A definição mais imediata para canção de ninar, uma das várias denominações brasileiras para este gênero poético-musical, é estabelecida por sua finalidade: canção feita para adormecer criança pequena; uma definição funcional,portanto. A análise do conteúdo poético e da forma destas canções permite identificar os elementos imprescindíveis à sua composição e eficácia estética, ampliando tal conceito. Desta maneira, a canção de ninar pode ser considerada um dos primeiros objetos culturais a que o ser humano é exposto. O medo da morte (perdas, despedidas, separações), presente nos cuidados maternos, paternos e de outros adultos com as crianças pequenas, especialmente com os recém-nascidos, penetra as canções de ninar em diferentes culturas, expressando-se em vários elementos, inclusive em suas figuras de terror. A esta linha interpretativa, substancializada por constatações advindas de uma prática clínica de atendimento psicológico às famílias de recém-nascidos, foi acrescida outra de caráter mais sociológico: o estudo de alguns textos de canções de ninar tradicionais brasileiras revelou elementos dos encontros e desencontros étnico-culturais dos diferentes povos que formaram a nação brasileira. O traço de terror, geralmente compreendido como medida disciplinar para o sono, aparece acentuado nas nossas canções também porque se origina em um ambiente colonial, escravocrata, contaminado por ameaças e hostilidades. Junto a vestígios de horror apareceram também traços de resistência e preservação cultural das etnias indígenas e negras; como se as canções de ninar fossem veículos propícios ao transporte resguardado de elementos fundamentais da cultura dos grupos humanos colonizados ou escravizados. As pesquisas e reflexões de Mário de Andrade e o estudo de acalantos compostos por artistas brasileiros contemporâneos permitiram conhecer e delinear melhor este gênero: o contexto que o origina, seu tom melancólico, sua forma curta e repetitiva, o uso da sonoridade nasal hum e da vogal u. Por sua qualidade artística, o acalanto pode revigorar o ambiente cultural que cerca o nascimento e a infância. Neste sentido, ele é potencialmente humanizador. O ambiente cultural é tão fundamental e delimitador da experiência humana quanto o ambiente físico e emocional (familiar ou institucional). Cuidar do surgimento das palavras, da sua afinação com a experiência vivida, de seu vigor e sentido; cuidar da experiência inicial com a palavra é condição para o desenvolvimento pleno deste ser de linguagem que é o homem. Assim, redimensiona-se neste estudo o conceito de puericultura que passa a abranger também as ações de cultivo da palavra e da poesia com a criança pequena. / The most immediate definition of lullaby, only one among several Brazilian denominations for this poetic-musical genre, is determined by its main purpose: a song intended for little children to fall asleep, a functional definition, therefore. The analysis of the poetical content and of the form of these songs allows us to identify the essential elements of their aesthetic composition and effectiveness, broadening such concept. Thus, the lullaby may be considered one of the first cultural objects that the human being is exposed to. The fear of death (losses, farewells, separations), present in the cares given by mothers, fathers and other grown-ups to little children, especially newborn babies, permeates the lullabies in different cultures, expressing itself in many elements, including its terror figures. To this interpretative line, based on observations derived from the practice of psychological assistance to the families of newborn babies, another one of a more sociological nature has been added: the study of some texts extracted from traditional Brazilian lullabies has revealed elements of the ethnic-cultural matches and mismatches of the different cultures that shaped the Brazilian nation. The element of terror, generally understood as a disciplinary measure for sleeping, is highlighted in our songs because it also has its origin in a colonial slave-based environment, contaminated by threats and hostilities. Along with the vestiges of horror, there have arisen traces of resistance and cultural preservation of black and indigenous ethnic groups, as if the lullabies had been proper conducive vehicles to the hedged transportation of fundamental elements of the culture of the colonized or enslaved human groups. The researches carried out by Mario de Andrade, as well as his reflections, and the study of lullabies composed by contemporary Brazilian artists allowed the better understanding and outline of this genre: the context where it comes from, its melancholic tone, its short and repetitive form, the use of the nasal sonority \'hum\' and the vowel \'u\'. For its artistic value, the lullaby can be quite refreshing for the cultural environment surrounding birth and childhood. In this sense, it is potentially humanizing.The cultural environment is as important and delimiting for human experience as the physical and emotional environment (familiar or institutional). Caring about the arising of new words, their affinity to the life experience, their vitality and sense; caring about the initial experience with words is a condition for the full development of this language-based being, the man. Hence, in this study, the concept of childcare is resized so as also to include the actions of cultivation of word and poetry with the little child.

Submitted by Cristiane Chim (cristiane.chim@ucpel.edu.br) on 2018-07-04T12:31:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Flúvia Ribeiro Bastos.pdf: 2083421 bytes, checksum: 964efb0398245b0de15c5796e4357353 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-04T12:31:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flúvia Ribeiro Bastos.pdf: 2083421 bytes, checksum: 964efb0398245b0de15c5796e4357353 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES# / #2075167498588264571# / #600 / Social protection aimed at children/adolescents with disabilities is being built through the struggle political movement for the recognition of the subjects with disabilities as full citizens’ rights. In Brazil, especially after the promulgation of the Statute of Child and Adolescent, a significant advance in the legislation with regard to establish, from the doctrine of integral protection, the rights of the juvenile population and develop inclusive policies. Through laws and regulations, Institutional Childcare Services (ICSs) intended for the protection of children/adolescents who have had rights broken, it passed to adhere to the principle of respect for diversity and nondiscrimination, that is, the childcare must be offered in environments that respect and attend the human diversity. The institutional childcare is responsible mainly to provides to children/teenagers complete access to all fundamental rights, regardless of its features, using the resources offered by the municipal public policy, with the purpose of ensuring their integrity. In view of the importance and the challenge of achieving protection of children/teenagers in front of a backdrop of retraction of rights and social policies, the study aims to analyze the special social protection offered to children/adolescents with disabilities received in ICSs, objecting to identify difficulties and potentialities of effective social rights in an inclusive perspective. To achieve the objective was combinated a documental research and a field research with qualitative approach, guided by the dialectical critic method, in three municipalities ICSs of Rio Grande do Sul. The empirical data were collected through semistructured questionnaire and interviews applied in people who are directly involved in protection of children/adolescents with disabilities received in childcare. Eleven subjects participated. The investigation examined since the beginning until the ending of ICs time, it checking the access to rights of children/adolescents with disabilities and the incorporation of the principles contained in the "Technical Guidelines: childcare for children and adolescents", among them the guaranteed access and respect for diversity and non-discrimination. The research found that: a) social protection fails to fully accomplishment, because the public investment are insufficient to meet the particular needs of each child/adolescent; b) the ICSs are still having your organized structure from the model of social integration; c) the ICCs is an essential service and protection, despite the difficulties, can facilitate access to social rights of welcomed with disabilities; d) the incorporation of the principle of respect for diversity and non-discrimination promotes inclusive processes, because the interaction between children/adolescents of different ages and circumstances allows learnings about the importance to respect and live together with diversity. Finally, the study highlights that, despite the many challenges, the ICSs presents itself as a place to promote the appreciation of differences, because if it is organized on the principle of human diversity, can be recognized as a space for building new social practices, which it will be able to strengthen the process of building an inclusive society. / A proteção social destinada a crianças/adolescentes com deficiência está sendo construída através do movimento político de luta pelo reconhecimento dos sujeitos com deficiência como cidadãos plenos de direitos. No Brasil, principalmente após a promulgação do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, nota-se um avanço significativo da legislação no que respeita a consagrar, a partir da doutrina da proteção integral, os direitos da população infanto-juvenil e desenvolver políticas inclusivas. Por meio de leis e normas, os Serviços de Acolhimento Institucional (SAIs) destinados à proteção de crianças/adolescentes que tiveram direitos violados passaram a aderir ao princípio de respeito à diversidade e não discriminação, ou seja, o acolhimento deve ser ofertado em ambientes que respeitem e atendam a diversidade humana. O acolhimento institucional tem como principal função prover às crianças/adolescentes acolhidas, independentemente de suas características, acesso a todos os direitos fundamentais, utilizando os recursos oferecidos pelas políticas públicas municipais, com o propósito de zelar por sua integridade. Tendo em vista a importância e o desafio de concretizar a proteção de crianças/adolescentes diante de um cenário de retração de direitos e de políticas sociais, a tese teve o objetivo de analisar a proteção social especial ofertada para crianças/adolescentes com deficiência acolhidas em SAIs, a fim de identificar dificuldades e potencialidades da efetivação dos direitos sociais na perspectiva inclusiva. Para alcançar o objetivo combinou-se uma pesquisa documental e uma pesquisa de campo, de abordagem qualitativa, norteada pelo método críticodialético, em três SAIs de municípios do Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados empíricos foram coletados por meio de questionário e entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado aplicadas com as pessoas que estão diretamente envolvidas na proteção destinada a crianças/adolescentes com deficiência acolhidas. Onze sujeitos participaram. A investigação analisou desde o ingresso até o momento do desligamento do SAI, verificando o acesso aos direitos das crianças/adolescentes com deficiência e a incorporação dos princípios contidos nas “Orientações Técnicas: serviços de acolhimento para crianças e adolescentes”, entre eles a garantia de acesso e respeito à diversidade e não discriminação. A pesquisa constatou que: a) a proteção social não consegue se materializar de forma integral, pois os investimentos públicos são insuficientes para o atendimento das necessidades particulares de cada criança/adolescente; b) os SAIs continuam tendo sua estrutura organizada a partir do modelo da integração social; c) o SAI é um serviço essencial de proteção e, apesar das dificuldades, consegue viabilizar acesso a direitos sociais dos acolhidos com deficiência; d) a incorporação do princípio de respeito à diversidade e não discriminação fomenta processos inclusivos, pois a interação entre crianças/adolescentes de diferentes idades e particularidades permite aprendizados sobre a importância de respeitar e conviver com a diversidade. Por fim, destaca-se que, apesar dos inúmeros desafios, o SAI apresenta-se enquanto um local rico para promover a valorização das diferenças, pois se for organizado com o princípio da diversidade humana pode ser reconhecido como espaço de construção de novas práticas sociais, o que poderá fortalecer o processo de construção de uma sociedade inclusiva.

The purpose of this correlational study, which took place in a Central Florida school district, was to investigate the relationship between the quality of the early childhood education (ECE) programs and students' kindergarten readiness scores. Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, which states that a child's environment, culture, and language are related to academic and social development, was the theoretical framework for this study. Many ECE centers have been rated using the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale (ECERS). Additionally, some children in those centers have been rated for kindergarten readiness using the Florida Kindergarten Readiness Screener (FLKRS) developed by the Florida Department of Education (FLDOE). The sample included 55 ECE centers that had an ECERS rating with students who had FLKRS scores. This study addressed whether FLKRS scores were positively correlated with ECERS ratings. Data were analyzed using the Pearson product moment correlation. Results indicated a positive and significant correlation between ECERS ratings and FLKRS scores. A white paper was prepared to raise awareness regarding the availability of quality ECE centers to young learners. Implications for social change include an increased number of quality ECE programs in local neighborhoods as well as increased awareness of the importance of an environmental rating scale to monitor program quality.

A pesquisa tem como objeto o trabalho e as práticas de cuidado de crianças pequenas, a partir de diferentes processos e sujeitos que realizam essa atividade, gratuitamente nos domicílios ou como profissão. A tese se nutre da interdisciplinariedade própria à teoria feminista e, partindo dos estudos sociológicos sobre trabalho doméstico e de cuidado, constrói uma perspectiva de análise que integra contribuições da economia feminista. Apoia-se nas noções de divisão sexual do trabalho, imbricação das relações sociais de gênero, raça e classe, e na perspectiva da sustentabilidade da vida como instrumentos teóricos que orientam a análise. As diversas modalidades do trabalho de cuidar de crianças se manifestam em uma pluralidade de arranjos, interdependentes, mas também conflitantes e em permanente transformação. Em uma cidade profundamente desigual, como é São Paulo, Estado, mercados, família e comunidade integram a discussão a partir desta diversidade de arranjos, das conexões e dinâmicas entre os sujeitos, os trabalhos e as práticas sociais que sustentam o cuidado. Instituído na Constituição Federal de 1988, o direito à creche é uma reivindicação histórica que marcou a organização popular do feminismo brasileiro. De lá para cá, as creches foram integradas à política de educação, e verificou-se expansão significativa, mas aquém da demanda. Viu-se emergir uma camada profissionalizada de mulheres, com formação no ensino superior, que assumem o cuidado de crianças pequenas como professoras nas creches e pré-escolas. Estas são relativamente mais valorizadas e formalizadas que as que cuidam de crianças na vizinhança ou como trabalhadoras domésticas (babás). As mudanças relativas à composição do cuidado não transformam os princípios da separação, hierarquização e invisibilização nexos da divisão social, sexual e racial do trabalho , mas produzem deslocamentos: aproximam e distanciam mulheres e homens, e mulheres entre si. A análise confirma a indissociabilidade entre o cuidado direto e tudo o que precisa ser feito para garantir as condições de vida alimentação, limpeza , revelando permanências na dinâmica que separa e hierarquiza tais trabalhos, invisibilizando os trabalhos com menor valorização social e os sujeitos responsabilizados por eles. As dimensões do afeto, da dependência/autonomia, dos ritmos, atividades e da responsabilização pelo cuidar são aspectos com manifestações singulares no cuidar de crianças pequenas quando comparadas ao cuidado de idosos, que predomina nas análises contemporâneas sobre o trabalho de cuidado. A pesquisa evidencia que o ajuste entre as lógicas em conflito do capital e da sustentabilidade de vida se dá tanto no trabalho não remunerado (mulheres nas famílias), como no trabalho remunerado de diferentes responsáveis pelo cuidado que absorvem os impactos desse conflito em seus corpos e tempos. / This paper aims to investigate care practices and work with infant and toddler children, looking into several processes and individuals who carry out this activity, whether for free at households or as a paid occupation. The dissertation is established on the specific interdisciplinarity of feminist theory and, coming from sociological studies on care and domestic work, builds a perspective of analysis that integrates contributions from feminist economics. In this sense, the notions of sexual division of labor; the intersectionality of social relations based on gender, race, and class; and the sustainability of life constitute the theoretical framework of this research. The many different modalities of childcare is expressed in a myriad of arrangements that are interdependent, but also conflicting and continuously changing. In a deeply unequal city such as São Paulo, Brazil, the State, markets, the family, and the community integrate the conversation not as stagnant actors, but as part of this diversity of arrangements, the connections and dynamics between individuals, the works, and social practices that support care. Established in Brazils 1988 Constitution, the right to childcare has been historically on the agenda of peoples organization in Brazilian feminism. Since then, childcare centers have been integrated to education policies, and while there has been a significant increase in the number of daycare facilities, they are still not enough to satisfy the demand. A class of technically trained women with a higher education background take on the task of caring for infants and toddlers as teachers in childcare centers and preschools. They are relatively more appreciated and more formally employed than child caregivers who work in their own neighborhood or as domestic workers (nannies). The changes in care-related compositions do not change the principles of separation, hierarchization, and invisibilization as the nexus of social, sexual, and racial division of labor , but rather produce displacements: they bring women and men, and women with each other, closer together or drive them apart. The investigation demonstrates how care and everything that involves providing living conditions food, cleaning are intrinsically indissociable, showing what remains in the dynamics that separate and hierarchize those works, invisibilizing socially underappreciated works and the individuals who are responsible for them. The dimensions of affection, dependence/autonomy, paces, activities, and the assigning of responsibility for care are aspects that manifest in unique ways in childcare when compared to senior care, which prevails in contemporary investigations into care work. This research demonstrates that the adjustment between conflicting logics that of capital and that of the sustainability of life happens both in unpaid work (households) and paid labor of different caregivers who absorb the impacts of this conflicts between their bodies and times.

States are not required to provide subsidies for childcare and transportation, but at the time of this writing all provided some supplements to TANF participants who were working, looking for work, or attending school. However, there has been little assessment of the effectiveness of these programs. Using data from a longitudinal study on Families First participants in the state of Tennessee, this exploratory study addresses the questions of whether transportation and childcare supplements contribute to the ability of TANF participants to move off welfare and support their families adequately through their own efforts, and whether outcomes from these services differ by geographic location. The survey sample consisted of 3,569 respondents who were currently receiving or who had recently received TANF services through Tennessee's Families First program, beginning with the initial survey in 2001. Regardless of any assistance provided for childcare and transportation, which have been addressed in the literature as significant barriers to employment and thus the well-being of TANF participants, most of the survey participants remain among the poorest families in the country. While transportation and childcare supports may alleviate some of the barriers that TANF participants must overcome, this research finds that they do not in themselves improve the likelihood that poor families will be abot to move out of poverty. However, there are some indicators that they do help in terms of having employment, which is the first step toward achieving financial well-being.

This thesis consists of four empirical studies on women and men in European labour markets. Study I examines effects of the sex of the immediate supervisor on the time men and women spend in initial on-the-job training (OJT) in Sweden. The results show that men receive longer initial OJT than women do, but men’s time in training is independent of the supervisor’s sex. For women in the private sector, the chances of receiving long initial OJT are higher if the immediate supervisor is a man. Study II analyses effects of labour market institutions on the quality of part-time work by comparing the skills and autonomy of female part-time jobs in Britain and Sweden. The results show that female part-time employees in Sweden hold positions of higher skill and have more autonomy compared to their equivalents in Britain. Both British and Swedish part-time employees face relative disadvantages when compared to female full-time workers. Study III examines associations between maternal employment policies and wage penalties for mothers by skill in 10 European countries. The results indicate that, net of variation in female labour force participation, extensive publicly funded childcare is associated with a modest decrease in the motherhood wage penalty, regardless of skill. By contrast, paid maternity leave is weakly associated with a larger motherhood wage gap in less skilled jobs only. Study IV examines the extent to which women’s opportunities to attain positions of high workplace authority are related to maternal employment policies, such as paid parental leave and part-time work. Based on data from 25 European countries, the results show that a high proportion of women working long part-time hours is associated with a wider gender gap in the attainment of high authority positions, to the disadvantage of women. However, paid parental leave appears to be unrelated to the gender authority gap. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

This thesis examines the implementation of a philanthropically project called Norrbottens arbetsstugor which were launched during the famine of 1903. The project initially aimed to hinder starvation among children to poor families and was arranged in a similar way as boarding-out schools. Children to poor families were offered this temporary solution and during their stay they received board and lodging as well as schooling and work practice. However, the project continues until 1954 although the threat of famine is hindered fairly promptly which indicates that new policies were introduced. Therefore, the inquiry focuses on how actors on different levels in the implementation structure adapt and transform the philanthropically policy to suit their respective needs and goals. The study is divided into two phases, a so called initial phase and an expansion phase. The implementation is investigated via archive material from the philanthropically organisation itself, Stiftelsen Norrbottens Läns arbetsstugor, as well as from local governments (kommunala skolråd) and representatives of the Swedish government (folkskoleinspektörer). The study shows how policies of childcare becomes blurry or difficult to fulfil due to insufficient means, lack of control or because of absence of recognized tools to evaluate the activity. Commonly, implementation studies sought to show how well or misused the policy has been obeyed after its introduction. This study shows rather how a policy can work fruitfully even though, or thanks to, its intentions are reformulated by different actors. This of course, awakes questions of moral characters. The study also highlights the importance to investigate, in this case a philanthropically case, not only as such, but as a project that is ongoing on several levels. This gives us the opportunity to see what, for example, the conception of ‘good childcare’ means and how it is defined depending on the level studied. To put it short: when studied in different levels, we may unveil the different meanings of a concept. Keywords: Norrbotten, early 20th century, childcare, boarding-school, philanthropy, assimilation, implementation.

As a point of departure, this thesis is motivated by the big changes which have taken place in most Western European countries since the 1970s, with an increase in female labour market participation and, to some extent, men’s increased share of the domestic work. There is also a debate as to whether France, having a fairly extensive family support,should be categorised as closer to the Scandinavian countries or together with countries with more restrictive family policy such as Italy and Germany, and thus belonging to the conservative regime cluster as defined by Gösta Esping-Andersen. The major topic of this thesis concerns what expectations parents have on childcare and how they experience the combination of care of children and participation in paid work. Two studies, based on quantitative macro-data, analyse and compare differences in primarily women’s employment in relation to family policy measures. The studies concern in addition to France and Sweden, also Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom. The results indicate that the extensive family support system brings France closer to the Scandinavian countries. However, results based on 80 interviews made with 40 French and 40 Swedish families in the three following studies indicate that this may not be the case concerning factors like attitudes and values about the care of children and the reconciliation of work and family. Results indicate that values expressed in the French families point to a strong connection with values significant for countries in the conservative regime cluster. Major findings are that in the reconciliation of work and family, Swedes experience role stress more than French people, and in particular Swedish fathers. In France, on the other hand, mothers strongly express a feeling of dissatisfaction with their partner’s lack of participation in the household work. Regarding the attitudes to the paid parental leave (allocation parentale d’éducation- APE), French families’ arguments reflect that the policy does not promote fathers’ use of paid parental leave, and French mothers more than Swedish mothers refer to the weaker labour market situation as a reason for their use of the leave. Concerning expectations on childcare, French families more than Swedish families stress the importance of ‘upbringing,’ ‘learning’ and ‘socialisation,’ whereas Swedish families emphasise ‘pedagogy’ and that the staff recognises the individual child.

This thesis analyzes the right to reconcile work and family responsibilities which is recognized as crucial in women&amp / #8223 / s participation in the labor market. When women can not fully enjoy their right to work due to the burden of unequal gender division of labor, they become more vulnerable to poverty and male violence which impede them from developing their basic human capabilities. States should acknowledge that this is a human rights problem which is deriving from women&amp / #8223 / s overburden as primary caregivers. In order to overcome this problem and transform the patriarchal structure of the market and the family / state intervention in the private sphere is required. Two alternative reconciliation models are examined. The first is the equality driven model that encompasses parental leave and childcare facilities, which necessitate positive intervention of the state and more likely to trigger structural change. The other is the flexibility or market driven model which is based on part-time work and homeworking strategies. They target women&amp / #8223 / s participation in the labor market without necessarily leading to any change in the gender divisionof labor. The effectiveness of these strategies is analyzed within a feminist jurisprudence method. While the focus is on the international framework, including the EU Member States, the specific case of Turkey is also considered. Given Turkey&amp / #8223 / s socio-economic particularities, childcare largely depends on kinship relations and social policies regulating women&amp / #8223 / s labor market participation are market driven. The data shows that women in Turkey do not equally enjoy their economic and social rights. Therefore, by examining the international framework for right to reconcile work and family responsibilities, it is hoped that a case can be made to call on Turkey to abide by its international obligations to grant this right.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal