Les phénomènes d'hybridation en sciences de l'information et de la communication. Analyse discursive des communications de recrutement des armées professionnelles françaises de 1996 à 2012. La décision de suspension du service national en 1996 a contraint les armées professionnelles à communiquer pour recruter. En 2012, cela a fait seize ans que le ministère de la défense diffuse des communications qui ont pour objectif de recruter leurs personnels militaires. À partir d'un travail d'investigation effectué sur les dix-neuf campagnes de recrutement diffusées en 1996 et 2012 par l'Armée de Terre, la Marine Nationale et l'Armée de l'Air, cette thèse se propose d'analyser le discours de recrutement militaire en postulant sa polyphonie énonciative. Quelles sont les différentes formes discursives qui s'enchevêtrent dans le discours de recrutement militaire ? Existe-il des phénomènes de tensions ou de complémentarités dans l'énonciation de ce discours de recrutement ? Comment aménage-t-il une place aux destinataires dans cette hybridation des formes discursives ? En définitive, que nous dit cette hybridation des discours dans la compréhension des communications de recrutement militaire ? / Hybridization occurences in information and communication sciences. Discourse analysis of recruitment communications and campaign for the professional French armies from 1996 to 2012.The suspension of the conscription with its obligatory national service in 1996 has led the professional armies to communicate to recruit their military personnel. In 2012, it has been sixteen years that the Ministry of Defense has released communications for that purpose. Following a work of investigations carried out on the nineteen recruitment campaigns released between 1996 and 2012 by the French Army, the French Navy and the French Air Force, this thesis analyzes military recruitment discourses by postulating their enunciative polyphony. What are the different discursive forms that are entangled in the military recruiting speech? Is there any form of tensions or complementarities in the enunciation of this recruitment speech? How does it make a space for recipients in this hybridization of discursive forms? Ultimately, how does this hybridization of discourses help us with the understanding of military recruitment communications?

This dissertation examines the flow of economic news in Africa, in order to investigate the potential existence of regional hierarchies in international news flow. The research was based on a framework of theories on international news flow. A quantitative and qualitative content analysis of a sample of news articles published in Africa Investor, African Business and Business in Africa during 2007 and 2008 was analysed. The quantitative results showed that South Africa received the highest level of coverage and was covered to a greater extent than any other African country. The qualitative results indicated that there was clear evidence of regional hierarchy in the coverage of African countries: South Africa received extensive coverage probably due to the fact that it is the largest, most advanced and influential economy in the continent. The study showed that inequality in news coverage is not only a global issue, but also a regional one. / Communication Science / M.A. (International Communication)

The main question of this study was: How and in what way can a multimodal semiotic visual analysis model be developed and used for contributing to the analysis and understanding of the manner in which the Men’s Health (South Africa) magazine – as a case study – represents and constructs masculinities in South Africa? The following three subsidiary research questions were formulated to address this topic: • What is the literature revealing with reference to the media as producers of meaning in relation to masculinity and visual texts? • How and in which way can a semiotic visual analysis multimodal model be developed with the purpose of contributing to the analysis of visual texts? • What is the outcome of the visual analysis multimodal model with reference to the case study about the representation and construction of masculinities in visual texts in MH? The first aim of this research was to establish an overview of masculinities and to explore the visual representation of masculinity with reference to mediation, reality, and ideology in the media. With reference to the media as producers of meaning in relation to masculinity and visual texts, a semiotic visual analysis and social semiotics were used to unpack culture as a site of the production of meanings. The media is one of the main sources from which men receive their entertainment and information about the world. In this sense, the media makes sense of the world. Mass media plays a key role in discourse and constructing the relationships between reality and ideology. During this construction, the media reflects on existing opinions and attitudes in society. A quantitative content analysis and a qualitative semiotic multimodal visual analysis were conducted on 27 visual texts purposively selected from MH to include editions from July 2010 to June 2011. This population covered 12 front covers, 12 editorials and three flip covers. The developed visual multimodal model was tested qualitatively on nine visual texts since these texts included the front covers, flip covers and editorials of the three editions with flip covers. v A second major aim of the study was to establish the way in which a semiotic visual analysis multimodal model needed to be developed and used for analysing visual texts, as well as for analysing the visual texts according to the multimodal model in order to understand how the multimodality and social semiotic resources were applied in MH to represent and construct masculinities. The rationale for the development and design of this model was based on the premise that a basic understanding of semiotics and visual language was needed. Without such an understanding, the vast amounts of visual messages that confront the reader would remain incomprehensible. Consequently, a productive dialogue in relation to visual communication cannot take place. The multimodal model developed in this thesis highlights visual text layout, in conjunction with language-in-use, that does not occur in isolation and that is deeply reliant on other forms of making meaning. The heptagon multimodal model consists of concept maps of the six functions of the designed hexagon model. This multimodality approach includes analysing simultaneously occurring semiotics and their various roles in conjunction with detailed, all-inclusive discourses. In the quantitative content analysis and the qualitative multimodal semiotic analysis, the six components of the developed heptagon model (visual grammar, positioning, typography, colour, modality, and iconography) are illustrated. The quantitative research supported the main research design, i.e. the qualitative multimodal semiotic analysis. It is envisaged that the development and construction of a multimodal semiotic model will make a contribution to the scholarly field of semiotic analysis. By discussing the fluidity of the variations of masculinities and male identities, by giving a brief overview of the role of the media in constructing masculinities, and by focusing on the discourses that took place in MH, the researcher creates an awareness of the inherited patriarchal masculinities by recommending envisioned masculinities to be inclusive as a component of the solution. This approach is illustrated by the use and findings of the multimodal semiotic visual analysis. / Communication Science / D. Litt. et. Phil

Cette thèse propose d’étudier la construction sociale d’un marché des programmes de télévision en Afrique subsaharienne. A travers l’étude d’un salon où se rencontrent acheteurs (chaînes de télévision et intermédiaires de distributions) et vendeurs de programmes de télévision (studios, entreprises de distribution et producteurs indépendants), nous cherchons à comprendre comment ce salon entraîne la formation d’un milieu social et participe à l’intégration du marché africain des programmes au marché mondial. En effet, jusque dans les années 2000, une grande partie des chaînes de télévision africaines obtenaient des programmes gratuitement via plusieurs canaux. De lentes évolutions des règlementations et des infrastructures ont conduit ce secteur à adopter peu à peu un fonctionnement marchand. Le salon que nous étudions participe à ce processus puisqu’il est le premier à regrouper des distributeurs internationaux et des chaînes africaines. A travers une enquête ethnographique et trois analyses de réseaux d’échanges d’informations entre les participants menées durant trois ans au cours de différentes éditions du salon, cette thèse étudie comment plusieurs normes marchandes coexistent dans ce salon. Nous étudions le processus d’apprentissage collectif entre les participants du salon et montrons comment cet apprentissage favorise la sélection de normes marchandes communes. / In this dissertation, we analyze the social construction of a market of TV programs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Based on the study of a trade fair where buyers (TV channels, distribution intermediaries) and sellers of TV programs (studios, distributors and independent producers) can meet, negotiate, discuss, and close deals, we try to understand how this event participates in the transformation of the ways in which TV programs were “exchanged” in Africa and in the integration of the African TV programs market into the global one. TV programs distribution at the global level has long been considered to be a market. But until recently in Sub-Saharan Africa, TV channels used to acquire programs “for free” through diverse ways. Political, economic and technical evolutions have slowly transformed this sector into a market. The trade fair under examination in this research plays a central role in this evolution because it is the first to bring together the microcosm of this industry. We studied this event for three years and ran three surveys in order to collect social network data and analyze informal information exchange networks between attendees of the events. We study how trade fairs attendees learn from each other and define, select and share market values, norms and rules.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de comprendre l’articulation des TIC dans l’activité communicationnelle des organisations. Ce qui nous intéresse, est d’analyser comment l’usage des objets mettent en relation, en tension les acteurs dans l’action collective. L’objectif étant d’analyser comment le travail de coopération se construit à travers l’usage des TIC. Il s’agira de saisir les règles et les mécanismes de l’ordre social dans les actes de communication médiée par ordinateur et de cerner la manière dont l’usager négocie ses interactions dans les relations d’interdépendance que suppose le travail collectif.Notre problématique est de comprendre comment le salarié s’approprie les technologies pour communiquer ? Comment il négocie dans ses interactions au sein de micros-réseaux ? Quels sont les rôles qu’il s’attribue dans la théâtralisation de lui-même ?Notre travail de recherche s’inscrit dans le champ de la communication des organisations et plus précisément dans l’étude des approches communicationnelles de la communication médiée par ordinateur au sein des organisations.Ce qui nous intéresse dans notre étude est de saisir, l’articulation entre TIC et travail coopératif, c’est-à-dire de comprendre comment les salariés ajustent leurs usages des technologies pour reconstruire des systèmes de coopération à partir des outils mis à leur disposition. / This thesis has for objective to understand the joints of information and communication technologies in the communication activity organizations. What interests us, is to analyze how the use of objects put in relation, in tension, the actors in the collective action. The objective being to analyze how the work of cooperation builds itself through the use information and communication technology. It will be a question of seizing rules and mechanisms of the social order in the acts of communication mediatized by computer and of encircling well the way the user negotiates his interactions in the relations of interdependence which supposes the collective work.Our problem is to understand how the employee appropriates information and communication technologies? How he negotiates in his interactions within microcomputing- networks? What are the roles that he appropriates in the dramatization of himself?Our research work joins in the field of the communication of organizations and more exactly in the study of the communication approaches of the communication mediatized by computer within organizations.What interests us in our study is to seize, the joint between information and communication technologies and cooperative Work, that is to understand how the employees adjust their practices information and communication technologies to reconstruct systems of cooperation from tools arrangement.

Nous menons une enquête longitudinale dans un dispositif de pré-formation auprès des formateurs et des jeunes peu qualifiés et ainsi en difficulté d’insertion sociale et professionnelle. Nous relevons les marqueurs d’apprentissage et de développement des jeunes par l’analyse des interactions verbales et des entretiens. Les résultats montrent l’importance de la socialisation du jeune novice par son interaction verbale avec le formateur expert des situations sociales. Dans le sens de Vygotsky, l’interaction est considérée comme une « Situation Sociale de Développement » qui vise à ce que le jeune apprenne les situations par leur ré-interprétation par le formateur. Ce travail mène à la transformation de ses activités cognitive et opératoire nécessaires à la maîtrise des situations et à l’adoption appropriée des règles qui régissent les espaces physiques, sociaux et culturels, avec des personnes étrangères à l’environnement social habituel du jeune. / We conduct a longitudinal survey in a scheme for pre-training for trainers and youth with poor skills and thus in great difficulty of social and professional integration. We identify markers for young people’s learning and development of the verbal interactions and interviews. The results show the importance of socialization of young novice through his verbal interaction with the trainer who is expert with social situations. As discussed by Vygotsky, interaction is considered "Social Situation of Development" who aims to ensure that young people learn the situations through their reinterpretation by the trainer. This work leads to the transformation of young people’s cognitive and operational activities necessary for controlling situations and to the appropriate adoption of rules that govern the physical, social and cultural spaces, with people outside the usual social environment of young people.

Si l’on se fie aux représentations communes, le journaliste sportif renverrait à un « journaliste-supporter ». La thèse montre que cette spécialité ne se résume pas seulement à cette face visible et à un déterminisme économique. En croisant les matériaux (archives, entretiens, ethnographie, analyse de contenu), nous verrons que l’histoire de la spécialité, profondément imbriquée dans celle du sport-spectacle, est celle de la légitimation d’un journalisme de marché qui s’accommode de la proximité avec l’objet social dont il traite et ce, malgré l’expression d’un esprit critique à la marge. Considéré comme un journalisme « d’en bas » au nom d’un légitimisme culturel, la spécialité occupe aujourd’hui une place centrale dans la hiérarchie professionnelle, invitant à repenser les normes dominantes du journalisme. Ces spécialistes se sentent d’autant plus « à leur place » qu’ils envisagent leur métier comme un « univers de consolation » pour vivre leur passion du sport. / Sport journalists are said to be ‘supporter journalists’. They are supposed to be emotional and then barely closed from the detachment required by professional excellence. This dissertation uses cross materials (archives, interviews, ethnography, and content analysis) to give a broader picture of this occupation. It shows that sport journalism’s history has to do with sport business and the legitimization of a market driven journalism. However, such a market driven conception makes do with - sometimes critical - proximity with its object. Such a mass media conception of the sports news is reproduced via schools of journalism. It is all the more efficient since this schools’ teaching fit the economical reality and students’ expectations toward their future work as a “universe of consolation” to pursue their passion for sport. Sport journalism is still regarded from a legitimist point of view as a low-grade journalism, it occupies nowadays a very central position in the professional hierarchy. Then, once should reconsider dominant norms of journalism. Furthermore, the specialists feels “on their place” as they consider their work as a “universe of consolation” to pursue their passion for sport

This dissertation examines the flow of economic news in Africa, in order to investigate the potential existence of regional hierarchies in international news flow. The research was based on a framework of theories on international news flow. A quantitative and qualitative content analysis of a sample of news articles published in Africa Investor, African Business and Business in Africa during 2007 and 2008 was analysed. The quantitative results showed that South Africa received the highest level of coverage and was covered to a greater extent than any other African country. The qualitative results indicated that there was clear evidence of regional hierarchy in the coverage of African countries: South Africa received extensive coverage probably due to the fact that it is the largest, most advanced and influential economy in the continent. The study showed that inequality in news coverage is not only a global issue, but also a regional one. / Communication Science / M.A. (International Communication)

The main question of this study was: How and in what way can a multimodal semiotic visual analysis model be developed and used for contributing to the analysis and understanding of the manner in which the Men’s Health (South Africa) magazine – as a case study – represents and constructs masculinities in South Africa? The following three subsidiary research questions were formulated to address this topic: • What is the literature revealing with reference to the media as producers of meaning in relation to masculinity and visual texts? • How and in which way can a semiotic visual analysis multimodal model be developed with the purpose of contributing to the analysis of visual texts? • What is the outcome of the visual analysis multimodal model with reference to the case study about the representation and construction of masculinities in visual texts in MH? The first aim of this research was to establish an overview of masculinities and to explore the visual representation of masculinity with reference to mediation, reality, and ideology in the media. With reference to the media as producers of meaning in relation to masculinity and visual texts, a semiotic visual analysis and social semiotics were used to unpack culture as a site of the production of meanings. The media is one of the main sources from which men receive their entertainment and information about the world. In this sense, the media makes sense of the world. Mass media plays a key role in discourse and constructing the relationships between reality and ideology. During this construction, the media reflects on existing opinions and attitudes in society. A quantitative content analysis and a qualitative semiotic multimodal visual analysis were conducted on 27 visual texts purposively selected from MH to include editions from July 2010 to June 2011. This population covered 12 front covers, 12 editorials and three flip covers. The developed visual multimodal model was tested qualitatively on nine visual texts since these texts included the front covers, flip covers and editorials of the three editions with flip covers. v A second major aim of the study was to establish the way in which a semiotic visual analysis multimodal model needed to be developed and used for analysing visual texts, as well as for analysing the visual texts according to the multimodal model in order to understand how the multimodality and social semiotic resources were applied in MH to represent and construct masculinities. The rationale for the development and design of this model was based on the premise that a basic understanding of semiotics and visual language was needed. Without such an understanding, the vast amounts of visual messages that confront the reader would remain incomprehensible. Consequently, a productive dialogue in relation to visual communication cannot take place. The multimodal model developed in this thesis highlights visual text layout, in conjunction with language-in-use, that does not occur in isolation and that is deeply reliant on other forms of making meaning. The heptagon multimodal model consists of concept maps of the six functions of the designed hexagon model. This multimodality approach includes analysing simultaneously occurring semiotics and their various roles in conjunction with detailed, all-inclusive discourses. In the quantitative content analysis and the qualitative multimodal semiotic analysis, the six components of the developed heptagon model (visual grammar, positioning, typography, colour, modality, and iconography) are illustrated. The quantitative research supported the main research design, i.e. the qualitative multimodal semiotic analysis. It is envisaged that the development and construction of a multimodal semiotic model will make a contribution to the scholarly field of semiotic analysis. By discussing the fluidity of the variations of masculinities and male identities, by giving a brief overview of the role of the media in constructing masculinities, and by focusing on the discourses that took place in MH, the researcher creates an awareness of the inherited patriarchal masculinities by recommending envisioned masculinities to be inclusive as a component of the solution. This approach is illustrated by the use and findings of the multimodal semiotic visual analysis. / Communication Science / D. Litt. et. Phil

Le propos contenu dans cette recherche concerne les plateformes interactives et réticulaires peuplant désormais notre quotidien, et qui se présentent d’abord à nous sous la forme d'objets techniques, mais dont les usages construisent des représentations sociales. Des médiations informationnelles s’y développent que nous avons voulu étudier en capturant celle du français dans le contexte de ses apprenants thaïlandais à l’Université, pour une langue réputée difficile, non apparentée et distante. Une double analyse quantitative et qualitative menée en partie avec le logiciel NVivo nous a permis de mettre à jour le fait que, sous certains aspects et dans certains environnements, un réseau socio-numérique comme Facebook pouvait faciliter un apprentissage informel participant à une économie de la connaissance. Nous avons identifié des usages et des pratiques spécifiques qui ne sont pas ceux d’une plateforme d’enseignement à distance conçue comme telle. Ainsi, une certaine créativité s’y exercerait dans la construction de documents scripto-audio-visuels sur des dispositifs techniques médiateurs et multiplateformes où l’autonomie de l’usager y serait culturellement et socialement située par les identités, appartenances, perceptions, habitus et autres dispositions qui structurent sa relation au monde et vont conditionner son envie, sa manière ainsi que sa capacité pratique à s’approprier des éléments d’apprentissage de la langue. / The subject of this research concerns the interactive and reticulated pattern platforms that now populate our daily lives, and which first appear to us in the form of technical objects, but whose uses build social representations. We studied Informational mediations developed there by focusing on French in the context of its Thai students at the University, since French is a language deemed difficult, unrelated and distant. A double quantitative and qualitative analysis conducted in part with the NVivo software allowed us to update the fact that, in certain aspects and in certain environments, a digital social network like Facebook could facilitate informal apprenticeship participating in an economy of knowledge. We have identified specific uses and practices that are not those of a distance education platform designed as such. Thus, a certain creativity would be exercised in the construction of scripted audio-visual documents on mediating and multiplatform technical operational systems where the autonomy of the user would be culturally and socially situated according to identities, group memberships, perceptions, habits and other factors that structure its relationship to the world and will condition its desire, its manner and its practical ability to appropriate elements of language learning.