust, hope, and risk. It is then argued that faith has a decidedly relational nature in that faith most properly takes place between persons. The crux of the thesis is the development of a theology of divine faith. Because humans are free, God is limited, and creation has a purpose, the argument is made that God relates to the world through faith. A case for God's faith is developed exegetically and logically through explorations of the concepts of divine belief, trust, hope, risk, and doubt, concluding that faith is a necessary inclusion for Relational theology. Finally, two primary Church doctrines, creation and christology, are explored through a theology of divine faith. God demonstrates divine faith in bestowing an evolving creation with both freedom and a purpose. God has faith in the creation to produce persons who can freely share faith and love with God. The fully kenotic coming of Jesus Christ demonstrates the Father's faith in the Son, the second person of the triune God. The coming and death of Christ also reveals God's faith that the cross will be efficacious in reconciling those who have abused their God-given freedoms. / Sysytematic Theology and Theological Ethics / D. Th. (Systematic Theology)

Véritable théologoumène, l’imago Dei apparait comme un thème majeur de la théologie qui permet d’élaborer une anthropologie théologique. Aussi l’imago Dei a pu connaitre plusieurs interprétations dans l’histoire. Ainsi est-il est possible d’identifier deux grandes catégories d’anthropologies théologiques dans le christianisme contemporain : une anthropologie dite « substantialiste » et une anthropologie dite« relationnelle ». Selon l’anthropologie théologique que l’on rencontre le plus fréquemment, l’homme est défini par une propriété qui lui est commune avec Dieu comme l’intelligence ou la faculté d’aimer. Le but de cette thèse est de montrer, à travers le prisme de l’anthropologie relationnelle sans concession de Jean Ansaldi qui interroge sans cesse la légitimité même de l’imago Dei comme fondement biblique d’une anthropologie chrétienne, que cette anthropologie qui semble la plus classique n’est en fait qu’une parenthèse dans l’histoire du christianisme qui, de l’écriture de la Bible jusqu’à la théologie contemporaine, perçoit l’être humain avant tout comme vis-à-vis de Dieu, altérité représentant le Tout Autre, être qui est relation comme Dieu est en lui-même relation. / Theologoumenon true, imago Dei appears as a major theme of theology that allows to develop a theologica anthropology. Imago Dei also could know several interpretations in history. Thus it is possible to identify two broad categories of theological anthropology in contemporary Christianity : a so-called "substantialist" anthropology and called "relational" anthropology. According to theological anthropology that the most frequently encountered, man is defined by a property that is common with God as the intelligence or the ability to love. The aim of this thesis is to show, through the prism of relational anthropology uncompromising Jean Ansaldi who constantly questions the legitimacy of imago Dei as a biblical foundation of a Christian anthropology, anthropology seems that the classic is actually a parenthesis in the history of Christianity, writing of the Bible to contemporary theology sees the human being as primarily vis-à-vis God alterity while representing the Other, which is being relationship as God is in himself relationship.

Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS) / Purpose: Breast cancer is one of the most frequent and fatal diseases women all around the globe are challenged with today. In women, breast cancer has the highest mortality rate of all cancers and the incidence rate is on the increase. It is estimated that by the year 2025, 19.3 million women will become a victim of this grave health problem. This disease is a result of the formation of malignant tumours caused by genetic alterations that are involved in the proliferation of cells, cellular differentiation and the disturbance in homeostasis which subsequently leads to the abnormal multiplication and growth of cells. Breast cancer is considered a multifactorial disease with various risk factors such as age, radiation exposure, hormone therapy, oral contraceptives, dietary factors, environmental exposure and genetic predispositions. Breast cancers can be subdivided and classified based on their cellular surface receptors such as Estrogen Receptors, Progesterone Receptors and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2. Of the various subtypes, the triple-negative breast cancer subtype which is negative for all 3 surface receptors and presents as the most aggressive form of breast cancer with a poor prognosis. Between 10-20% of all breast cancer cases are classified as triple-negative breast cancer. Due to the hormonal status of triple-negative breast cancer, treatment options are limited and thus of great concern. Chemotherapy remains the most common treatment modality, but prognosis is poor with relapse within years ultimately leading to poor survival outcome. Due to this lack of effective treatment plans, an alternative treatment with minimal side effects and better survival remains an imperative area to explore. A wide scope of literature highlights red palm oil and its health benefits, with its growth inhibitory potential drawing great attention. Red palm oil, extracted from the Elaeis guineensis palm tree is red in colour due to the abundance of carotenoids, tocotrienols and tocopherols found in the oil. Various compounds make up the oil such as lycopene, carotenes, vitamin E and coenzyme Q10. Most studies have researched the effects of vitamin E extracted from the oil as a contributor to its growth inhibitory activity. This study focuses on the effects of the commercial red palm oil as a whole with all its compounds on the proliferation of breast cancer cells as well as the effect it has on various genes associated with breast cancer. Method: This study investigated the effect of red palm oil concentrations (1, 10, 100, 500 and 1000 μg/ml) on breast cancer cells—MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 with comparison to a non-cancerous cell line—MCF-12A for 24-, 48- and 72-hour treatment periods. The parameter investigated was cell proliferation through the CCK-8 cell proliferation assay and the morphology following red palm oil treatment was observed and captured. Additionally, this study also investigated the effect of red palm oil on the expression of Human Mammaglobin (hMAM) and Maspin genes through the PCR assay and results visualised through agarose gel electrophoresis. Data was statistically analysed using GraphPad version 6.0 software. Results: Following treatment of red palm oil, no apparent changes in the cell morphology was observed despite using variable treatment concentrations over variable times for MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-12A cells relative to their respective controls. Immortalised MCF-12A cells showed a significant increase in proliferation with the varying treatment concentrations, but more prominently with the highest concentration at 24, 48 and 72 hours. MCF-7 cells showed significant decreases at 24 and 72 hours. Decreased proliferation was observed at all dosages used, particularly at 10, 100, and 500 μg/ml. Furthermore, MDA-MB-231 cells demonstrated a gradual increase in cell proliferation for the 3 selected time periods in the varying concentrations. Additionally, red palm oil did not alter the gene expression of Maspin at any of the varying treatments for MDA-MB-231 nor MCF-7 cells. However, changes in hMAM gene expression were observed at treatment concentration of 100 μg/ml in MDA-MB-231 cells that were incubated for 24 and 48 hours. However, the hMAM expression was not affected in treated MCF-7 cells. Conclusion: Red palm oil, as an alternative dietary oil, seems to have potential growth inhibitory properties as demonstrated by the change in the cell proliferation of the MCF-7 cells. Literature show that various individual compounds extracted from red palm oil have anti-proliferative and inhibitory effects on breast cancer cells making them good candidates for therapy. However, this study concludes that red palm oil as a whole component would not be a suitable therapeutic agent for highly aggressive triple-negative breast cancer.

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