Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from a single infectious disease. Unfortunately, 4.1 million cases were missed in 2017 globally, and Nigeria contributes 9% of the missing TB cases. At least 73% of the estimated TB cases in Nigeria were not reported in 2017 to the National TB Program (NTP); therefore, the true burden of TB was not certain, and this affected planning for prevention and control of TB. This quantitative secondary data analysis (NTP Lagos TB Inventory study database) guided by the integrated behavioral model assessed TB underreporting based on the TB reporting process in Nigeria. Chi-square and binomial logistic regression were used to assess the association between TB underreporting and the characteristics of health facilities (HFs), health workers' (HWs) awareness, barriers to TB reporting, and patient-related factors. The results indicate at least 60% of all HFs underreported TB, with an average of 7.4% underreporting between HFs records and TB program reports. There was a statistically significant association between NTP nonengaged health facilities (χ2 (1) = 20.547, p <.05), HWs' awareness of TB reporting (χ2 (1) = 6.576, p <.05), and barriers for TB reporting (χ2 (1) = 4.106, p < .05) with TB underreporting. The following patient factors were statistically significant predictors of TB underreporting with over 50% increased odds, p<0.05: previously treated, extrapulmonary, unknown TB site, HIV negative, and HIV unknown. This study supports social change through NTPs ensuring the establishment of a coordinating mechanism for TB reporting within and between HFs and supply of TB reporting tools to all HFs to know the true burden of TB for better planning and monitoring of quality care for TB patients.

Les jeunes enfants sont les plus exposés au plomb et les plus sensibles à ses effets sur la santé, notamment sur le développement. Une enquête d’imprégnation sur 3831 enfants vivant en France a permis d’établir la moyenne géométrique des expositions au plomb à 14,9 (+/- 0,5) µg/L de sang avec 76000 enfants au-delà du seuil d’intervention obligatoire de 50µg/L. Les critères actuels de dépistage se sont avérés peu aptes à repérer ces enfants surexposés et de nouveaux critères sont proposés. En complément, une enquête environnementale avec mesures de plomb dans le logement a été réalisée dans 484 logements. Les poussières au sol des habitations et l’eau du robinet sont des facteurs important de surexposition, ainsi que l’utilisation de vaisselle et cosmétiques traditionnels. Les politiques de prévention doivent être poursuivies compte tenu de la persistance de sources d’exposition et de la toxicité même à faible dose. / Young children are most exposed to lead and the most susceptible to its health effects, notably on development. A nationwide representative survey on 3831 children in France has established the geometric mean of lead exposures at 14.9 (+/- 0.5) µg/L of blood with 76000 children beyond the mandatory action level of 50μg / L. The current screening criteria have proved insufficient to identify these overexposed children and new ones are proposed. In addition, an environmental investigation with lead measurements in housing was performed in 484 homes. Household floor dust and tap water are major factors of overexposure, and also the use of traditional dishes and cosmetics. Prevention policies must be pursued in light of the continuing sources of exposure and toxicity even at low doses.

Grouping students with in the school setting has long been a concern to all those associated with the educative process. Much investigation has been devoted to the position of level of aspiration as influential motive forces for educational, occupational, and social achievement. Many avenues of grouping have been investigated and some very thoroughly. However, research concerning grouping in relation to level of aspiration in the school setting appears to be extremely limited. This study is designed to further investigate this issue. It might be said that this study consists of essentially two phases: (1) the development of instruments for measuring classroom aspiration, social aspiration, and educational aspiration; and (2) the determination of level of aspiration relationships which exist between junior high school boys grouped on the basis of ability and those randomly assigned to a classroom.

In this thesis, the interaction pattern for a class of soliton solutions of the Kadomtsev- Petviashvili (KP) equation (−4ut + uxxx + 6uux )x + 3uyy = 0 is analyzed. The complete asymptotic properties of the soliton solutions for y → ±∞ are determined. The resonance characteristic of two sub-classes of the soliton solutions, in which N- incoming line solitons for y → −∞ interact to form N+ outgoing line solitons for y → ∞, is described. These two specific sub-classes of (N-,N+)-soliton solutions are the following: 1) [(2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5)], 2) [(3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4)]. The intermediate solitons and the interaction regions of the above soliton solutions are determined, and their various interaction patterns are explored. Maple and Mathematica are used to get the 3 dimensional plots and contour plots of the soliton solutions to show their interaction patterns. Finally, the spider-web-structures of the discussed solitons of the KP equation are displayed.

In this research a heuristic algorithm is developed for searching and identifying preferred actions as applied to the bus route design problem. The search routine evaluates each subsequent segment added to the route in the context of the value of that segment and also the value of future decisions and opportunities for subsequent segments. The total overall maximum accessibility of the system is calculated using a minimum path network between each node pair and adding the accessibility of all route segments. This is equivalent to assuming that there was a direct shortest path route between every two destinations in the network. The quality of the designed network is obtained by comparing the share of the total benefits obtained from the heuristic with the share of the costs incurred with respect to a minimum path network. Several test cases and network scenarios are studied to evaluate the analytical tool developed. In addition, different performance measures are used to identify the connecting routes that increase the accessibility of the system.

This study evaluated the impacts of shallow and deep open drains on groundwater levels and drain performance under varying climate scenarios and irrigation application rates. The MIKE SHE model used for this study is an advanced and fully spatially distributed hydrological model. Three drain depths, climates and irrigation application rates were considered. The drains depths included 0, 1 and 2 m deep drains. The annual rainfall and meteorological data were collected from study area from 1976 to 2004 and analysed to identify the typical wet, average and dry years within the record. Similarly three irrigation application rates included 0, 10 and 16 ML/ha-annum. All together twenty seven scenarios (3 drains depths, 3 climates and 3 irrigation application rates) were simulated. The observed soil physical and hydrological data were used to calibrate and validate the model. Mean square error (R[superscript]2) of the simulated and observed water table data varied from 0.7 to 0.87. Once validated the MIKE SHE model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of 1 and 2 metre deep drains. The simulated water table depth, unsaturated zone deficit, exchange between unsaturated and saturated zones, drain outflow and overland flow were used to analyse their performance. The modeling results showed that the waterlogging was extensive and prolonged during winter months under the no drainage and no irrigation scenario. In the wet climate scenario, the duration of water logging was longer than in the average climate scenario during the winter months. In the dry climate scenario no waterlogging occurred during the high rainfall period. The water table reached soil surface during the winter season in the case of wet and average climate. For the dry climate, the water table was about 0.9 metres below soil surface during winter. / One and 2 metre deep drains lowered the water table up to 0.9 and 1.8 metres in winter for the wet climate when there was no irrigation application. One metre deep drains proved effective in controlling water table during wet and average climate without application of irrigation water. One metre deep drains were more effective in controlling waterlogging a in wet, average and dry years when the irrigation application rate was 10 ML/ha-annum. With 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application, 1 metre deep drains did not perform as efficiently as 2 metre deep drains in controlling the water table and waterlogging. In the dry climate scenario, without irrigation application, 1 metre deep drains were not required as there was not enough flux from rainfall and irrigation to raise the water table and create waterlogging risks. Two metre deep drains lowered the water table to greater depths in the wet, average and dry climate scenarios respectively when no irrigation was applied. They managed water table better in wet and average climate with 10 and 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate. Again in the dry climate, without irrigation application 2 metre deep drains were not required as there was a minimal risk of waterlogging. The recharge to the groundwater table in the no drainage case was far greater than for the 1 and 2 metre deep drainage scenarios. The recharge was higher in case of 1 metre deep drains than 2 metre deep drains in wet and average climate during winter season. / There was no recharge to ground water with 1 and 2 metre deep drains under the dry climate scenarios and summer season without irrigation application as there was not enough water to move from the ground surface to the unsaturated and saturated zones. When 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation rate was applied during wet, average and dry climate respectively, 1 metre deep drains proved enough drainage to manage the recharge into the groundwater table with a dry climate. For the wet and average climate scenarios, given a 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate, 2 metre deep drains managed recharge better than 1 metre deep drains. Two metres deep drains with a 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate led to excessive drainage of water from the saturated zone in the dry climate scenario. Two metres deep drains managed recharge better with a 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate in the wet and average climate scenarios than the 1 metre deep drains. Two metres deep drains again led to excessive drainage of water from the saturated zone in dry climate. In brief, 1 metre deep drains performed efficiently in the wet and average climate scenarios with and without a 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate. One metre deep drains are not required for the dry climate scenario. Two metre deep drains performed efficiently in the wet and average climate scenarios with 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate. Two metre deep drains are not required for the dry climate scenario.

This thesis reports on investigations into the influence of diet and a bentonite feed additive on blood parameters in the horse, and the effect of a bentonite feed additive on the process of digestion in the dog. In addition, the methodology of scientific research is examined, and reflections of learning experiences arising from contact with the Hawkesbury approach described. A high-concentrate low-roughage diet, consisting by weight of 70% oats and 30% lucerne chaff, when fed to horses was shown to influence blood red cell levels and blood L-lactate levels compared to three diets of equivalent energy content but reduced proportion of concentrate. Other blood parameters measured included pack cell volume, total plasma protein, total and differential white blood cell count. These demonstrated no significant alteration with diet. The inclusion of bentonite feed additive in a kibble and mince diet fed to dogs was demonstrated to improve the digestion of dry matter and organic matter components of the diet compared to the unmedicated control diet. Inclusion of bentonite food additive in the diet was also associated with an improvement in degree of stool formation and reduction in faecal odour. Part B of the thesis documents the learning experience developed from involvement in the Masters program and reflection on the research studies undertaken. A model for improved reductionist research is described. / Master of Science (Hons) (Systems Agriculture)

<p>Background: The description of different characters in soapoperas are often exaggerated to catch the viewers interest and to present an exiting content. The phenomenon that takes place in soapoperas can often relates to every-day- life-situations. The viewers should recognise them selves in the content, the imaginary situations and the characters should be normal but at the same time exaggerated and twisted to catch the viewers attention. This means that the characters in Rederiet should have connections to the real world and this makes it interesting to study how the different styels of leadership are descibed.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose is to analyse and compare three choosen characters in the soapopera Rederiet, from existing leadership thoeries. To identify leadership on three hierarchical levels – head of machinery, superintendent and captain – and to analyse how leadership are descibed in the soapopera. </p><p>Realization: The study is based on videotaped episodes of the soapopera Rederiet. </p><p>Conclusion: The mediate illustrations can be compared to the scientific theories. The three managers are different from eachother. Leadership depends on the managers acting, in the soapopera and in real life. The mediate illustrations shows that leadership are different and dependent on personality and hierarchical position. This holds for Rederiet and for real organizations.</p>

Redband trout density was examined in three forested streams in central Oregon at two scales, pool channel unit and microhabitat. Two streams were in roadless areas and one was in a "highly managed" watershed. At the larger spatial scale, trout displayed a seasonal shift in habitat use from early to late summer. There was a positive correlation between trout density and pool structural complexity during summer base flow. The association was intensified throughout the summer as stream flow continued to drop. The structural complexity of each pool was quantified using an index integrating structural variability and depth. Twenty-two pools were divided into microhabitats, or pool subunits with similar characteristics using a qualitative classification scheme describing different structural elements comprising the pool habitat. Microhabitat was partitioned between fry and older trout throughout the summer: Fry generally used stream margins, backwaters, and shallow areas; whereas, trout one year and older used deep areas (depth greater that 0.5 m) and cover associated with substrate and wood. The use of cover by trout one year and older doubled from June to August. This change in use was coupled with the increased association with structural complexity at the channel unit scale. The large substrate and wood that provided cover also increased the structural complexity of the pool. As trout increased their use of cover, their densities increased in more complex pools. Man-made log weir pools in a simplified stream were evaluated for their structural complexity and compared to the shallow natural pools in the same reach. Log weir pools had greater average depth, but were less complex than natural pools, and could maintain a similar density of trout. The structural complexity in natural pools appears to compensate for their shallow depth. Log weir pools enhanced with placement of a rootwad supported higher densities of trout. Addition of a rootwad provided microhabitats associated with cover that were lacking in weir pools without other structures added. When using instream construction to create pool habitat, complex structure that provides microhabitats associated with cover is more effective at holding higher densities of fish under late summer low flow conditions. / Graduation date: 1996

Population size of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus in potato cv Russet Burbank and plant response as affected by drought were assessed in a greenhouse experiment. Water deficit stress and no stress treatments, and inoculum densities of 0 or 2 X 10��� cfu C. m. sepedonicus/seed piece were arranged factorially. Stem populations of C. m. sepedonicus were significantly lower in the water deficit stress treatment compared to the non-stressed treatment at every sampling date in both experiments. In seven of the eight harvests the number of C. m. sepedonicus cells/g of stem tissue for the water deficit stress treated, infected plants was a factor of 10 lower than the non-stressed treatment. Foliar symptoms of bacterial ring rot were not observed, but symptoms developed in tubers. Compared to the noninoculated control inoculum reduced aerial biomass from 12 to 21% and tuber yield from 15 to 38% in samples taken four times after the drought was terminated. Reduction of these same variables due to water deficit stress ranged from 17 to 21% and 15 to 41%, respectively, compared to the non-stressed control. Therefore, both water deficit stress and C. m. sepedonicus had similar effects on growth and tuber yield of potato. / Graduation date: 1995