This thesis consists of three empirical essays studying the capital market implications of the accounting for R&D costs. The first empirical study (Chapter 2) re-visits the debate over the positive R&D-returns relation. The second empirical study (Chapter 3) examines the risk relevance of current R&D accounting. The third empirical study (Chapter 4) explores the joint impact of R&D intensity and competition on the relative relevance of the idiosyncratic part of earnings. Prior research argues that the positive relation between current R&D activity and future returns is evidence of mispricing, a compensation for risk inherent in R&D or a transformation of the value/growth anomaly. The first empirical study contributes to this debate by taking into account the link between R&D activity, equity duration and systematic risk. This link motivates us to employ Campbell and Vuolteenaho (2004)'s intertemporal asset pricing model (ICAPM) which accommodates stochastic discount rates and investors' intertemporal preferences. The results support a risk based explanation; R&D intensive firms are exposed to higher discount rate risk. Hedge portfolio strategies show that the mispricing explanations is not economically significant. The second empirical study contributes to prior research on the value relevance of financial reporting information on R&D, by proposing an alternative approach which relies on a return variance decomposition model. We find that R&D intensity has a significant influence on market participants' revisions of expectations regarding future discount rates (or, discount rate news) and future cash flows (or, cash flow news), thereby driving returns variance. We extend this investigation to assess the risk relevance of this information by means of its influence on the sensitivity of cash flow and discount rate news to the market news. Our findings suggest R&D intensity is associated with significant variation in the sensitivity of cash flow news to the market news which implies that financial reporting information on R&D is risk relevant. Interestingly, we do not establish a similar pattern with respect to the sensitivity of discount news to the market news which may dismiss the impact of sentiment in stock returns of R&D intensive firms. The third empirical study examines the effect of financial reporting information on R&D to the value relevance of common and idiosyncratic earnings. More specifically, we investigate the value relevance of common and idiosyncratic earnings through an extension of the Vuolteenaho (2002) model which decomposes return variance into its discount rate, idiosyncratic and common cash flow news. We demonstrate that the relative importance of idiosyncratic over common cash flow news in explaining return variance increases with firm-level R&D intensity. Extending this analysis, we find that this relation varies with the level of R&D investment concentration in the industry. Those results indicate that the market perceives that more pronounced R&D activity leads to outcomes that enable the firm to differentiate itself from its rivals. However, our results also suggest that the market perceives that this relation depends upon the underlying economics of the industry where the firm operates.

Hoy en día, las empresas prestadoras de servicios, buscan obtener una posición en el mercado enfocándose en prestar un servicio de calidad que les permita además de incrementar sus ingresos, ser significativamente rentables tanto económica como financieramente para cada uno de los socios que la conforman ya que, con la globalización, los constantes cambios y el crecimiento de la economía, las empresas de servicios logísticos enfrentan grandes retos al verse en la necesidad de adaptar sus procesos operativos a las exigencias de los clientes, las cuales día a día son cada vez más altas. El siguiente trabajo de investigación realizado en la empresa Induamerica Servicios Logísticos SAC se prioriza en la evaluación de los procesos y gestión de operaciones, teniendo como objetivo, analizar de manera interna la situación actual del área de operaciones para identificar las causas originales de la problemática dentro del área en estudio, para luego determinar el grado de incidencia que ejerce sobre el resultado económico de la compañía. Las técnicas que sirvieron para el presente trabajo fue la observación, análisis documental y la entrevista y los instrumentos aplicados fueron la ficha de observación, el cuestionario de entrevista y la guía de análisis. Por lo tanto, en el presente informe se brindan los resultados y conclusiones obtenidas de la investigación realizada, con el fin de poner en marcha las recomendaciones y transformar las debilidades en oportunidades de mejora, buscando minimizar los riesgos a los que están expuestos los procesos operativos, asegurando un incremento en el resultado económico.

El problema de las empresas no financieras en la actualidad es efectuar una buena gestión al otorgar créditos bajo esta modalidad, siendo así el tema a investigar, el cual tuvo como objetivo general, evaluar la gestión del área de créditos mediante la metodología del COSO III en la empresa Neumáticos Chiclayo EIRL durante el periodo 2017. La metodología utilizada se realizó mediante un tipo de investigación descriptivo – cualitativo y diseño No Experimental – transversal, la muestra estuvo constituida por el Gerente General y la Administradora – Jefe de créditos; las técnicas que se utilizaron fueron: entrevista, encuesta y análisis documental, con sus respectivos instrumentos: guía de entrevista, cuestionario y guía de análisis documental. Los resultados evidencian que en el área de créditos existen deficiencias respecto al control interno, no cuentan con manuales de funciones ni procedimientos (MOF, ROF), sus políticas de crédito están desactualizadas, no hay una eficiente coordinación entre sus áreas y la capacitación a su personal es deficiente. En conclusión, la empresa presenta problemas de control interno, por ello se planteó evaluar el área de créditos para identificar y mitigar riesgos, además de la implementación de políticas de créditos propuestas para mejorar la gestión de créditos, y de esta manera se pueda tener un mejor control y manejo en el otorgamiento de los mismos.

La presente investigación se debe a que hoy en día, existen muchas empresas agrarias, debido al crecimiento y desarrollo en el sector de la agricultura, donde las empresas adolecen de suficiente conocimiento en sistemas de costos de producción. Tal es el caso en la provincia de Jaén, una empresa, presenta problemas en el proceso de producción a razón por la cual no pueden obtener la mejor rentabilidad; el objetivo principal es diseñar un sistema de costos en la producción de arroz para mejorar la rentabilidad de la empresa AgroJaén SAC en la ciudad de Jaén durante el periodo 2018. La investigación es tipo aplicada – descriptiva, el diseño de este trabajo es No Experimental – Descriptiva simple. Para ello se elaboró encuestas a los trabajadores para conocer la situación actual y deficiencias en el proceso de producción, así como también se realizará la medición de la rentabilidad.

This study focused on Corporate Community Involvement Disclosures (CCID), a theme usually disclosed under Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosures (CSRD) in annual reports. The primary aim of the research is to investigate the genuineness and raison d'être of CCID in annual reports. To do this the researcher adopted a holistic approach employing an extensive theoretical framework, which integrates Legitimacy, Stakeholder, Agency, Signalling and Semiotics theories and asking three main research questions. Firstly, what are the motivations for CCID in annual reports? Secondly, what is the information content of CCID in annual reports? And lastly, how real is CCID in annual reports? That is can CCID be read and construed as a real measure of corporate community development (CCD)? Using content analysis and a quality score index the study examined a panel dataset covering the period from 1999 to 2009. The data was collected from a sample of 803 annual reports of 73 UK companies taken from the FTSE 350 companies and cutting across all ten industries of the Industrial Classification Benchmark (ICB) Index. Generally the study is more of a quantitative study with hypotheses developed and tested with panel data regression models in order to provide answers to the three research questions. However, due to the sensitivity of the third research question, in addition to panel regression, the researcher performed a qualitative analysis of question three using semiotics. The study provided evidence to show that CCID as disclosed in annual reports have an undertone of reputation/impression management like other CSR disclosures (CSRD). The community activities reported do not seem to address the expectations of the local communities per se; rather the disclosures seemed to be targeted at a wider stakeholder group that is likely to offer immediate reward for such disclosures. Similarly result from semiotic analysis revealed that signification of reality is either doubtful or unreal for most companies sampled. The study is unique as it is the first to explore the reality of CCID as it appears in annual reports using a combination of a panel study approach and semiotics. In addition a major contribution of the study is that it explored the ways in which multiple theoretical underpinnings can inform research by developing a CCID Meta-theory model and thus provided a robust and enriched analysis and unique insights into the CCID phenomenon.

The perennial controversy in business combinations accounting and its dialectic with stakeholders’ interests under the complexity of the Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) activity is the centrepiece of analysis in this thesis. It is argued here that the accounting regulation should be as neutral as possible for the economic activity, although it is recognised that accounting changes may result in economic effects. In the case of the changes for business combinations accounting in the USA, lobbying was so fierce that in order to achieve the abolition of accounting choice in M&A accounting, it forced the standard-setter to compromise and to change substantially some of its earlier proposals. Such fierce lobbying cast doubts about whether it was effectively possible to mitigate such economic effects, resulting in a possible impact of the accounting changes on the M&A activity. The occurrence of M&A in waves is yet to be fully theorised. Nevertheless, existing literature established relationships between M&A activity and some key economic and financial factors, and has provided several interesting theories and other meaningful contributions for this thesis. It was therefore possible to examine whether the changes in the accounting rules produced any significant impact on the M&A activity. The findings obtained from the testing of the research hypotheses suggest that the new M&A accounting rules did not result in significant impacts on overall M&A activity. Nevertheless, from the study of managers’ perceptions, and from the examination of annual reports of S&P 500 companies, a considerable impact on the financial reporting was found.

L’IASB est à la recherche de normes comptables à la fois acceptées et bien fondées théoriquement. Cette cohérence interne (« internal consistency ») des normes comptables recherchée par l’IASB vise à établir un ensemble de principes et de règles comptables qui soit dénué de contradictions logiques dans le sens des théories comptables normatives. La question de la cohérence et de la mesure de la cohérence d’un système comptable fait l’objet de nombreuses discussions dans la littérature internationale. La présente thèse a pour objet de présenter une étude approfondie du concept anglo-saxon de « consistency ». Grâce à une comparaison systématique de la comptabilité en Allemagne et en France la pensée systémique qui sous-tend un système comptable est identifiée comme facteur d’influence essentiel pour le développement d’une compréhension nationale de la comptabilité et du concept de « consistency ». Il sera notamment démontré que le droit comptable allemand et le droit comptable français ne sont pas des exemples types d’un modèle comptable européen et que la pensée systémique inhérente à un système comptables influence fondamentalement l’harmonisation de la comptabilité nationale avec les IFRS . / This paper augments the existing literature related to the concistency concept that critically discusses the meaning of « consistency », its theoretical restraints and its practicability. An interpretation of the consistency concept using systems theory leads to the conclusion that « consistency » is to be interpreted as a « social equilibrium » of a national accounting system. Therefore an historical grown interpretation of « consistency » cannot be used as an appraisal benchmark for foreign accounting systems. This concern corresponds with the usual criticism addressed to the normative concistency notion. Despite this criticism the paper argues that the consistency discourse can result in an essential contribution to the development of an accepted, theoretically well-founded international accounting system.

This dissertation explores the disclosure on intangibles acquired in Mergers & Acquisitos. The related empirical analyses are based on a sample of M&As that are accounted for under the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US-GAAP). In three different research papers I answer three distinct research questions. In order to enable capital providers and other external stakeholders to evaluate the PPA, the International Financial Reporting Standard 3 (IFRS 3) and the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards 141 (SFAS 141) require the acquirer firm’s management to disclose information about the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the notes to the financial statement. The first research paper (see chapter II) addresses the following research question: Which information about intangibles acquired in M&As does the acquirer firm’s management disclose in the notes to the financial statement? The second research paper examines the factors that affect the initial recognition of goodwill. This research question is answered in the second research paper (see chapter III): Does the acquirer firm’s management opportunistically or efficiently use its discretion to recognize goodwill initially? The corporate information environment consists not only of corporate disclosure but also of disclosure by information intermediaries. The third research paper (see chapter IV) addresses this last set of research questions: Which information about intangibles acquired in M&As is provided in voluntary or mandatory corporate disclosures and in disclosures by information intermediaries? How are the disclosure channels interrelated?

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T11:13:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_8962_DISSERTAÇÃO JULIANA (CORRETA).pdf: 2516588 bytes, checksum: add8398ce3b529944e1d54de73f2531b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-17 / FAPES / Objetivou-se neste trabalho investigar quais são os efeitos das Hipóteses da Teoria Positiva da Contabilidade (TPC) na Qualidade da Informação Contábil, a qual pode ser determinada pelas medidas de relevância, tempestividade, conservadorismo condicional e gerenciamento de resultados das informações divulgadas nas Demonstrações Financeiras. A amostra foi composta de observações de empresas com liquidez de pelo menos 0,001 das ações negociadas na BM&FBOVESPA, no período de 2010 a 2014, coletadas no sistema Comdinheiro. As observações foram segregadas em grupos cujos gerentes podem sofrer influência similar dos fatores descritos nas Hipóteses TPC e foram criadas dummies para esses grupos. Com o intuito de analisar e comparar os grupos de empresas cujos gestores podem sofrer maior ou menor influência foram utilizadas duas análises de regressões em dados em painel com erros-padrão robustos e agrupamento por empresa. Primeiramente, foram rodados os modelos originais em cada grupo, separadamente. Em seguida, foram analisados os modelos com interações das dummies dos grupos com as variáveis originais dos modelos de relevância, tempestividade, conservadorismo condicional e gerenciamento de resultados. Os resultados evidenciaram que os efeitos das hipóteses da Teoria Positiva da Contabilidade nas métricas de Qualidade da Informação não são uniformes e variam conforme os controles utilizados. Contudo, é possível verificar que pode existir influência na Relevância da Informação Contábil pela Hipótese dos Planos de Incentivos e Hipótese dos Custos Políticos; na Tempestividade pela Hipótese dos Custos Políticos; no Conservadorismo Condicional pela Hipótese dos Planos de Incentivos e, no Gerenciamento de Resultados, por todas as Hipóteses da TPC analisadas neste estudo. / This study aimed to investigate what are the effects of the Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) on the Quality of Accounting Information, which may be determined by the measures of value relevance, timeliness, conditional conservatism and earnings management of the information available on the Financial Statements. The sample was composed by observations of companies with minimum liquidity of 0,001 of the shares traded at BM&FBOVESPA, during the period of 2010 and 2014, collected from the Comdinheiro tool. The observations were divided into groups whose managers may suffer similar influence of the factors described in Hypotheses TPC and dummies were created for these groups. In order to analyze and compare companies of groups whose managers may suffer a higher or lesser influence were used two analyzes regressions on Panel Data with robust standard errors and grouping by firm. Firstly, it was run the original models of each group, separately. Afterwards, it was analysed the models with dummies interactions of the groups with originals variables of the relevance models, conditional conservatism and result management. The results showed that the effects of the assumptions of Positive Accounting Theory in Information Quality metrics are not uniform and vary according to the controls used. However, it is possible to check that there may exist influence on Accounting Relevance Information by the Bonus Plan Hypothesis and Size Hypothesis; on the Timeliness by the Size Hypothesis; on the Conditional Conservatism by the Bonus Plan Hypothesis and, on the Results Management, by all PAT Hypothesis analysed in this study.

The thesis presents the results of a study on the impact of International Financial Reporting Standards on the analysts information environment. The analysis is concentrated on the role of specific IFRSs and corporate disclosure. The effect of IFRS adoption on the information asymmetry between firms and outsiders is examined through properties of analysts earnings forecasts. A contribution to the existing academic literature is made by examining the role of goodwill, intangible assets and acquisitions before and after IFRS adoption in Europe. The results show that the IFRSs for goodwill, acquisitions and intangible assets are related to improvements in the analysts information environment. Another contribution to knowledge is made by investigating the effect of corporate disclosure quantity on the analysts information environment before and after IFRS adoption. For this purpose, a new approach and text analysis technique to assess the impact of corporate disclosure quantity is developed. This involves the creation of a new custom dictionary and the collection of an extensive set of qualitative data. The results show that corporate disclosure quantity under IFRS, is related to improvements in the analysts information environment but that there are differences in this effect across European countries. The results also demonstrate that the improvements in the accuracy of analysts earnings forecasts are related particularly to disclosure concerning financial instruments and operating segments. Overall, the findings of the thesis suggest that the adoption of IFRS resulted in an increase in the quality of reported earnings, which is likely to derive from higher comparability of financial statements, enhanced transparency and an improved analysts information environment. It is also established that fundamental differences across countries remain after IFRS adoption and that the development and harmonisation of financial reporting standards alone are not sufficient to increase the quality of financial information and decrease information asymmetry between market participants.