京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第25419号 / 情博第857号 / 新制||情||143(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科知能情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 鹿島 久嗣, 教授 山本 章博, 教授 下平 英寿 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdorales, 2014-2015 / Bien qu’elle représente son opus magnum, la Théologie platonicienne de Proclus a souvent été négligée par les études néoplatoniciennes récentes. Hormis l’importante édition et traduction de cette œuvre dans la Collection des Universités de France (Proclus, Théologie platonicienne, 6 vol., éd. H. D. Saffrey et L. G. Westerink, Paris, 1968-1997), et le Festschrift qui l’a célébrée par la suite (Proclus et la théologie platonicienne, Actes du Colloque International de Louvain [13-16 mai 1998], en l'honneur de H. D. Saffrey et L. G. Westerink (†), éd. A. Ph. Segonds (†) et C. Steel, , Leuven/Paris, 2000), peu de travaux ont été consacrés à la Théologie platonicienne. Le signe le plus révélateur de ce manque criant est sans aucun doute l’absence d’une traduction anglaise digne de foi et d’un commentaire détaillé de cette œuvre, pourtant capitale, de la tradition philosophique occidentale. La présente traduction anglaise des premiers chapitres des prolégomènes de la Théologie platonicienne (chap. 1-7), accompagnée d’une introduction, d’un essai interprétatif et d’un commentaire détaillé, cherche en partie à combler cette lacune, espérant aussi stimuler par-là l’intérêt pour ce dernier grand monument de la philosophie antique tardive. / Despite being his magnum opus, Proclus’ Platonic Theology has been largely overlooked by the contemporary revival of Neoplatonic scholarship. Aside the publication of H. D. Saffrey and L. G. Westerink’s edition in the Collection des Universités de France (Proclus, Théologie platonicienne, 6 vol., éd. H. D. Saffrey et L. G. Westerink, Paris, 1968-1997), and a Festschrift dedicated thereto (Proclus et la théologie platonicienne, Actes du Colloque International de Louvain [13-16 mai 1998], en l'honneur de H. D. Saffrey et L. G. Westerink (†), éd. A. Ph. Segonds (†) et C. Steel, Leuven/Paris, 2000), scant work has been done on the Platonic Theology. Perhaps the most telling signs of the neglect from which it has suffered are its lack of at once a reliable English translation and detailed commentary. The present English translation of the opening chapters of the prolegomenon of the Platonic Theology (chap. 1-7), with its accompanying introduction, interpretative essay, and running commentary, is therefore an attempt to give this work some of the attention it so richly deserves.

The American Heart Association Life's Simple 7 (LS7), a metric that classifies cardiovascular health using modifiable risk factors, has been reported to be associated with cognitive function. However, the assessment of cognitive function in prior studies has been limited to relatively crude global measures. We hypothesized that greater LS7 scores at baseline are associated with less cognitive decline and lower incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's. Using data from the core Health and Retirement Study survey (2012-2018), 2013 Health Care and Nutrition Questionnaire and enhanced face-to-face interviews we will evaluate cognitive scores in relation to LS7. The participants included in this analysis (n = 2,753) are greater than 50 years of age without dementia. A global cognitive score was calculated using the combination scores on multiple cognitive tests that include measurements of semantic memory, quantitative reasoning, episodic memory, and executive functioning. Changes in cognitive scores are evaluated based on marginal effects after adjustments for confounding variables. Baseline LS7 scores (0-14) were calculated using information on smoking habits, body mass index, habitual diet, blood pressure, non, physical activity, and hemoglobin a1c. Results were analyzed using linear mixed models fit with random intercepts and the use of Huber-White variance estimates to analyze the results. Knots were introduced to explain non-linear change in respondents. Global cognitive scores in all respondents decreased more between baseline to year two and year two to year four than year four to year six (ΔB-2: -2.796, Δ2-4: -3.362 v. Δ4-6: -1.191). A one unit increase in LS7 score presented a protective effect and slowed the rate of decline by 0.11 unit in global cognitive scores between baseline and year two. The protective effect was lower between year two and four (0.07 units) and non-significant between year four and six. Black respondents did not respond similarly in models than white respondents. A one unit increase in LS7 score increased the rate of decline from baseline to year two and year two to year 4 in black respondents (p<0.001, p<0.05). LS7 scores had no significant interaction with global cognitive scores between year 2 and 6. Serial 7 scores did not significantly change over time in any of the racial categories. A unit increase in LS7 scores showed a marginal protective effect on memory scores from year two to four in all respondents (r=0.03, p<0.001). In white respondents, higher LS7 scores had a protective effect on memory scores (r=0.01, p<0.05). The probability of developing dementia or Alzheimer's over the study period was the highest for males (P = 3.6%) than females (P = 3.3%) and lowest for white, females (P=13%) and highest for black, males (P=15%). Having higher LS7 scores at baseline is associated lower cognitive decline over a 6-year period in white, older adults. LS7 scores at baseline delayed word recall/memory scores over time but not serial 7/executive functioning scores. LS7 scores at baseline are not associated with lower incidence of cognitive impairment and dementia. Findings suggest better habits formed earlier in life have a better protective effect than late-life habits / Master of Science / The United States is dealing with a rapidly aging population. By the year 2035, there is expected to be more adults over the age of 65 than children. As the number of older adults increases as will the number of new and existing cases of Alzheimer's and other dementias. The burden of older adults with Alzheimer's and dementia strains the U.S. healthcare system therefore new research is emerging on interventions used to slow the onset of this life-altering disease before critical and expensive care is required. One method that has been effective is modifying lifestyle behaviors. In 2010 the American Heart Association classified the Life's Simple 7 (LS7) metrics which involved both behavioral and biological measures for cardiovascular risk assessment in Americans. The LS7 metrics include smoking behaviors, physical activity, diet, body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol, and fasting blood glucose. The American Heart Association's LS7 metric adherence during early and mid-life has been shown to decrease risk for Alzheimer's and dementia, however, research of adherence in late-life is limited. Preventing late-life onset of dementia is vital to older adults therefore this study aims to observe late-life adherence LS7 and change in cognitive functioning over a 6-year period (2012-2018). Participants included in this study are from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) that are 50 years and older without diagnoses of dementia or Alzheimer's at the time of baseline measurement in 2012. Late-life adherence to Life's Simple 7 metrics are associated with slower rates of cognitive decline in white respondents. The Life's Simple 7 metric is not significantly associated lower cases of dementia and is associated slower rates of decline in memory but not executive functioning. This study aimed to expand evidence for racial differences on global cognitive changes and domain-specific cognitive measurements and the effect Life's Simple Seven scores have on that relationship.

The increasing development speed via Agile may introduce overlooked security steps in the process, with an example being the Iowa Caucus application. Verifying the protection of confidential information such as social security numbers requires security at all levels, providing protection through any connected applications. CryptoGuard is a static code analyzer for Java. This program verifies that developers do not leave vulnerabilities in their application. The program aids the developer by identifying cryptographic misuses such as hard-coded keys, weak program hashes, and using insecure protocols. In my Master thesis work, I made several important contributions to improving the deployability, accessibility, and usability of CryptoGuard. I extended CryptoGuard to scan source and compiled code, created live documentation, and supported a dual cloud and local tool-suite. I also created build tool plugins and a program aid for CryptoGuard. In addition, I also analyzed several Java-related surveys encompassing more than 50,000 developers and reported interesting current practices of real-world software developers. / Master of Science / Throughout the rise of software development, there has been an increase in development speed with developers embracing methodologies that use higher rates of changes, such as Agile. Since Agile naturally addresses "problems of rapid change", this also increases the likelihood of insecure and vulnerable coding practices. Though consumers depend on various public applications, there can still be failures throughout the development process in applications such as the Iowa caucus application. It was determined the Iowa cacus application development teams' repository credentials (API key) was left within the application itself. API keys provide the credential to be able to directly interact with server systems, and if left unguarded can be easily exploited. Since the Iowa cacus application was released publicly, malicious actors (other people looking to exploit the application) may have already discovered this credential. Within our team we have created CryptoGuard, a program to analyze applications to detect cryptographic issues such as an API key. Creating it with scalability in mind, it was created to be able to scan enterprise code at a reasonable speed. To ensure its use within companies, we have been working on extending and enhancing the work to the current needs of Java developers. Verifying the current Java landscape, we investigated three different companies and their developer ecosystem surveys that are publicly available. Amongst these companies are; JetBrains, known for their Integrated Development Environments (IDE, or application to help write applications) and their own programming language, Snyk, known for their public security platform and anti-virus capability, and Jakarta EE, which is the new platform for the enterprise version of Java. Throughout these surveys, we accumulate more than 50,000 developers' responses, spanning various countries, company experience, and ages. With their responses amalgamated, we enhance CryptoGuard to be available to as many developers and their requests as possible.First, CryptoGuard is enhanced to scan a projects source code. After that, ensuring our project is hosted by a cloud service, we actively are extending our project to the Security Assurance Marketplace (SWAMP). Funded by the DHS, SWAMP not only supplies a public cloud for developers to use, but a local download option to scan a program within the user's own computer. Next, we create a plugin for two most used build tools, Gradle and Maven. Then to ensure CryptoGuard can be have reactive aide, CryptoSoule is created to aide minimal interface aide. Finally utilizing a live documentation service, an open source documentation website was created to provide working examples to the community.

Diabetes is a disease with a deleterious pathology that currently impacts 4.5 million individuals within the United States. This study examined the ability of a specific neuropsychological battery to identify and classify dementia type, investigated the impact of diabetes on cognition and analyzed the ability of the memory measures of the 7 Minute Screen (7MS) and the Rey-Osterrieth Recall to correctly categorize dementia type when not used in combination with a full battery. The battery in addition to exhaustive patient history, medical chart review and pertinent tests were used in initial diagnosis. Results indicated the battery was sufficient in the identification and classification of dementia type. Within the sample, diabetes did not appear to significantly impact overall battery results whereby only two measures were minimally affected by diabetes. Finally, the memory measures of the 7MS and the Rey-Osterrieth Recall were sufficient to predict membership into the Alzheimer's (AD) and vascular dementia (VD) groups with 86.4% accuracy. The classification percentage dropped to 68.3% with addition of the mild cognitive impairment category. The full battery correctly classified AD and VD dementia 87.5% and appeared to be the most robust.

Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med svensklärare för årskurs 7–9 undersöker studien uppfattningar om betydelsen av elevers intresse för skönlitterär läsning. Vidare undersöker studien hur lärare resonerar kring valen av texter i syfte att främja ett skönlitterärt läsintresse hos samtliga elever. Intervjumaterialet har analyserats tematiskt med vägledning av befintliga teoretiska modeller om läsengagemang och motivation samt Rosenblatts transaktionsteori. Studiens resultat antyder bland annat att lärare främst betraktar betydelsen av elevers intresse för skönlitterär läsning som instrumentell, även om läsintressets estetiska aspekter också tillmäts betydelse. Vidare framgår att lärarna endast till viss del tillmötesgår elevernas autonomi i texturvalen. Genomgående anses elevers fria val av böcker påverka läsintresset negativt, medan textval som vägleds av läraren och gemensam läsning av en lärarvald bok anses främja elevernas intresse för skönlitterär läsning. I urvalen påpekas också vikten av att beakta elevernas intressen, något som anses extra betydelsefullt för elever med låg motivation för läsning.

Yes / Dividend policy has been a puzzling question for many years. This study attempts to identify the key factors affecting it in the financial sector that have been neglected in the literature. Using panel data on 621 Group of Seven (G-7) banks and 68 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) banks, five main factors namely, banks’ size, profitability, growth, leverage, and last year’s dividend were empirically tested regarding their impact on dividend payout ratios. In addition to comparing the two economies descriptively, the researchers employed panel data analysis using multiple regression with random effects. The findings revealed that the dividend payout ratio for the GCC countries is higher than G-7 countries in every year of the examined period (2010-2015). Furthermore, for both G-7 and GCC banks, profitability and last year dividend had a significant positive influence while banks’ leverage had a significant negative influence on the dividend payout. It was found also that banks’ size is an important dividend determinant in the G-7 countries only.

In the traffic engineering field today, much attention is being given to the area of intersection control. The intersection has long been recognized as the most critical element in our highway system. Accidents, delay, wasted fuel and congestion are greatest at intersections. The variable having the greatest effect on traffic flow at an intersection or in a network of intersections is the traffic signal timing. In recent years, several computer programs have been developed to aid the traffic engineer in signal timing. This thesis examines the effect of the signal timing plans generated by one of the more widely used programs, TRANSYT 7, on the energy consumption of two signalized networks. Also examined are the relationships of delay and stops to fuel consumption. The TRANSYT 7 program was used to generate signal timing plans over a range of cycle lengths and stop penalties. The TRANSYT 7 signal timing plans were entered into NETSIM, a microscopic traffic simulation program, to determine their effect on fuel consumption in the two study networks. / Master of Science

Recent developments in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods at high magnetic field strengths (≥7 T) promise the non-invasive indirect measurement of neural activation at the spatial scale of cortical columns and layers. However, the achievable spatial specificity of fMRI, which is ultimately limited by the spatio-temporal properties of the hemodynamic response, is still waiting to be fully characterized. To examine the spatial specificity of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast exploited by fMRI, the spatial point spread function (PSF) of the gradient echo (GE) and the spin echo (SE) BOLD signal tangential to the cortical surface was determined at different cortical depths. Both GE- and SE-BOLD showed a loss in spatial specificity toward the pial surface, demonstrating the impact of unspecific macrovascular contributions to both contrasts and only a minor advantage of the SE-BOLD signal for high-resolution fMRI applications. However, unidirectional draining of deoxygenated blood mainly limits spatial specificity in the radial direction. To examine the discriminability of laminar information, ocular dominance columns (ODCs) in the primary visual cortex (V1) were mapped using fMRI sensitive to either the BOLD contrast or cerebral blood volume (CBV) changes, and the stimulated eye was decoded using a machine learning classifier at different cortical depths. Only CBV-fMRI showed increased prediction accuracies at the cortical depth that matched neurophysiological expectations, showing its improved spatial specificity and potential for layer-specific fMRI in humans. Furthermore, the thin-thick-pale stripe pattern in the secondary visual cortex (V2) was targeted, exploiting the sensitivity to color and binocular disparity of thin and thick stripes, respectively. The structure-function relationship of the stripe architecture to cortical myelin was studied, which so far has shown inconsistent findings in multiple histological experiments. High-resolution quantitative MRI (qMRI) parameter maps of the longitudinal relaxation rate (R1) were used as a proxy for cortical myelin content. The comparison of fMRI and qMRI maps showed that both thin and thick stripes have lower R1 than surrounding cortical tissue, pointing toward higher myelin content of pale stripes. While macrovascular contributions in fMRI must be considered cautiously, the thesis demonstrates the capabilities to study structure-function relationships and retrieval of laminar information at the spatial scale of cortical columns with high-resolution fMRI at 7 T.:List of figures List of tables List of acronyms 1 Introduction 1.1 Imaging the human brain 1.2 The visual cortex 1.3 Vascular supply of the cerebral cortex 1.4 Thesis outline 2 Background 2.1 Nuclear magnetic resonance 2.1.1 Nuclear magnetic moment 2.1.2 Zeeman effect 2.1.3 Bulk magnetization 2.1.4 Excitation 2.1.5 Relaxation 2.1.6 Refocusing 2.1.7 Detection 2.2 Magnetic resonance imaging 2.2.1 Gradients 2.2.2 Spatial encoding 2.2.3 Echo-planar imaging 2.3 Functional magnetic resonance imaging 2.3.1 Blood 2.3.2 Hemodynamic response 2.3.3 BOLD-fMRI 2.3.4 CBV-fMRI 2.4 Spatial specificity 2.4.1 Point spread function 2.4.2 Imaging PSF 2.4.3 Physiological PSF 3 Cortical depth-dependent spatial specificity of GE- and SE-BOLD 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Theory 3.3 Materials and methods 3.3.1 Participants 3.3.2 General procedure 3.3.3 Visual stimulation 3.3.4 Imaging 3.3.5 Data preprocessing 3.3.6 MTF model fitting using MCMC 3.4 Results 3.4.1 GE- and SE-BOLD maps 3.4.2 Percent signal changes across cortical depth 3.4.3 Cortical distances along iso-eccentricity lines 3.4.4 MCMC diagnostics 3.4.5 Estimated MTF parameters 3.4.6 MTF within veins 3.5 Discussion 4 Laminar profile of human ocular dominance columns 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials and methods 4.2.1 Participants 4.2.2 General procedure 4.2.3 Visual stimulation 4.2.4 Imaging 4.2.5 Data preprocessing 4.2.6 Pattern classification 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Topography of ocular dominance columns 4.3.2 Reproducibility of ocular dominance maps 4.3.3 Univariate contrasts across cortical depth 4.3.4 Decoding accuracies across cortical depth 4.4 Discussion 5 Cortical myelination of the secondary visual cortex (V2) 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Materials and methods 5.2.1 Participants 5.2.2 General procedure 5.2.3 Visual stimulation 5.2.4 Imaging 5.2.5 Data analysis 5.3 Results 5.3.1 Functional mapping of color-selective and disparity-selective stripes 5.3.2 Consistent qMRI maps across cortical regions and cortical depth 5.3.3 Higher myelination of pale stripes 5.4 Discussion 6 General discussion A Gradient-based boundary registration B Construction of anaglyph spectacles C Supplementary data for chapter 3 D Supplementary data for chapter 4 E Supplementary data for chapter 5 F Analysis of registration accuracy Acknowledgements Bibliography Curriculum vitae Declaration of authorship

The aim of the study is to investigate social studies teachers’ idea of the importance of students’ agency for their future citizenship and how social studies teachers in upper secondary school assist students’ agency in their teaching. The methodologically the study is based on, is 6 interviews with social studies teachers of different ages and with different experience. The results show that the social studies teachers’ teaching have two main themes. The themes are to contribute to the students’ analysis of the world around them and assist the students’ future life as employees. Two theoretical starting points have been used to discuss the results, Ninni Wahlström’ capacity strategy and John Dewey’s communication theory. Social studies teacher’s teaching with a focus on students’agency means that the students should develop the future skills to set goals, reflect on their learning, to be able to make independent decisions, which leads to become competitive in the labor market with general competencies such as creativity, language skills and social competence. This results in that the students become competitive in the labor market where they have the capacity to become independent individuals with general skills such as creativity, language skills and social skills. The social studies teachers view that it is crucial for the students ’agency that they develop an analysis of the world around them, which means that the students can analyze current events such as the Ukraine war in 2022 and be able to discuss this with other people. The students can use this in their future citizenship. Social studies teachers encourage students’ agency in social studies by using project work in social studies for students to learn to solve problems in creative ways to solve real problems as future citizens. The social studies teachers encouragea linguistic ability through their social teaching that encourage students' agency. It means being able to reason, see connections and draw conclusions about current events. The social studies teachers believe that this encourages the students’ personal development and their future citizenship where the students have a self-esteem to succeed in projects in the future and to understand modern society. According to the social studies teachers, the students should socialize with other students through group exercises in teaching, which they believe gives the students expanded opportunities in life. The social studies teachers believe that dialog as a pedagogical method encourage the student’s democratic competence, which means that the students develop a thought structure about the democratic rules within a democratic society and it is also important for the students’ agency that they develop a democratic competence which means that the students are critical of the information in a global community so they know which information can be trusted. The pedagogical approach among the social studies teachers is that it should be a creative social environment where the students learn to think independently with the teacher as a supervisor in the classroom who does not impose knowledge on the students. The main pedagogical method to assist students’ future citizenship in social education is to use news in the social studies. Keywords: Social studies, Citizenship, Media, Language skills, Agency, Social competence, Creativity, Upper Secondary school