The soldier's diet in the Civil War has been known as poor, and a number of illnesses and disorders have been associated with it. However, a nutritional analysis placed within the context of mid-nineteenth century American nutrition has been lacking. Such an approach makes clear the connection between illness and diet during the war for the average soldier and defines the importance of nutrition's role in the war. It also provides a bridge from the American diet to the soldier diet, outlining correlations between the two and examining the influence of physicians, chemists, and health reformers on the Civil War diet. / Master of Arts

This study was formulated for the following purposes: (1) To determine if a learning factor is involved when repeated tests are made with a dark adaption instrument, (2) To determine if the dark adaption of a group of second and third grade children showing poor dark adaption can be improved by the daily administration of Haliver oil capsules, (3) To obtain a dark adaption curve for two hundred twenty-three grade children of Denton, Texas.

No description available.

This study compared two LED luminaires and their abilities to provide detection distance and color recognition distance of potential roadway hazard. Detection distance is regarded as a metric of visibility. Color recognition distance is a metric for comparing the impact of the (Correlated Color Temperature) CCT of each luminaire and their color contrast impact. Mesopic vision, the mode of vision most commonly used for night driving, was considered in this study. Off-axis objects were presented to participants to assess the peripheral abilities of the luminaires. The impacts of luminance and color contrast were addressed in this study. The experiment was performed on the Virginia Smart Road where standard objects of different colors and pedestrians wearing different colors were detected by drivers of a moving vehicle in a controlled environment. The key difference between the two luminaires was their color temperatures (3500K versus 6000K). The results indicated that neither light source provided a significant benefit over the other although significant interactions were found among object color, age, and lighting level. The results indicate that the luminaires provide similar luminance contrast but their color contrasts depend heavily on the color temperature, the object, and the observer. This study followed the protocol developed by the Mesopic Optimisation of Visual Efficiency (MOVE) consortium developed by the CIE for modeling mesopic visual behavior. / Master of Science

The present study is a part of a long-time cooperative study of the Home Economics Department of the North Texas State Teachers College, begun in 1940. The purpose is to compare the dark adaptations of second and third-grade children made in 1940 with those made of the same children in 1941 and in 1942. Also included in this study is the comparison of a group of freshmen college men made in 1940 with a group of twenty-five men made in 1942. An attempt is also made to determine whether an individual has higher dark adaptation on sunshiny days than on cloudy days.

This thesis explores French philosopher Jacques Derrida’s ’hauntology’ through the lens of digital monsters and feminist theory. Hauntology – a pun on ‘ontology’ and ‘haunting’ – offers an ethics based on responsibility towards that which cannot be said to fully exist, yet has an effect on our everyday lives nonetheless. Like the figure of the ghost, such undecidable existences are neither absent nor present, here nor gone, of the past or the future. In other words: they haunt. By engaging with hauntology through contemporary stories of digital monsters – such as The Curious Case of Smile.jpg, Welcome to Night Vale and Mushroom Land TV - the thesis discusses how such troubling hauntings might be imagined, and what it means to think an ethics based on responsibility towards the undecidable. In this way, the thesis brings together hauntology and digital media, arguing that thinking with and through the figure of the ghost as well as the digital monster may lead to different and critical ways of imagining both the world and ethics. In short, drawing upon feminist theory and creative writing, the thesis maps out a relational ethics of hauntings and internet story-telling. / Denna avhandling utforskar den franske filosofen Jacques Derridas ’hauntologi’ genom digitala monster och feministisk teori. Hauntologi - en ordlek på ontology och haunting - erbjuder en etik som bygger på ansvar gentemot det som inte kan sägas helt existera, men ändå har en effekt på vårt dagliga liv. Liksom figuren ’spöket’ är sådana obestämbara existenser varken frånvarande eller närvarande, här eller borta, i det förflutna eller framtiden. Med andra ord: de hemsöker. Genom analyser av samtida berättelser om digitala monster - som The Curious Case of Smile.jpg, Welcome to Night Vale och Mushroom Land TV - diskuterar avhandlingen hur sådan oroande hemsökelser kan bli föreställda, och vad det innebär att tänka en etik baserad på ansvar gentemot det obestämbara. På detta sätt sammanför avhandlingen hauntologi och digitala medier ihop för att argumentera att akten att tänka med och genom spöket som figur och det digitala monstret kan leda till annorlunda och kritiska sätt att föreställa sig både världen och etik på. Avhandlingen bygger på feministisk teori och kreativt skrivande för att utforska en relationell etik baserad på hemsökelser och internet-berättelser.

Cette thèse de sociologie porte sur les pratiques de sommeil des couples vieillissants confrontés à une maladie neurodégénérative. Elle se fixe comme objectif de saisir les dynamiques temporelles et spatiales de ces pratiques de sommeil, centrales dans la vie du couple, au fil de l'évolution de la maladie en accordant une attention particulière aux relations de genre. Nous avons interviewé 30 couples à domicile, dont 12 concernés par la maladie à corps de Lewy et 18 par la maladie d'Alzheimer et nous avons intégré des dispositifs d'enquête tels que la rédaction de journaux de sommeil, de journaux audio et la constitution d'un ensemble de documentation photographique. L'analyse se déploie selon trois axes. Le premier axe consiste à analyser le rôle du veilleur de nuit assumé par le conjoint aidant. Nous avons constaté le passage du statut de conjoint dormant à celui de "conjoint veilleur". Le rôle de conjoint veilleur est caractérisé par la production d'un travail domestique de soin qui se déroule la nuit et que nous avons appelé "travail domestique nocturne de soin". Nos résultats montrent que ce travail domestique nocturne peut amener le conjoint veilleur à un état d'épuisement qui peut pousser au choix d'institutionnaliser son conjoint malade. Ce travail domestique s'articule avec un état d'inquiétude nocturne du conjoint veilleur qui engendre un sommeil spécifique que l'on peut qualifier de "sommeil en état d'alerte". Il est aussi doublement invisible : il est constitué par des activités se déroulant la nuit et il repose souvent sur les femmes. Le deuxième axe consiste à analyser l'impact de la maladie et des troubles cognitifs sur l'organisation des espaces liés au sommeil en mettant en lumière les négociations qui se font autour de la chambre conjugale. Nous avons dégagé les raisons pour lesquelles une partie des conjoints reste attachée au fait de dormir ensemble. Nous avons aussi analysé les dimensions corporelles liées au partage du lit, contexte où la relation entre les corps trouve son expression privilégiée. Nous avons exploré les expériences de distanciation des conjoints : les significations et les pratiques autour du choix de dormir en couple mais séparés, de faire chambre à part. Le dernier axe porte sur l'analyse des stratégies hétérogènes de la gestion du sommeil telles que l'utilisation des médicaments pour dormir, le recours à la garde nocturne en institution ou au domicile et, enfin, le sommeil diurne. Nous avons analysé les raisons de l'adhésion ou du refus de la part des conjoints aidants et nous avons constaté que la vulnérabilité qui caractérise la nuit et le sommeil peut rendre difficile le recours aux stratégies de gestion du sommeil. / This doctoral dissertation in sociology examines the sleep practices of ageing couples confronted with neuro-degenerative conditions. It aims to understand the time- and space-related aspects of these sleep practices, so central to couples’ lives, throughout the different stages of illness, and places particular emphasis on gender-based relations. Thirty couples were interviewed in their homes, 12 of whom were affected by Lewy Body Dementia and 18 by Alzheimer’s Disease. Empirical methods such as sleep journals, audio journals, and photographic documentation were incorporated into the study’s methodology. The study is divided into three branches. The first branch examines the role of “night-time guardian” assumed by the caregiving partner. The author was able to observe that a shift takes place from the status of sleeping partner to that of night-time caregiver. The role of the “night-time guardian” is characterized by domestic labor that takes the form of caregiving provided at night, a phenomenon the author calls “nocturnal domestic caregiving work”. The findings of the study show that this domestic night-time work can bring about a state of exhaustion in caregiving partners that can drive them to institutionalize the partner suffering from a medical condition. In addition to this domestic work, caregiving partners are prone to a state of night-time worry that results in a specific variety of sleep that can be described as “alert sleep”. This domestic work also goes largely unseen for two reasons: it is made up of activities that take place at night, and it often falls to women. The study's second branch offers an analysis of the impact of illness and cognitive disorders on the way areas of the home associated with sleep are organized, bringing to light the give-and-take that occurs where the marital bedroom is concerned. The author examined the reasons some sleep partners continue to insist on sleeping together. Also addressed are the bodily aspects of shared beds, a special context in which the bonds shared between bodies can be expressed in a unique way. The dissertation further explores the experience of placing distance between sleep partners: the meanings and practices surrounding the decision to sleep as a couple but in separate rooms. The final branch of the study examines a range of strategies used to manage sleep, such as taking sleeping medication, turning to in-home or institutional night-time caretaking, and day-time sleep. The author surveyed the reasons that caregiving partners accepted or refused to utilize these strategies, and the study’s findings show that the vulnerability represented by night and sleep can render it difficult to decide to use strategies to manage sleep.

Nature-based tourism offers significant socio-economic incentives to successfully replace more intrusive land uses but also causes negative environmental impacts. Currently, knowledge is needed about the effectiveness of specific management actions such as the provision of different access modes and tour experiences at minimizing these impacts while maximizing visitor satisfaction. Nature-based tourism activities were studied in the species-rich gorges of the Flinders Ranges in Outback Australia. This study developed a conceptual framework of visitor-environment relationships, constructed a regional visitor profile, assessed visitor monitoring methods to quantify usage intensity in relation to the access mode (roads vs. hiking trails), examined changes in vegetation and bird communities in relation to usage intensity and access mode, tested effects of approach behaviour among driving vs. hiking tourists on kangaroo behaviour, and designed a framework for a night-time wildlife tour. The usage intensity of gorge sections was best determined from visitor numbers stratified by their behaviour, as the access mode fundamentally changed visitor behaviour in gorges. High compared to low usage recreational tracks altered species community composition, decreased total plant cover, increased non-native species cover, increased or decreased plant diversity depending on the track distance, increased soil compaction, and decreased bird numbers and species richness. Vegetation changes had secondary aversive effects on the bird community. The magnitude and spatial extent of these community impacts were greater along roads than trails. Visitor approach towards kangaroos varied with the access mode and necessitated individual recommendations for low-impact behaviour. The optimal night-time observation tour employed night-vision devices and bat detectors and coupled visitor satisfaction with low impact on wildlife. A range of factors (e.g., weather conditions) moderated the susceptibility of the wildlife to tourism disturbance. To protect wildlife and habitat along recreational tracks in arid-lands gorges, it is recommended to (1) monitor usage intensity and the identified impact indicators within their effect zone, (2) curtail gorge usage by restricting vehicle access to sections and regulating high impact activities (e.g., wild camping), (3) base environmental education upon scientifically tested low-impact visitor behaviour, and (4) engage with tourism operators in the design of low-impact, yet satisfying tours based on scientific principles.

Ljusförorening är ett miljöproblem vilket inbegripes som ett nytt och globalt framväxande fenomen i samband med himlaglim. Miljöproblemet i Sverige erkänns i viss mån med det nuvarande kunskapsläge. Dock saknas det en del kunskap för att komplettera ontologin för att bidra till ökad legitimitet för miljöproblemet bland allmänheten och Sveriges instanser. Studiens teoretiska analysramverket bestod av allmänningens tragedi, biogeoastronomiska natten och legitimitet, som användes till att analysera empirin härlett från studiens intervjumetod. Metoden hade en kvalitativ fenomenografisk ansats som innefattade ett strategiskt urval som var Sveriges instanser. Där uppdagades bristen på opinionsbildning i Riksdagen och Regeringen, trots att det finns motioner som har framlagts som vill att ljusförorening ska uppmärksammas, men att problemet hanteras snarare som en trafikfråga istället för miljöfråga. En del av förklaringen till varför det påverkar samverkan mellan Sveriges instanser för att motverka miljöproblemet. Ljusföroreningar påverkar ekologin och alla dess arter, varav krävs det tydligare riktlinjer för kommuner i deras belysningsplaner gällande att minska deras miljöpåverkan (särskilt för de nattaktiva arter som drabbas) för att nå målet till en mer hållbar belysning; varav ekologiska, ekonomiska och sociala aspekter vävs samman. Varav satsningar att bevara och etablera mörkerreservat är en pusselbit, vilket kan genomföras i samklang med Miljöbalkens författningar. / Light pollution is an environmental problem which is part of a new and globally emerging phenomenon in connection with skyglow. The environmental problem in Sweden is recognized to some extent with the current state of knowledge. However, there is also a lack of knowledge to complete the ontology in order to contribute to increased legitimacy for the environmental problem among the public and within its instances. The study's theoretical analytical framework consisted of the tragedy of the commons, biogeoastronomical night and legitimacy, which were used to analyze the empirical data derived from the study's interview method. The method had a qualitative phenomenographic approach that included a strategic selection of Sweden's instances. Where the lack of opinion formation was discovered in the Parliament and the Government, despite the fact that there is a proposition that has been presented that wants to light pollution to be noticed, but the problem is handled rather as a traffic issue instead of an environmental issue. Part of the explanation for why it affects the collaboration between Sweden's instances to counteract the environmental problem. Light pollution affects the ecology and all its species, which requires clearer guidelines for municipalities in their lighting plans regarding reducing their environmental impact (especially for the nocturnal species affected) in order to achieve the goal of more sustainable lighting; whereof which ecological, economic, and social aspects are woven together. In which investments to preserve and establish the dark sanctuary is a piece of the puzzle, which can be carried out in accordance with the Swedish Environmental Code constitutions.

Thèse de doctorat présenté en vue de l'obtention du doctorat en psychologie - recherche intervention, option neuropsychologie clinique (Ph.D) / L’enfant doué connait un rythme de développement distinct entre les sphères intellectuelle, affective et relationnelle de son développement. Bon nombre d’enfants doués se sentent différents et incompris en raison de leur profil de développement asynchrone. Il en découle des difficultés d’adaptation, des manifestations de souffrance psychologique, des difficultés académiques de même que des erreurs diagnostiques (Lançon et al., 2015; Terrassier et Gouillou, 2016; Vaivre-Douret, 2011). Afin d’optimiser les chances que les enfants doués développent leur plein potentiel et puissent jouir d’une bonne santé mentale, il est essentiel de mieux comprendre leurs différences et les facteurs qui rendent ces enfants à risque de problèmes sociaux, émotionnels et comportementaux. Un sommeil de qualité est essentiel pour un développement harmonieux et un fonctionnement diurne adapté (Gregory et Sadeh, 2012; Matricciani et al., 2019). Pourtant, aucune étude n’a à ce jour tracé un portrait détaillé des caractéristiques du sommeil des enfants doués ou étudié les liens entre d’éventuelles difficultés de sommeil chez ces enfants et les problèmes émotionnels et comportementaux qui nuisent au développement de leur plein potentiel. Or, une meilleure compréhension de leur profil de sommeil permettrait potentiellement d’expliquer et de comprendre les comportements inadaptés chez cette population. La présente thèse avait donc pour objectif d’étudier le profil de sommeil des enfants doués à l’aide de mesures subjectives et objectives, de le comparer à celui d’enfants au développement typique, puis d’analyser dans les deux groupes les liens entre les caractéristiques du sommeil et le fonctionnement diurne. La première étude visait à évaluer, par l’entremise de questionnaires remplis par les parents, la présence de difficultés de sommeil et de problèmes émotionnels et comportementaux dans un échantillon d’enfants doués et à explorer le rôle des problèmes de sommeil dans la relation entre la douance et les comportements intériorisés et extériorisés. Les résultats ont montré qu’être doué augmentait de 4,67 fois le risque d'avoir des problèmes de sommeil et de 14,12 fois le risque d'avoir des comportements inadaptés. Également, les problèmes de sommeil avaient tendance à modérer la relation entre la douance et les difficultés d'adaptation de sorte que la combinaison douance et problèmes de sommeil s’avérait être particulièrement préjudiciable au fonctionnement socioémotionnel et comportemental. La deuxième étude visait à examiner sur plusieurs nuits de façon objective par actigraphie la durée, la qualité et la variabilité intra-individuelle du sommeil des enfants doués de même que les plaintes parentales liées au sommeil de leur enfant. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que les enfants doués présentaient une efficacité de sommeil moindre, caractérisée par des difficultés à maintenir le sommeil, et plus de variabilité intra-individuelle que les enfants au développement typique. Par ailleurs, les enfants doués montraient moins de décalage horaire social par rapport aux enfants du groupe contrôle. Enfin, les parents des enfants doués rapportaient significativement plus de plaintes liées au sommeil de leur enfant que les parents des enfants du groupe d’appariement. La troisième étude visait à évaluer objectivement par polysomnographie la macrostructure du sommeil et divers indicateurs de stabilité du sommeil – c.-à-d., éveils nocturnes, microéveils et transitions entre les stades de sommeil – chez les enfants doués puis à analyser les liens entre la physiologie de leur sommeil et leurs comportements inadaptés. Les résultats ont démontré que les enfants doués avaient significativement plus de stade N1 et moins de stade N3 comparativement aux enfants au développement typique. Chez les enfants doués, plus de stade N1 était corrélé à plus de problèmes extériorisés et moins de stade N3 était corrélé à plus de problèmes intériorisés. Les enfants doués avaient également plus de SP, qui n'était pas significativement associé aux échelles comportementales. Enfin, les enfants doués présentaient deux tendances opposées d'instabilité du sommeil : 1) plus d'instabilité impliquant le stade N1 et 2) moins d'instabilité impliquant les stades N2, N3 et le SP. La stabilité du sommeil – c.-à-d., moins de transition entre les stades du sommeil – était plus élevée chez les enfants doués que chez les enfants du groupe contrôle, et associée à moins de comportements indésirables. En somme, ces trois études ont permis de dresser un portrait beaucoup plus précis du sommeil et des caractéristiques émotionnelles et comportementales des enfants doués. Ensemble, ces recherches ont permis de déterminer que les enfants doués sont une population à risque de problèmes de sommeil et que le sommeil constitue un facteur sur lequel agir afin de favoriser un développement harmonieux chez les enfants doués et améliorer leur bien-être. / Giftedness is characterized by an intellectual development superior to peers while emotional and relational development corresponds to the age norms. Because of their asynchronous development profile, many gifted children feel different and misunderstood. This results in psychological problems, relationship difficulties, academic difficulties as well as frequent misdiagnoses (Lançon et al., 2015; Terrassier & Gouillou, 2016; Vaivre-Douret, 2011). Hence, to maximize the chances that gifted children develop their full potential and benefit from good psychological health, it is essential to better understand their differences and factors that make these children at risk of social, emotional, and behavioral problems. Sleep is essential for healthy development and optimal daytime functioning (Gregory & Sadeh, 2012; Matricciani et al., 2019). However, no study has yet drawn an accurate picture of gifted children’s sleep characteristics or investigated the relation between gifted children's sleep and their socio-emotional functioning. A better understanding of gifted children’s sleep characteristics could help explain their maladaptive behaviors. Accordingly, the objective of this thesis was to study the sleep profile of gifted children using subjective and objective measures, to compare it with that of typically-developing children and to analyze the links between sleep characteristics and daytime functioning in these two groups. The first study aimed to investigate with questionnaires completed by parents the risk of sleep and emotional problems in gifted children and to explore the role of sleep problems in the relation between giftedness and internalized and externalized behaviors. Results revealed that being in the gifted children group increased by 4.67 times the risk of having sleep problems and 14.12 times the risk of having maladaptive behaviors. Moreover, sleep problems tended to moderate the relation between giftedness and adjustment difficulties, such that the combination of giftedness and sleep problems appeared to be particularly prejudicial to socio-emotional functioning. The second study investigated habitual sleep, night-to-night sleep variability, and parental reports of sleep in gifted children using actigraphy. The clearest finding to emanate from this study is that gifted children have lower sleep efficiency, characterized by sleep maintenance problems, and more sleep intraindividual variability than typically-developing children. Additionally, we found gifted children to experience less social jetlag compared to typically-developing children. Gifted children also showed more clinically significant sleep problems as reported by their parents. The third study aimed to investigate sleep macrostructure and instability – i.e., awakenings, microarousal, and stage shifts – in gifted children in relation with problematic behaviors using polysomnography. We found significantly more stage N1 and less stage N3 in gifted children compared to typically-developing children. More stage N1 sleep was correlated with more externalizing problems and less stage N3 sleep was correlated with more internalizing problems. Gifted children also displayed more REM sleep, but this was not significantly correlated with behavioral scales. Gifted children displayed two opposing trends of sleep instability: more instability involving N1 sleep and less instability involving N2, N3 and REM sleep. Sleep stability – i.e., less stage shift – was higher in gifted children than in typically-developing children and associated with fewer unwanted behaviors. In conclusion, these three studies provided a much more accurate picture of sleep, emotional and behavioral characteristics of gifted children. Together, this research has made it possible to determine that gifted children are at risk for sleep problems and that sleep is a factor on which to act in order to promote harmonious development in gifted children and improve their well-being.