Submitted by Maykon Nascimento (maykon.albani@hotmail.com) on 2016-06-15T20:07:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Vanderson.pdf: 7047661 bytes, checksum: cbfad2acca85e02ddc971a4ed40ee031 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barros (patricia.barros@ufes.br) on 2016-08-16T13:59:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Vanderson.pdf: 7047661 bytes, checksum: cbfad2acca85e02ddc971a4ed40ee031 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T13:59:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Vanderson.pdf: 7047661 bytes, checksum: cbfad2acca85e02ddc971a4ed40ee031 (MD5) / CAPES / O trabalho discute a produção do espaço urbano da cidade de Vitória - ES pela construção imobiliária entre as décadas finais do século XIX e as primeiras décadas do século XX. O desenvolvimento do trabalho seguiu pautado pelo estudo das formas de produção da construção numa perspectiva histórica com a finalidade de investigar e compreender as características de cada forma de produção e do processo produtivo da construção. O recorte temporal estabelecido para a pesquisa foi definido pelas formas de produção da construção verificadas durante o processo de construção da cidade. Até a abolição da escravatura, o trabalho do escravo foi plenamente utilizado nas construções por encomenda em Vitória. O aluguel de escravos no trabalho de construir gerava um ganho na forma de renda ao proprietário de escravos. Com o fim da escravidão, observou-se que os imóveis urbanos assumiram o papel de objeto de valor para os proprietários. A transição do trabalho escravo para o trabalho livre também repercutiu no setor da construção. A chegada dos imigrantes europeus, principalmente dos italianos, em Vitória, trouxe mudanças no processo de construção da cidade. O italiano difundiu o uso de novos materiais e novas técnicas construtivas que contribuíram para o embelezamento da cidade e para a valorização dos imóveis. Contudo, a formação do mercado imobiliário se deu de maneira lenta na cidade. A construção de moradias para a venda, em Vitória, só ocorreu a partir dos anos 1950. Desta forma, este trabalho investigou o desenvolvimento da construção imobiliária em Vitória tendo por base as formas de produção da construção e o desenvolvimento do processo produtivo deste setor. / This dissertation discusses the production of urban space in the city of Vitória - ES by the building construction between the final decades of the nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century. The development of this work was guided by the study of the forms of production of construction, from a historical perspective, in order to investigate and understand the characteristics of each form of production and the production of the construction process. The time frame established for scientific research was defined by the forms of production occurred during the city building process. Until the abolition of slavery, the slave labor was as fully used in the constructions to order in Vitoria’s city. The rent of slaves in building generated a gain in the form of rent to the owner of slaves. After slavery, it was observed that the urban real estate assumed the role of value for the owners. The transition from slave to free labor also reflected in the construction sector. The arrival of European immigrants, mostly Italians, in Victoria brought changes in the city's construction process. The Italian spread the use of new materials and new construction techniques that contributed to the beautification of the city and the valuation of the buildings. However, formation of the housing market is slowly gave way in the city. Housing construction for sale in Vitoria’s city only occurred from the 1950s. Thus, this study investigated the development of real estate construction in Victoria based on forms of construction production and the development of the production process in this sector.

<p> Ferritic- Martensitic (F/M) alloys have been used in reactors as cladding steels, wrapper steels. They have Good creep strength, longer lifetimes, less corrosion Powder Metallurgy Hot Isostatic Pressing (PM- HIP) alloys have been suggested as an alternative to be able to improve reactor safety. Gaining a better understanding on how PM-HIP microstructures change under irradiation could make them more viable for widespread use in reactors   </p>

The Swedish series magazine 91:an has been around since the 1950’s. Before the series had its own magazine it was published in other journals, thus making it one of the oldest still active series published in Sweden. The series' old age makes it possible to follow the characters’ development over time. However this paper will only discuss 91:an magazines from the 1980’s to today, due to style changes which resulted in the series often becoming longer, that in turn led to the characters becoming more multifaceted. This change makes it easier to compare the characters throughout the chosen period of time.  The main plot takes place in the fictional Klackamo regiment. The regiment is a male dominated arena with many different hierarchical relationships between the conscripts, the officers and some other frequently recurring characters. The analysis will examine those relationships. The source material is analyzed through narrative theory and intersectionality.    25 magazines, 5 from every decade from the 80’s until today are chosen at random. The primary results reveal that some things such as the magazine’s usage of popular cultural references and time indicators have increased since the turn of the millennium. Since the series actively takes distance from depicting present events to keep the reader in the 91:an universe, an increased amount of popular cultural references and time indicators could remove the reader from the 91:an universe and consequently taking the reader closer to reality. Other things have remained the same such as how the magazine approaches gender norms in relationships and how the men in the series often express emotions through anger and violence.  The purpose of this essay is to point out some of the stereotypes and norms regarding men that are depicted in the series and identify if and how they have been affected during the time 1980 - 2023.

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Notre thème de recherche est parti du constat que les entreprises individuelles de moins de cinq salariés constituent la quasi-totalité des créations d'entreprises à Madagascar et qu’elles sont instables et éphémères. Nous les avons baptisées « petites entreprises de proximité » ou PEP, et appelé « imperfections » leur instabilité dans la durée, du point de vue de leurs activités, de leur statut institutionnel et en termes de croissance. Nous avons observé que leur multiplication traduisait l’engouement des entrepreneurs à leur endroit lequel traduisait leur adaptation à l’environnement. Dans un pays où les ménages étaient confrontés de manière endémique au problème d’emplois et de revenus, le phénomène de la PEP à travers la problématique suivante représente un sujet d’actualité et un enjeu majeur : - Si nous présumons que les "petites entreprises de proximité" sont adaptées à leur environnement, pourquoi sont-elles inaptes à durer, à grandir et à perdurer dans leur statut et dans leurs activités? - Et pourquoi les entrepreneurs continuent-ils d’en créer en dépit de « leurs imperfections » ainsi décrites ? Pour y répondre, nous avons avancé la proposition d’explication suivante sur les imperfections de la PEP : 1) Elles traduisent que la proximité instable, variable et complexe est à la fois un raccourci et un contre-exemple d’environnement ; 2) Elles sont nées des fonctionnalités structurelles et des mécanismes organisationnels mis en œuvre pour équilibrer l’adaptation tronquée de la PEP à l’environnement ; 3) Elles sont les facteurs de la dynamique d'intégration transformant des proximités agies en foyers de survie collective. Nous avons retenu deux postulats théoriques dans notre travail : l’existence d’écosystèmes pour la survie de la PEP, et un référent théorique fait d’écrits scientifiques et de connaissances renvoyant à la construction logique de son processus de survie. Nous avons mené le travail en trois étapes: _ Dans un premier temps, l‘étude des écarts entre la construction sociale de la réalité de la PEP et le référent théorique de son processus de survie a permis en partie de comprendre le phénomène de son adaptation et d’expliquer ses imperfections (Partie 1: Le positionnement théorique de notre proposition). _ Ensuite nous avons observé lesdits écarts mis à l’œuvre dans des processus empiriques de PEP en action, pour conclure qu’ils constituaient à la fois des symptômes de singularité d’organisations et des signaux de phénomènes traduisant de nouvelle manière de survivre (Partie 2 : La corroboration empirique de notre proposition). Nous avons ainsi avancé l’hypothèse théorique sur le maintien individuel de la PEP par sa survie collective avec ses parties prenantes en ces termes : Les PEP se forment grâce à des opportunités nées des imperfections des environnements qu'elles exploitent sous la forme de sous marchés résiduels. Elles se maintiennent en intégrant des proximités agies qu'elles transforment en niches dans une perspective de survie collective avec leurs parties prenantes. Leur mode d'adaptation les oblige à rester petites, éphémères et variables dans leurs activités. _ Enfin nous avons étudié les leçons d’expériences tirées de nos travaux et les pistes de réflexions qu’elles nous ouvraient. (Partie 3 : Les apports théoriques de notre étude sur la PEP). Nous nous sommes concentré sur les nouvelles tendances dans les formes organisationnelles adaptées à un environnement perçu à travers sa transformation, et sur celles d’un entrepreneuriat surfant sur le relationnel, la marginalité et la rareté des ressources. Nous avons conclu notre travail sur la PEP sur l’intérêt d’appréhender l’aptitude à la survie en termes d’écosystèmes. / Our research theme is based on the observation that individual companies with fewer than fiveemployees constitute almost all the enterprises created in Madagascar and that they are unstable and ephemeral. We called them "small proximity businesses" or PEP in french, and called "imperfections" their instability over time, from the point of view of their activities, their institutional status and in terms of growth.We observed that their multiplication reflected an entrepreneur's enthusiasm for creating them, which reflected their skill in adapting to their environment.In a country where households were confronted to an endemic problem of joblessness and lack ofincomes, the phenomenon of PEP through the following issue is a topical and a major concern:- If we assume that "small proximity businesses" are adapted to their environment, why are they unfit to last, grow and prosper in their status and activities?- And why do entrepreneurs continue to create them in spite of "their imperfections" thus described? To answer this question, we have proposed the following explanation on the imperfections of PEP:1) They show that the unstable, variable and complex proximity is both a shortcut and acounterexample of environment 2) They stem from structural functionalities and organizational mechanisms implemented to balancethe truncated adaptation of PEP to the environment; 3) They are the factors of the dynamics of integration transforming the agitated proximities into foci of collective survival.We retained two theoretical postulates for our research: the existence of ecosystems for the survival of PEP, and a theoretical referent made of scientific writings and knowledge referring to the logicalconstruction of its survival process. We conducted the work in three stages:_In a first step, the study of the differences between the social construction of the reality of the PEP and the theoretical referent of its survival process allowed but partly to understand the phenomenon of its adaptation and to explain its imperfections (Part 1: The theoretical positioning of our proposal)._Then we observed the called deviations through the empirical processes of PEPs in action, and concluded that they constituted as well symptoms of singularity of organizations and phenomena in a new way of surviving (Part 2: Empirical corroboration of our proposal)We have thus advanced the theoretical hypothesis on the individual maintenance of PEP by itscollective survival with its stakeholders: PEPs are formed through opportunities arising from the imperfections of the environments they exploit in the form of residual sub-markets. They are maintained by integrating agitated proximities that they transform into niches in a perspective of collective survival with their stakeholders. Their mode of adaptation forces them to remain small, ephemeral and variable in their activities._ Finally, we studied the lessons of experiences drawn from our work and the avenues of reflectionthey opened up to us. (Part 3: The theoretical contributions of our study on PEP) We focused on new trends in organizational forms adapted to an environment perceived through itstransformation, and on those of an entrepreneurship running through networks of contacts, marginality and scarcity of resourcesWe concluded our work on PEP on the importance of understanding survivability in terms of ecosystems

Os aços Grau 91 vêm sendo amplamente utilizados como componentes para trabalhar em elevadas temperaturas nas indústrias de geração de energia, petroquímica e refinarias de petróleo em consequência da sua excelente resistência a fluência e corrosão em altas temperaturas. Apesar destas notáveis propriedades têm sido encontradas dificuldades na soldagem do aço Grau 91, visto que pode apresentar valores de dureza fora dos limites especificados e provocando redução de diversas propriedades mecânicas. Foram confeccionadas juntas tubulares do aço Grau 91, por meio de soldagem usando o processo TIG na raiz e o processo Eletrodo Revestido nas camadas de soldagem subsequentes. As juntas soldadas foram submetidas ao tratamento térmico póssoldagem (TTPS) a 760°C com diferentes tempos de patamar (1h, 4h e 8h) e posteriormente, as propriedades mecânicas foram analisadas para verificar o atendimento aos requisitos normativos, por meio da realização de ensaios de tração convencional e à quente (540°C), impacto Charpy, dureza Vickers e caracterização microestrutural. Os resultados mostraram que as propriedades mecânicas do aço Grau 91 sofreram alterações, como uma melhor resistência ao impacto e diminuição da dureza com o aumento do tempo de patamar de temperatura, indicando que é possível obter uma melhor combinação de resistência mecânica e tenacidade com o tempo de patamar maior do que 4 horas no TTPS nas condições utilizadas. / Grade 91 steels have been widely used as components to work at high temperatures in power generation plants, petrochemicals and oil refineries as a result of their excellent creep and corrosion resistance at high temperatures. Despite these remarkable properties, difficulties in welding Grade 91 have been encountered, as they may exhibit hardness values outside the specified limits and cause a reduction in various mechanical properties. Grade 91 tubular joints were made through welding by using the GTAW process at the root and the SMAW process in the subsequent welding layers. The welded joints were subjected to PWHT at 760°C with different tempering times (1h, 4h and 8h) and their mechanical properties were evaluated by performing conventional tensile, elevated-temperature tensile (540°C), Charpy V-notch impact toughness, Vickers hardness testing and microstructural characterization. Results indicated that mechanical properties of grade 91 steel change with increasing tempering time, and a better combination of strength and toughness can be reached with more than 4 hours of PWHT, under certain conditions.

Os aços Grau 91 vêm sendo amplamente utilizados como componentes para trabalhar em elevadas temperaturas nas indústrias de geração de energia, petroquímica e refinarias de petróleo em consequência da sua excelente resistência a fluência e corrosão em altas temperaturas. Apesar destas notáveis propriedades têm sido encontradas dificuldades na soldagem do aço Grau 91, visto que pode apresentar valores de dureza fora dos limites especificados e provocando redução de diversas propriedades mecânicas. Foram confeccionadas juntas tubulares do aço Grau 91, por meio de soldagem usando o processo TIG na raiz e o processo Eletrodo Revestido nas camadas de soldagem subsequentes. As juntas soldadas foram submetidas ao tratamento térmico póssoldagem (TTPS) a 760°C com diferentes tempos de patamar (1h, 4h e 8h) e posteriormente, as propriedades mecânicas foram analisadas para verificar o atendimento aos requisitos normativos, por meio da realização de ensaios de tração convencional e à quente (540°C), impacto Charpy, dureza Vickers e caracterização microestrutural. Os resultados mostraram que as propriedades mecânicas do aço Grau 91 sofreram alterações, como uma melhor resistência ao impacto e diminuição da dureza com o aumento do tempo de patamar de temperatura, indicando que é possível obter uma melhor combinação de resistência mecânica e tenacidade com o tempo de patamar maior do que 4 horas no TTPS nas condições utilizadas. / Grade 91 steels have been widely used as components to work at high temperatures in power generation plants, petrochemicals and oil refineries as a result of their excellent creep and corrosion resistance at high temperatures. Despite these remarkable properties, difficulties in welding Grade 91 have been encountered, as they may exhibit hardness values outside the specified limits and cause a reduction in various mechanical properties. Grade 91 tubular joints were made through welding by using the GTAW process at the root and the SMAW process in the subsequent welding layers. The welded joints were subjected to PWHT at 760°C with different tempering times (1h, 4h and 8h) and their mechanical properties were evaluated by performing conventional tensile, elevated-temperature tensile (540°C), Charpy V-notch impact toughness, Vickers hardness testing and microstructural characterization. Results indicated that mechanical properties of grade 91 steel change with increasing tempering time, and a better combination of strength and toughness can be reached with more than 4 hours of PWHT, under certain conditions.

For thousands of years, cities have been closely linked to agriculturaL environments that catered them. lt was not until the end of 19th century, with Industrial Revolution, that urban phenomenon focused in residential and industrial, development, infrastructures and equipment, as a result of economic and technological transformations and as a product of a territorial model based in sustained growth and a social ideal based in progress. Current instruments of territorial and urban planning were developed already last century, in a moment that was necessary to resolve massive accommodation of population which emigrated from the fields to industrial cities, transportation, access to water, electrification etc. This model has produced a great urban growth and strong consumption of soil everywhere, not only in cities of developed countries but also in developing countries. So much it is so than in 2013 more than half of the world's population lives in cities. The strong increase of the urban soil has been one of the causes of the loss of peri-urban agricultural areas that have been absorbed into urban fabric or occupied by residuals activities. On the other hand, low price of fossil fuel, which externalizes its real cost, and concentration of business by a few multinationals, facilitates the transfer of manipulated food from one point of the planet to another and hinders the creation of an agriculture of vicinity, of fresh food which results economically less competitive.As a result of this situation localfields are abandoned progressively by two causes: a generation gap of farmers and a lack of investment for innovation and research in local agriculture. We say might, that this kind of uses have been progressively excluded of urban reflexion. We have tried to check with this study that,while to regional planning has advanced in the analysis, delimitation and protection of the terrains with agricultural value, but are scarce urban planning that treat this subject and develop political of protection and management. At this moment,in which more than half of world's population lives in cities, it seems necessary to rethink the relationship between urban and rural areas. This fact and strong social and economic instability leads us to define a new urban paradigm: a paradigm in which the cities should be more self-sufficient, able to generate energy and products they need, recycle waste generated, improve resiliency and provide rapid responses to catastrophes ,crisis or emergency situations. The problem of increasing pollution makes necessary to consider alternatives to indiscriminate consumption of fossil fuels and create a closer relationship with nature. Urban and peri-urban agriculture have important environmental and social functions, they can be a way for achieving food security of cities, as well as to improve their resilience. lf we are able to rebuild capacities to produce locally, we may increase the capacity of a city to an unforeseen event. This paper analyzes the peri-urban agriculture in Catalonia, reviewes legislation made in Europe, Spain and Catalonia, and has studied treatment of this matter regional's plans, and urban plans. The conclusion is that, despite suggestions and global European and regional guidelines protection and management of peri-urban agricultural land is imprecise,heterogeneous, little effective and insufficient to maintain the agricultural activity in front of urban growth or other uses of development. / Durant milers d'anys, les ciutats han estat estretament vinculades als entorns agrícoles que les proveïen. No va ser fins finals del segle XIX, amb la revolució industrial, que el fenomen urbà es va centrar en el desenvolupament residencial, industrial, d'infraestructures i equipaments, com a conseqüència de les transformacions econòmiques i tecnològiques i fruit d'un model territorial basat en el creixement sostingut i un ideal social fonamentat en el progrés . Els instruments actuals de la planificació territorial i urbana es van desenvolupar ja fa mes d'un segle, en un moment que calia resoldre l'allotjament massiu de la població que emigrava del camp a les ciutats industrialitzades, així com el transport , l'accés a l’aigua, el sanejament , l'electrificació, l'ordenació deis diferents usos etc. Aquest model, ha produït un gran creixement urbà i un fort consum de sòl a tot arreu, tant a les ciutats dels països desenvolupats com darrerament als països en vies de desenvolupament. Tant és així que des del 2013 més de la meitat de la població mundial viu en ciutats. El fort increment del sòl urbanitzat ha estat una de les causes de la pèrdua dels espais agrícoles periurbans que han quedat absorbits dins dels teixits urbans o ocupats per activitats residuals com deixalleries o aparcaments .D'altre banda, el baix preu del combustible fòssil, que externalitza el seu cost, i la concentració del negoci de l'alimentació en unes poques multinacionals, facilita el trasllat d'aliments manipulats d'un punt a l'altre del planeta i dificulta la creació d'una agricultura de proximitat, d'aliments frescos i ma d'obra qualificada que resulta econòmicament menys competitiva.Com a resultat d'aquesta situació el camp local s’està abandonant progressivament per manca de relleu generacional i manca d'inversió per innovació i investigació. Podem dir, que els usos agrícoles han quedat progressivament exclosos de la reflexió urbana. Hem comprovat amb aquest estudi que, mentre a l'ordenació territorial s'ha avançat en l’anàlisi, delimitació i protecció dels terrenys amb valor agrícola, al planejament municipal i derivat, són pocs els plans que tracten aquesta temàtica i que desenvolupen polítiques de protecció i gestió. En aquest moment històric, en el qual més de la meitat de la població del planeta viu en ciutats, sembla necessari replantejar-se la relació entre el medi urbà i el medi rural. Aquest fet, i la forta inestabilitat econòmica i social, ens porta a definir un nou paradigma urbà, un paradigma en el qual les ciutats siguin més autosuficients ,capaces de generar l'energia i productes que necessiten, de reciclar els residus que generen ,de millorar la resiliència i donar respostes rapides davant una catàstrofe ,una crisi o una situació d’emergència, de resoldre el problema de la creixent contaminació, de plantejar alternatives al consum indiscriminat d'energies fòssil i de crear una relació més propera amb la naturalesa. L’agricultura urbana i periurbana, a més de complir amb unes importants funcions mediambientals i social, pot ser una via per assolir la seguretat alimentaria de les ciutats, així com millorar la resiliència. Si reconstruïm la capacitat de produir localment, augmentem la capacitat de reacció d'una ciutat davant un imprevist. En aquest treball, s 'ha analitzat el sòl agrícola periurbà existent a Catalunya , s'ha revisat la legislació des d'Europa a Catalunya, i s'ha estudiat el tractament que, tant els plans territorials, com els plans directors, el plans municipals i els plans especials, donen al sol agrícola periurbà . La conclusió és que, malgrat els suggeriments i directrius mundials, europeus i autonòmics, s'ha comprovat com la protecció i gestió del sòl agrícola periurbà és imprecisa, heterogènia, poc eficaç i insuficient per mantenir l'activitat agrària en front del creixement urbà o el desenvolupament d’altres usos .

El Sindicat d'Iniciativa i Turisme de Tarragona és una associació que es va crear el 1910 amb l'objectiu de promoure el turisme a Tarragona. Des dels seus orígens i fins a l'actualitat ha passat per diferents etapes històriques però sempre ha tengut cura d'organitzar tot un conjunt d'iniciatives destinades a fomentar la indústria turística. Per això ha editat un gran nombre de fulletons, cartells, guies o àlbums fotogràgics, materials tots ells que ha difós el nom i la imatge de Tarragona. La preocupació per unes infraestructures i uns transports que facilitassin els desplaçaments dels visitants també ha estat una línia de prioritat per al SIT. També ha organitzat un gran nombre de fires, exposicions i congressos encaminats a difondre el tema turístic. El patrimoni arqueològic, historicoartístic i natural han estats utilitzats per desenvolupar un turisme cultural. El foment de l'excursionisme, les festes i tradicionals locals ha estat una altre via de treball del SIT per aconseguir els seus objectius. / The Sindicat d'Iniciativa i Turisme de Tarragona is an association that was created in 1910 with the goal to promote the tourism in Tarragona. From its origins and until the present it has passed appened for different historical stages but always has cure of organizing a real set of initiatives destined to fostering the touristic industry. Because of that a great number of serials, posters, guides or fotografics albums, has edited materials all them that it has spread the name and the image of Tarragona. The worry from some infrastructures and some transports that facilitated the displacements of the visitors also has been a line of priority for the SIT. Also it has organized a great number of fairs, exhibitions, exposures and congresses directed to spread the touristic subject. The archeologic, historicartistic and natural patrimony they have been used to develop a cultural tourism. The promotion of the hiking, the parties and traditional premises has been one another way of work of the SIT to achieve its goals.

In an interval society, voters are represented by intervals on the real line, corresponding to their approval sets on a linear political spectrum. I imagine the society to be a representative democracy, and ask how to choose members of the society as representatives. Following work in mathematical psychology by Coombs and others, I develop a measure of the compatibility (political similarity) of two voters. I use this measure to determine the popularity of each voter as a candidate. I then establish local “agreeability” conditions and attempt to find a lower bound for the popularity of the best candidate. Other results about certain special societies are also obtained