La présente recherche a pour objet la pratique orthophonique en suppléance à la communication (SC) auprès de personnes qui ont une déficience intellectuelle (DI). Des recherches ont montré que les aides à la communication à sortie vocale (ACSV) pouvaient améliorer la communication des personnes ayant une DI. Cependant, la plupart de ces recherches ont été menées dans des conditions idéales qui ne reflètent pas nécessairement celles que l’on retrouve dans les milieux cliniques typiques. On connaît peu de choses sur les pratiques professionnelles en SC auprès des personnes ayant une DI. Le but de cette recherche est de décrire la pratique orthophonique, de documenter les perspectives des utilisateurs sur les résultats des interventions et de décrire l’implication des parents et leurs habiletés à soutenir leur enfant dans l’utilisation d’une ACSV afin de proposer un modèle d’intervention en SC auprès de cette clientèle qui tienne compte de ces différentes perspectives. Une méthode qualitative a été choisie pour réaliser la recherche. Des entrevues individuelles semi-structurées ont été réalisées avec onze orthophonistes francophones et avec des parents ou familles d’accueil de dix utilisateurs d’ACSV et des entrevues structurées ont été menées avec huit utilisateurs d’ACSV. Un outil d’entrevue a été conçu à l’aide de pictogrammes pour permettre aux utilisateurs d’ACSV de répondre à des questions portant sur leur appréciation et utilisation de leur ACSV, leur satisfaction et priorités de communication. Un cadre conceptuel a été conçu à partir des guides de pratique clinique et un codage semi-ouvert a été utilisé pour réaliser les analyses thématiques des données provenant des orthophonistes. Un codage ouvert a servi à analyser les données provenant des parents. Des analyses descriptives ont servi à examiner les réponses des utilisateurs. Diverses procédures ont assuré la crédibilité des analyses. Entre autres, les analyses des entrevues des orthophonistes ont été validées lors d’un groupe de discussion avec sept participantes orthophonistes. Les résultats montrent que les ACSV sont utilisées surtout dans le milieu scolaire. Elles sont parfois utilisées lors des loisirs et dans la communauté, mais ces contextes sont ceux où les utilisateurs ont exprimé le plus d’insatisfaction et où se situe la majeure partie des priorités qu’ils ont identifiées. Les analyses ont permis d’identifier les facteurs qui rendent compte de ces résultats. Les orthophonistes manquent d’outils pour réaliser des évaluations exhaustives des capacités des clients et elles manquent de procédures pour impliquer les parents et obtenir d’eux une description complète des besoins de communication de leur enfant. Conséquemment, l’ACSV attribuée et le vocabulaire programmé ne répondent pas à l’ensemble des besoins de communication. Certaines orthophonistes manquent de connaissances sur les ACSV ou n’ont pas le matériel pour faire des essais avec les clients. Il en résulte un appariement entre la personne et l’ACSV qui n’est pas toujours parfait. À cause d’un manque de ressources en orthophonie, les parents sont parfois laissés sans soutien pour apporter les changements à la programmation lors des transitions dans la vie de leur enfant et certains ne reçoivent pas d’entraînement visant à soutenir l’utilisation de l’ACSV. Un modèle d’intervention en SC est proposé afin d’améliorer la pratique orthophonique auprès de cette population. / This research targets the practices in Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who work with individuals who have an intellectual disability (ID). Prior research has shown that speech generating devices (SGDs) can help individuals with ID to improve their communication. However, these studies were conducted under ideal conditions, which do not necessarily reflect those that prevail in typical clinical settings. We have little information about AAC practices with individuals with ID or about the efficacy of SGD attribution and AAC intervention under typical conditions. The goals of this research are therefore to describe AAC practices of SLPs with individuals who have an ID, to document the users’ perspectives on the outcome of AAC interventions and to describe the parents’ implication and their abilities to support their child’s use of an SGD in order to propose an intervention model that takes into account these different perspectives. Qualitative methods were chosen to address these questions. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with eleven French-speaking SLPs and with the parents or foster families of ten SGD users, and structured interviews with eight SGD users. These interviews were analyzed in order to gather information about research questions. An evaluation tool, made of graphic symbols, was developed to gather information from SGD users about their use of their SGD, their satisfaction, and communication priorities, and about their appreciation of their SGDs. A conceptual framework was developed based on clinical practice guidelines to analyze SLP’s interviews, and a thematic analysis was conducted with semi-open coding. Open coding was used for the data from parents’ interviews, and descriptive analysis of the SGD users’ responses was performed. Steps were taken to ensure credibility of the findings; in particular a focus group was conducted with seven of the participating SLPs to validate the interview results. The results showed that the SGDs are used most frequently in school settings. They are used only occasionally in leisure activities and in the community, but these are the contexts in which the users were most dissatisfied with their communication and in which they most frequently indicated priorities for communication. Factors that explain these results were identified through thematic analysis. SLPs lack the tools they need to perform a comprehensive evaluation of the users’ capacities. They lack procedures for involving parents in the evaluation and for obtaining a thorough description of their child’s communication needs. This might result in attribution of SGSs and identification of vocabulary that do not meet the user’s needs. Some of the SLPs lack sufficient knowledge and do not have SGDs available for trials with their clients, resulting in a less-than-perfect matches between the users and the SGDs. Lack of professional resources leaves parents without support to make changes needed in times of transition in their child’s life. Parents may be unable to support their child’s use of SGD in a variety of contexts. An attribution and AAC intervention model is proposed in order to improve AAC intervention and SLP’s practices.

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire consiste à élaborer en une seule étape une couche mince organique ayant les propriétés chimiques et/ou morphologiques souhaitées. Cette démarche vise à copolymériser par voie plasma (PECVD) deux monomères antagonistes (apolaire et polaire) afin de contrôler la répartition et la taille des nodules de l’un des polymères dispersé dans l’autre phase et d’obtenir ainsi une structuration chimique et/ou morphologique. Pour ce faire, six précurseurs ont été sélectionnés de façon à couvrir une large gamme de polarité: l’alcool allylique (AA), l’acide acrylique (AAc), l’aniline (ANi), le diéthylèneglycol diméthyl éther (DEGDME), le 1H,1H,2H-perfluoro-1-décène (HDFD) et le 2-(diméthylamino) éthyle méthacrylate (DMAEMA).La première partie de ce travail est centrée sur l’étude des mécanismes de croissance des différents homopolymères par voie plasma pulsé. Les cinétiques de dépôt, les structures chimiques et les morphologies sont plus spécifiquement détaillées pour deux monomères, les HDFD et DMAEMA en fonction des paramètres du procédé plasma, la polymérisation plasma de ces deux précurseurs étant pour la première fois décrite. La caractérisation des couches minces obtenues repose sur la spectroscopie Infrarouge à Transformée de Fourier (FTIR), la spectroscopie de photoélectrons X (XPS) et la microscopie à force atomique (AFM). Cette étude a montré le rôle catalytique des groupements fluorés induisant des vitesses de dépôt plus conséquentes. Même si la croissance est prépondérante durant le temps de décharge, le dépôt est non négligeable pendant la post-décharge. La structure chimique des polymères plasma est fortement dépendante des paramètres de la décharge et notamment la puissance et le temps de décharge. La spectroscopie FTIR s’est révélée comme un outil performant pour l’évaluation de la rétention de la structure chimique de l’entité monomère initiale dans le polymère plasma. Ces homopolymères présentent une morphologie homogène sans rugosité.Dans la deuxième partie, nous abordons la copolymérisation plasma pulsé. Les différents copolymères synthétisés sont p-AA-co-HDFD, p-AAc-co-HDFD, p-ANi-co-HDFD, p-DEGDME-co-HDFD, p-DMAEMA-co-HDFD, p-DMAEMA-co-ANi. La plupart sont issus de comonomères hydrophiles et hydrophobes à l’exception d’un synthétisé à partir de deux précurseurs polaires. Les cinétiques de dépôt, les propriétés chimiques et morphologiques sont discutées en fonction des paramètres plasma tels que la puissance injectée mais aussi des proportions relatives des différents comonomères. Les différentes analyses chimiques entreprises montrent plutôt la formation d’un mélange d’homopolymères ou d’un copolymère à bloc plutôt que la croissance d’un nouveau matériau. Cette hypothèse est étayée par la mise en évidence d’une structuration morphologique correspondant à la présence d’îlots à la surface. / The work presented in this thesis consists to elaborate only in one step a thin organic layer having the required chemical and/or morphological properties. This approach aims to plasma copolymerize (PECVD) two antagonistic monomers (nonpolar and polar) in order of controlling the repartition and the size of nodules of one of the polymers dispersed in the other phase and thus, of inducting a chemical and/or morphological structuring. For this, six precursors have been selected to cover a large range of polarity: allyl alcohol (AA), acrylic acid (AAc), aniline (ANi), the diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME), the 1H,1H,2H-perfluor-1-decene (HDFD) and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA).The first part of this work is centered on studying the growth mechanism of different homo-polymers through pulsed plasma. The kinetics of deposition, the chemical structures and morphologies are more specifically detailed for two monomers, HDFD and DMAEMA in function of plasma parameters, the plasma polymerization of these two precursors being described for the first time. The thin layers were characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). This study showed the catalytic role of fluorine groups inducing more consequent deposit rates. Even if the growth is significant during the plasma on-time, the deposit is not negligible during the plasma off-time. The chemical structure of plasma polymers is highly dependent on the discharge parameters and mainly the power and the pulse period. The FTIR spectroscopy was shown to be a relevant tool for evaluating the chemical structure’s retention of the initial monomer entity in the plasma polymer. These homopolymers present a homogenous morphology without roughness.In the second part, the pulsed plasma copolymerization is described. The different synthesized copolymers are p-AA-co-HDFD, p-AAc-co-HDFD, p-ANi-co-HDFD, p-DEGDME-co-HDFD, p-DMAEMA-co-HDFD, p-DMAEMA-co-ANi. The majorities are issued from hydrophilic and hydrophobic co-monomers excepted for one synthesized from two polar precursors. The kinetics of deposits, the chemical and morphological properties were discussed in function to plasma parameters such as the injected power as well as the relative proportions of different co-monomers. The different chemical analyses showed the formation of a mixture of homopolymers or of a block copolymer rather than the growth of a new material. This hypothesis is unsubstantiated by evidencing a morphological structuring corresponding to the presence of spherical nanostructure at the surface.

Elevers delaktighet och förmågan att kunna kommunicera är två grundläggande faktorer som kan påverka elevers framtid. För att elever med olika kommunikationsformer ska kunna vara delaktiga i sin lärprocess krävs att det finns tillgång till varierande kommunikationssätt. Formuleringarna i Skolverkets styrdokument var dock inte tillräckligt tillgängliga för elever som läser gymnasiesärskolans individuella program. För att förtydligöra det centrala innehållet i kursplanen och kunskapskraven skapade pedagogerna en unik samtalskarta som använder elevnära språk, AKK, och illustrerade skrifttexterna till bilderna. Syftet med denna fallstudie är att undersöka hur elever med utvecklingsstörning kan ges möjlighet att bli mer delaktiga i undervisning och kunskapsbedömning genom användningen av alternativ och kompletterande kommunikation (AKK). Studien baseras på det sociokulturella perspektivet och KASAM-teori (Känsla av SAMmanhang) och har en kvalitativ deduktiv forskningsansats. Metoden som används i denna studie är intervjuer med speciallärare och elever samt observationer av olika lektioner för att veta mer om de samtalskartor som främjar elevers delaktighet i undervisning och kunskapsbedömning. Analysmetod i den studien är kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att med användning av de samtalskartor som illustrerar det centrala  innehållet i kursplan  och kunskapskravens ”trappor ” blir lektionerna meningsfulla, begripliga och hanterbara, så att eleverna blir motiverade och vill vara delaktiga i undervisning och kunskapsbedömning. / Students participation and their ability of communication are two fundamental factors that can influence their future. For enabling students with different communication forms to participate in their learning processes, it is necessary to create accesses to varying methods of communication. However, the governing documents of the Swedish National Education Agency were not sufficiently accessible for students in special needs upper secondary school individual program. In order to clarify the central content of the syllabus and the knowledge requirements, the educators created a unique conversation map that illustrates scripture texts for images in the student-friendly language, AAC (Augmentative and alternative communication). This case study aims to investigate the ways to support students to become more active in the education and knowledge evaluation by using the conversation maps.  The study is based on the sociocultural perspective and SOC-theory (Sense of Coherence) and follows a deductive approach. The methods used in this study consist of interviews with specialist teachers and students as well as observations of various lessons, in order to acquire a deep understanding of how the conversation maps can be utilized to promote the participation of students in education and knowledge assessment. The analysis method in this study is qualitative content analysis. The result shows that, by using the conversation maps that illustrate the central content of the syllabus and the required knowledge levels, the lessons became more meaningful, comprehensible and manageable, and consequently the students got more motivated and eager to participate in education and knowledge assessment.

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-08T20:56:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 03b.pdf: 3126214 bytes, checksum: 0f98dbf86ae74816af91944aa7dec80f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-08T20:56:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 03b.pdf: 3126214 bytes, checksum: 0f98dbf86ae74816af91944aa7dec80f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Nenhuma / A qualidade perceptual alcançada pelos codificadores de áudio depende diretamente da escolha de seus parâmetros. O codificador MPEG-4 AAC (Advanced Audio Coding), utilizado no Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão Digital (SBTVD), possui em sua estrutura uma etapa composta por um laço de iteração para escolher os parâmetros do codificador, de maneira dinâmica durante o processo de codificação. Este processo de escolha pode ser definido como um problema de Pesquisa Operacional, sendo um problema de Seleção de Partes, denominado como o Problema de Codificação AAC. A estrutura existente no codificador de referência, não resolve este problema de maneira ótima. Desta forma, este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento e implementação de um modelo de uma estrutura de simulação, para encontrar os parâmetros do codificador de áudio MPEG-4 AAC, de maneira a otimizar a qualidade perceptual do áudio, para uma determinada taxa de bits (bit rate). A implementação da estrutura de otimização foi desenvolvida em linguagem C, utilizando as metaheurísticas Busca Tabu e Algoritmo Genético em uma estrutura híbrida. Através da minimização da métrica ANMR (Average Noise-to-Mask Ratio), o algoritmo procura identificar a melhor configuração dos parâmetros internos do codificador MPEG-4 AAC, de maneira que possa garantir uma qualidade perceptual para o sinal áudio. Os resultados obtidos utilizando a estrutura híbrida de otimização apresentaram valores menores para a métrica ANMR, ou seja, uma melhor qualidade perceptual de áudio, quando comparados com os resultados obtidos com o codificador de referência MPEG-4 AAC. / The perceptual quality achieved by audio encoders depends directly on the choice of its parameters. The MPEG-4 AAC (Advanced Audio Coding), used in the Brazilian Digital Television System (BDTS), has a step in its structure that consists in iteration loop to choose the parameters of the encoder dynamically during the encoding process. This selection process can be defined as a problem of Operational Research, being a Part Selection Problem, termed as AAC Encoding Problem. The structure in the reference encoder not solves this problem optimally. Thus, this paper proposes the development and implementation of a model simulation of a structure, to find the internal parameters of the MPEG-4 AAC audio encoder, so as to optimize the perceptual audio quality for a given bit rate. The implementation of the optimization framework was developed in ANSI C programming language, using the Tabu Search and Genetic Algorithm metaheuristics in a hybrid structure. Through the minimization of the ANMR (Average Noise-to-Mask Ratio) metric, the algorithm tries to identify the best configuration of internal parameters of the MPEG-4 AAC. The results obtained using the optimization hybrid structure achieve lower values for the ANMR metric, i.e., an better perceptual audio quality, compared with the obtained with the reference encoder MPEG-4 AAC.

<p>Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka vilka ordtyper som är lätta respektive svåraatt nå fram till med bliss standardkarta och vilka strategier som är mer respektive mindreeffektiva. Deltagarna, 24 kvinnliga studenter utan funktionshinder, delades upp i par. Den enai paret fick i uppgift att förklara 12 målord, som inte finns med på bliss standardkarta, enbartgenom att använda bliss standardkarta. Den andra i paret fick i uppgift att gissa vilkamålorden var. Eftersom tidigare studier indikerat att ordklass, frekvensnivå ochabstraktionsnivå kan påverka ords svårighetsgrad, valdes målorden i föreliggande studieutifrån dessa variabler. Resultatet visade att målordens ordklass inte påverkade derassvårighetsgrad. Målordens frekvensnivå påverkade svårighetsgraden i viss utsträckning.Abstraktionsnivå var den variabel som påverkade svårighetsgraden mest. Eftersom deabstrakta och ovanliga målorden var svårast, kan det vara klokt att inkludera de ordtyperna påblisskartan. Några strategier som gynnade kommunikationen var när blissaren använde syntaxoch syntaktiskt prompting samt när gissaren gav blissaren tid att avsluta sina fraser. Dessastrategier kan vara lämpliga att rekommendera till blissanvändare och deras samtalspartners.</p> / <p>The aim of this study was to investigate which types of words that are easy and difficult toreach with Bliss Swedish standard chart and also which strategies that is more and lessefficient. The participants, 24 female students with no functional limitations, were grouped inpairs. One in each pair was given the task to explain 12 target words that is not present onBliss standard chart, by using only Bliss standard chart. The other person in each pair wasgiven the task to guess which words that were asked for. Since former studies have indicatedthat word class, level of frequency and level of abstraction can affect words' degree ofdifficulty, the target words in this study were chosen based upon those factors. The resultsdemonstrated that the word class of the target words did not affect their degree of difficulty.The frequency of the target words affected their degree of difficulty in some ways. The levelof abstraction of the target words was the factor that affected the degree of difficulty the most.Since the abstract and infrequent target words were most difficult, it may be a good idea toinclude those types of words on the Bliss chart. Some of the strategies that were beneficial forcommunication were the blisser’s use of syntax and syntactic prompting. Another strategy thatwas beneficial for the communication was giving the blisser enough time to finish herphrases. It may be appropriate to recommend those strategies to Bliss users and theircommunication partners.</p>

<p>Huvudsyftet med denna studie är att beskriva hur ett barn, som använder ett datorbase­rat grafiskt kommunikationshjälpmedel (Tellus), med hjälp av reparationer löser lokala kommunikativa problem i samarbete med människor i sin omgivning. Barnet har video­filmats i vardagliga naturligt förekommande aktiviteter – skola och hem. Som analys­metod har Conversation Analysis (CA) använts. Resultaten visar att reparationer är en typ av resurser för deltagarna att, bland annat, skapa samförstånd genom att förtydliga oklarheter och missförstånd i samtalet. Reparationssekvenserna är ofta långa, och leder till inskottssekvenser i samtalet, men har en viktig interaktionell betydelse för att uppnå samförstånd. Analysen visar även att kommunikation med datorbaserad AKK är mul­timodal, trots att datorn är barnets primära kommunikationshjälpmedel. Exempelvis används tecken, gester och ljud för att markera fel och för att visa upp känslor. Aktivi­teten och datorns placering påverkar också interaktionen. I skolan används datorn oftare som en traditionell kommunikationskarta. Detta beror till stor del på att samtalspartnern sitter på ett sådant sätt att det barnet gör med datorn blir synligt för båda. Forskning som belyser reparationer i denna typ av AKK-samtal saknas. Denna studie kommer förhopp­ningsvis att skapa intresse för fortsatt forskning som, med ett interaktionellt synsätt, identifierar och beskriver fungerande kommunikativa praktiker i AKK-samtal.</p> / <p>The main purpose of this study is to describe how a child, who uses a computer based graphical communication aid (Tellus), with the help of repairs resolves local communi­cative problems in cooperation with people in the immediate surroundings. The child has been videotaped in natural occurring activities – school and home. Conversation Analysis (CA) has been used as a method. The results show that repairs are a set of re­sources for the participants to, among other things, create mutual understanding by clarifying ambiguities and misunderstandings in the talk. The sequences of repair are often long, and lead to inserted sequences in the talk, but have an important interac­tional meaning in achieving mutual understanding. The analysis also shows that the computer based AAC is multimodal, despite the fact that the computer is the user’s pri­mary technical communication aid. For example, signs, gestures and sounds are used to indicate errors and to display emotion. The activity and the placement of the computer also affect the interaction. In school the computer is more often used as a traditional communication map. This is largely due to the fact that the communication partner is positioned in such a way that what the child is doing with the computer becomes visible to both of them. Presently, research that illustrates repair in these kinds or AAC conver­sations is sparse. This study will hopefully create interest for continuing research that, with an interactional approach, identifies and describes functional communicative prac­tices in AAC conversations.</p>

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka vilka ordtyper som är lätta respektive svåraatt nå fram till med bliss standardkarta och vilka strategier som är mer respektive mindreeffektiva. Deltagarna, 24 kvinnliga studenter utan funktionshinder, delades upp i par. Den enai paret fick i uppgift att förklara 12 målord, som inte finns med på bliss standardkarta, enbartgenom att använda bliss standardkarta. Den andra i paret fick i uppgift att gissa vilkamålorden var. Eftersom tidigare studier indikerat att ordklass, frekvensnivå ochabstraktionsnivå kan påverka ords svårighetsgrad, valdes målorden i föreliggande studieutifrån dessa variabler. Resultatet visade att målordens ordklass inte påverkade derassvårighetsgrad. Målordens frekvensnivå påverkade svårighetsgraden i viss utsträckning.Abstraktionsnivå var den variabel som påverkade svårighetsgraden mest. Eftersom deabstrakta och ovanliga målorden var svårast, kan det vara klokt att inkludera de ordtyperna påblisskartan. Några strategier som gynnade kommunikationen var när blissaren använde syntaxoch syntaktiskt prompting samt när gissaren gav blissaren tid att avsluta sina fraser. Dessastrategier kan vara lämpliga att rekommendera till blissanvändare och deras samtalspartners. / The aim of this study was to investigate which types of words that are easy and difficult toreach with Bliss Swedish standard chart and also which strategies that is more and lessefficient. The participants, 24 female students with no functional limitations, were grouped inpairs. One in each pair was given the task to explain 12 target words that is not present onBliss standard chart, by using only Bliss standard chart. The other person in each pair wasgiven the task to guess which words that were asked for. Since former studies have indicatedthat word class, level of frequency and level of abstraction can affect words' degree ofdifficulty, the target words in this study were chosen based upon those factors. The resultsdemonstrated that the word class of the target words did not affect their degree of difficulty.The frequency of the target words affected their degree of difficulty in some ways. The levelof abstraction of the target words was the factor that affected the degree of difficulty the most.Since the abstract and infrequent target words were most difficult, it may be a good idea toinclude those types of words on the Bliss chart. Some of the strategies that were beneficial forcommunication were the blisser’s use of syntax and syntactic prompting. Another strategy thatwas beneficial for the communication was giving the blisser enough time to finish herphrases. It may be appropriate to recommend those strategies to Bliss users and theircommunication partners.

Huvudsyftet med denna studie är att beskriva hur ett barn, som använder ett datorbase­rat grafiskt kommunikationshjälpmedel (Tellus), med hjälp av reparationer löser lokala kommunikativa problem i samarbete med människor i sin omgivning. Barnet har video­filmats i vardagliga naturligt förekommande aktiviteter – skola och hem. Som analys­metod har Conversation Analysis (CA) använts. Resultaten visar att reparationer är en typ av resurser för deltagarna att, bland annat, skapa samförstånd genom att förtydliga oklarheter och missförstånd i samtalet. Reparationssekvenserna är ofta långa, och leder till inskottssekvenser i samtalet, men har en viktig interaktionell betydelse för att uppnå samförstånd. Analysen visar även att kommunikation med datorbaserad AKK är mul­timodal, trots att datorn är barnets primära kommunikationshjälpmedel. Exempelvis används tecken, gester och ljud för att markera fel och för att visa upp känslor. Aktivi­teten och datorns placering påverkar också interaktionen. I skolan används datorn oftare som en traditionell kommunikationskarta. Detta beror till stor del på att samtalspartnern sitter på ett sådant sätt att det barnet gör med datorn blir synligt för båda. Forskning som belyser reparationer i denna typ av AKK-samtal saknas. Denna studie kommer förhopp­ningsvis att skapa intresse för fortsatt forskning som, med ett interaktionellt synsätt, identifierar och beskriver fungerande kommunikativa praktiker i AKK-samtal. / The main purpose of this study is to describe how a child, who uses a computer based graphical communication aid (Tellus), with the help of repairs resolves local communi­cative problems in cooperation with people in the immediate surroundings. The child has been videotaped in natural occurring activities – school and home. Conversation Analysis (CA) has been used as a method. The results show that repairs are a set of re­sources for the participants to, among other things, create mutual understanding by clarifying ambiguities and misunderstandings in the talk. The sequences of repair are often long, and lead to inserted sequences in the talk, but have an important interac­tional meaning in achieving mutual understanding. The analysis also shows that the computer based AAC is multimodal, despite the fact that the computer is the user’s pri­mary technical communication aid. For example, signs, gestures and sounds are used to indicate errors and to display emotion. The activity and the placement of the computer also affect the interaction. In school the computer is more often used as a traditional communication map. This is largely due to the fact that the communication partner is positioned in such a way that what the child is doing with the computer becomes visible to both of them. Presently, research that illustrates repair in these kinds or AAC conver­sations is sparse. This study will hopefully create interest for continuing research that, with an interactional approach, identifies and describes functional communicative prac­tices in AAC conversations.

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire consiste à élaborer en une seule étape une couche mince organique ayant les propriétés chimiques et/ou morphologiques souhaitées. Cette démarche vise à copolymériser par voie plasma (PECVD) deux monomères antagonistes (apolaire et polaire) afin de contrôler la répartition et la taille des nodules de l'un des polymères dispersé dans l'autre phase et d'obtenir ainsi une structuration chimique et/ou morphologique. Pour ce faire, six précurseurs ont été sélectionnés de façon à couvrir une large gamme de polarité: l'alcool allylique (AA), l'acide acrylique (AAc), l'aniline (ANi), le diéthylèneglycol diméthyl éther (DEGDME), le 1H,1H,2H-perfluoro-1-décène (HDFD) et le 2-(diméthylamino) éthyle méthacrylate (DMAEMA).La première partie de ce travail est centrée sur l'étude des mécanismes de croissance des différents homopolymères par voie plasma pulsé. Les cinétiques de dépôt, les structures chimiques et les morphologies sont plus spécifiquement détaillées pour deux monomères, les HDFD et DMAEMA en fonction des paramètres du procédé plasma, la polymérisation plasma de ces deux précurseurs étant pour la première fois décrite. La caractérisation des couches minces obtenues repose sur la spectroscopie Infrarouge à Transformée de Fourier (FTIR), la spectroscopie de photoélectrons X (XPS) et la microscopie à force atomique (AFM). Cette étude a montré le rôle catalytique des groupements fluorés induisant des vitesses de dépôt plus conséquentes. Même si la croissance est prépondérante durant le temps de décharge, le dépôt est non négligeable pendant la post-décharge. La structure chimique des polymères plasma est fortement dépendante des paramètres de la décharge et notamment la puissance et le temps de décharge. La spectroscopie FTIR s'est révélée comme un outil performant pour l'évaluation de la rétention de la structure chimique de l'entité monomère initiale dans le polymère plasma. Ces homopolymères présentent une morphologie homogène sans rugosité.Dans la deuxième partie, nous abordons la copolymérisation plasma pulsé. Les différents copolymères synthétisés sont p-AA-co-HDFD, p-AAc-co-HDFD, p-ANi-co-HDFD, p-DEGDME-co-HDFD, p-DMAEMA-co-HDFD, p-DMAEMA-co-ANi. La plupart sont issus de comonomères hydrophiles et hydrophobes à l'exception d'un synthétisé à partir de deux précurseurs polaires. Les cinétiques de dépôt, les propriétés chimiques et morphologiques sont discutées en fonction des paramètres plasma tels que la puissance injectée mais aussi des proportions relatives des différents comonomères. Les différentes analyses chimiques entreprises montrent plutôt la formation d'un mélange d'homopolymères ou d'un copolymère à bloc plutôt que la croissance d'un nouveau matériau. Cette hypothèse est étayée par la mise en évidence d'une structuration morphologique correspondant à la présence d'îlots à la surface.

I många utvecklingsländer finns en begränsad tillgång på utvecklade AKK-system (Alant, 1999) och ofta även en okunskap kring möjligheterna att arbeta med kommunikationsproblem (Marshall, 1997). I föreliggande studie genomförs intervention i alternativ och kompletterande kommunikation (AKK) för två deltagare med cerebral pares på ett dagcenter i Kilimanjaroregionen, Tanzania. Syftet i föreliggande interventionsstudie är att genom intervention studera och utveckla de i mätsituationerna responsiva talakterna att påkalla uppmärksamhet för att inleda interaktion, acceptera och avfärda samt upprätthålla och avsluta interaktion. Detta sker med hjälp av begreppen ja och nej för att acceptera och avfärda, liksom mer och mindre för att upprätthålla och avsluta interaktion. Studien följer en single subjekt design och insatsen utgörs av två interventionsperioder, bestående av direkt intervention med deltagarna samt utbildning och fortlöpande handledning av personal. Resultaten visar att deltagarna i varierande grad lärde sig att påkalla uppmärksamhet för att inleda interaktion, acceptera och avfärda samt upprätthålla och avsluta interaktion. Det observerades även att deltagarna i högre grad utförde performativa talakter utanför den styrda testsituationen. Områden som vidare diskuteras är bland annat deltagarnas kommunikativa handlingar utifrån The Communication Matrix där en utveckling från prelingvistiska uttrycksätt till användandet av abstrakta symboler synliggjordes hos deltagarna. / In several developing countries there are a limited supply of developed AAC systems (Alant, 1999) whereas a lack of knowledge about the possibilities of working with communication problems (Marshall, 1997). The present study is an intervention study about the introduction of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) for two participants with cerebral palsy at a day-care centre in the Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. The purpose of the intervention study was to develop responsive speech acts to attract attention to initiate interaction, accept and reject interaction, as well as maintain and terminate interaction. This was done using the terms yes and no to accept and reject, and more and less to continue and terminate interaction. The study followed a single subject design consisting of two intervention periods, where direct intervention with the participants and continuing training and guidance for the staff occurred. The results show that the participants in varying degrees, has learned to attract attention to initiate interaction, accept and reject interaction as well as to maintain and terminate interaction. It was also observed that the participants learned to use the performative speech acts outside the controlled test situation. An area further discussed is the participants’ communicative acts as shown in The Communication Matrix, which displayed a development from pre linguistic models of expression to use the abstract symbols.