The complex challenges facing the sexual assault nurse examiners program in a midwest state are underreporting, late reporting, and poor coordination of care for pediatric victims of child maltreatment with sexual abuse. The main objective of this quality improvement project was the identification of necessary practice-related approaches to care to decrease barriers associated with reporting suspicions of abuse or neglect. An evidence-based, multidisciplinary assessment clinical toolkit that followed clinical components of trauma-sensitive, child-centered screenings triggering a coordinated response to conduct a forensic medical exam within 96 hours of the alleged incident was evaluated. During 3 rounds of surveys following the Delphi technique, 10 members of an expert panel agreed upon critical success indicators were used for the review and final decision for adoption of the toolkit. The final consensus obtained, with an intraclass correlation of 0.924 with a 95% confidence interval, supported implementation of this trauma-informed toolkit which would ensure that medical care and throughput through the system of care addressed the physical and mental needs of the patient and caregivers as well as improvement in the forensic investigative data collection. A child-centered, trauma-sensitive approach to screening and evaluation by healthcare professionals will help decrease the delay to evaluation and to curtail long-term adverse impacts on survivors. This family-based primary prevention effort is a framework for healthcare practitioners to use and includes strategies (i.e., health history, mental health evaluation, family dynamics evaluation) that are child and family centered contributing significantly to positive social change.

Nous établissons les liens asymptotique entre deux catégories de modèles à volatilité stochastique décrivant le même marché dérivé: - un modèle générique à volatilité stochastique instantanée (SInsV) , dont le système d'EDS est un chaos de Wiener formel, spécifié sans aucune variable d'état. - une classe à volatilité implicite stochastique glissante (SImpV), qui est un autre modèle de marché, décrivant explicitement la dynamique conjointe du sous-jacent et de la surface d'options Européennes associées. Chacune de ces connexions est atteinte couche par couche, entre un groupe de coefficients SInsV et un ensemble de differentielles SImpV (statiques et dynamiques). L'approche asymptotique conduit à ce que ces différentielles croisees soient prises à l'expiration zéro, au point ATM. Nous progressons d'une configuration simple, bi-dimensionnelle à sous-jacent unique, d'abord vers une configuration multi-dimensionnelle, puis vers un cadre à structure par terme. Nous exposons les contraintes structurelles de modélisation et l'asymétrie entre le problème direct (de SInsV vers SImpV) et inverse. Nous montrons que cette expansion asymptotique en chaos (ACE) est un outil puissant pour la conception et l'analyse de modèles. En se concentrant sur des modèles à volatilité locale et leurs extensions, nous comparons ACE avec la littérature et exhibons un biais systématique dans l'heuristique de Gatheral. Dans le contexte multi-dimensionnel, nous nous concentrons sur des paniers à poids stochastiques, pour lesquels ACE fournit des résultats intuitifs soulignant la recurrence naturelle. Dans l'environnement des taux d'intérêt, nous etablissons la première couche de descripteurs du smile pour les caplets, les swaptions et les options sur obligations, à la fois dans un cadre SV-HJM et un cadre SV-LMM. En outre, nous montrons que ACE peut être automatisé pour des modèles génériques, à n'importe quel ordre, sans calcul formel. L'intérêt de cet algorithme est démontré par le calcul manuel des 2eme et 3eme couches, dans un modèle générique SInsV bi-dimensionnel. Nous présentons le potentiel applicatif d'ACE pour la calibration, l'evaluation, la couverture ou à des fins d'arbitrage, illustré par des tests numériques sur le modèle CEV-SABR.

Darwinian Evolutionary system - a system satisfying the abstract conditions: reproduction with heritable variation, in a finite world, giving rise to Natural Selection encompasses a complex and subtle system of interrelated theories, whose substantive transplantation to any artificial medium let it be mathematical model or computational model - will be very far from easy. There are two motives in bringing Darwinian evolution into computational frameworks: one to understand the Darwinian evolution, and the other is to view Darwinian evolution - that carries out controlled adaptive-stochastic search in the space of all possible DNA-sequences for emergence and improvement of the living beings on our planet - as an optimization process, which can be simulated in appropriate frameworks to solve some intractable problems. The first motive led to emerging field of study commonly referred to as Artificial Life, and other gave way to emergence of Evolutionary Computation, which is speculated to be the only practical path to the development of ontogenetic machine intelligence. In this thesis we touch upon all the above aspects. Natural selection is the central concept of Darwinian evolution and hence capturing natural selection in computational frameworks which maintains the spirit of Darwinian evolution in the sense of conventional, terrestrial and biological perspectives is essential. Naive models of evolution define natural selection as a process which brings in differential reproductive capabilities in organisms of a population, and hence, most of the evolutionary simulations in Artificial Life and Evolutionary Computation implement selection by differential reproduction: the Attest members of the population are reproduced preferentially at the expense of the less fit members of the population. Formal models in evolutionary biology often subdivide selection into components called 'episodes of selection' to capture the different complex mechanisms of nature by which Darwinian evolution can occur. In this thesis we introduce the concept of 'episodes of selection' into computational frameworks of Darwinian evolution by means of A Conceptual Evolutionary model (ACE-model). ACE-model is proposed to be simple and yet it captures the essential features of modern evolutionary perspectives in evolutionary computation framework. ACE-model is rich enough to offer abstract and structural framework for evolutionary computation and can serve as a basic model for evolutionary algorithms. It captures selection in two episodes in two phases of evolutionary cycle and it offers various parameters by which evolutionary algorithms can control selection mechanisms. In this thesis we propose two evolutionary algorithms namely Malthus evolutionary algorithms and Malthus Spencer evolutionary algorithms based on the ACE-model and we discuss the relevance of parameters offered by ACE-model by simulation studies. As an application of ACE-model to artificial life we study misconceptions involved in defining fitness in evolutionary biology, and we also discuss the importance of introducing fitness landscape in the theories of Darwinian evolution. Another important and independent contribution of this thesis is: A Mathematical Abstraction of Evolutionary process. Evolutionary process is characterized by Evolutionary Criteria and Evolutionary Mechanism which are formalized by classical mathematical tools. Even though the model is in its premature stage to develop any theory based on it, we develop convergence criteria of evolutionary process based on this model.

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In the exploration into new therapeutic agents for human disease, medicinal herbs offer an enormous resource due to their wide range of biologically active components. However, because of these biologically active components, medicinal herbs can also have toxic side effects. The focus of this thesis is the effect of herbal therapies, both good and bad, on chronic kidney disease (CKD) and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is considered one of the defining characteristics of CKD. In Chapter 1, the literature regarding the pathogenesis of tubulointerstitial fibrosis is reviewed, beginning with the mechanisms of its development, the main structural and functional features, and the molecular mediators. The structural features include activation of resident fibroblasts and transition of tubular epithelial cells into myofibroblasts, deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, increased apoptosis of normal cells of the renal nephron and development of tubular atrophy, increased renal oxidative stress, and hypoxia of renal tissues. Molecular mediators that are explored include angiotensin II, transforming growth factor-ß1 and numerous other cytokines and growth factors. Pharmacological manipulation of these features and their molecular mediators for regression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis is then discussed. Currently, the gold standard of therapy for people with CKD is blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and/or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Because of the complexity of the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis and the multiple mechanisms by which ACEIs and ARBs work, this portion of the thesis focuses on the qualities that additional agents should have to complement their actions. These additional agents could work by decreasing oxidative damage, by decreasing fibroblast numbers through apoptosis, through the interruption of inflammatory, fibrotic mediators, by increasing anti-inflammatory mediators or through other mechanisms. The literature review therefore continues with a discussion of the historical use of medicinal herbs in genitourinary pathologies and the known contributions that medicinal herbs can make to the treatment or development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis and CKD. From this review, a large number of herbs were identified as having traditional use in renal disorders or as being of interest, currently, to researchers of renal pathologies. However, much information is lacking regarding the mechanisms by which the hypothesised benefits occur, making it impossible to assess which herb(s) may offer valuable additive support or alternative treatments to the therapies currently given to people with CKD. Furthermore, there is a lack of information regarding toxicity of these herbs; many herbs have never been assessed in cell culture or in animal toxicity studies. It was apparent that preliminary in vitro work was necessary before in vivo pharmacological work could be undertaken. This thesis, therefore, aimed to test the following hypotheses: (1) That medicinal herbs used currently for treatment of renal dysfunction have high anti-oxidant properties that can be further enhanced by specific extraction processes; (2) That the in vitro testing of selected extracts from medicinal herbs, identified in (1), will reveal some anti-oxidant benefits or indications of toxicity that need careful analysis in animal studies; (3) That careful in vivo testing of specific toxic medicinal herbs identified in these leadup studies will define specific pathological processes that predict an outcome of CKD; and (4) That careful in vivo testing of selected medicinal herbs, used in conjunction with more conventional medicines for CKD, will show an additive benefit when used to ameliorate development of CKD induced using an established animal model. The subsequent laboratory work was designed to test the validity of these hypotheses and the results are then presented in Chapters that each comprise a publication. The aim of Chapter 2 was to present a systematic analysis of the oxidant properties of 55 medicinal herbs that have been used traditionally to treat kidney and urinary disorders or have been of recent interest to researchers of renal disorders. Since different extraction processes yield different constituents, each of the herbs was sequentially extracted with three solvents of decreasing polarity. An assay was performed on each of the fractions to determine the oxygen radical absorbance capacity. The aim of Chapter 3 was to test the benefit or otherwise of each of the three extracts of the chosen herbs using an in vitro cell study. Each extract was tested for potential toxic, apoptotic, mutagenic and antioxidant activity on normal mammalian renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E). The effect of the extracts on renal fibroblasts (NRK-49F) was also analysed. Several specific hypotheses arose from the combination of the systematic analyses and the literature review regarding benefits and toxicities of a number of the extracts. The subsequent in vivo work was designed to test the validity of two of these hypotheses. The aim of Chapter 4 was to test the hypotheses developed from the results of the previous Chapter. The herb Dioscorea villosa had demonstrated extreme cytotoxicity to mammalian renal epithelial cells and had caused transdifferentiation of epithelial cells into fibroblasts. An in vivo rodent model was used to test chronic dosage with this herb and its toxicity and predisposition for induction of CKD verified. The aim of Chapter 5 was to determine whether a herbal preparation (Angelica sinensis and Astragalus membranaceus) that had some support from the literature and the results from Chapters 2 and 3, could complement the actions of ACEIs in a rodent model of renal fibrosis (unilateral ureteral obstruction). The combination of herbal medicines and the ACEI was significantly more effective than the ACEI alone in ameliorating several characteristics of CKD development. To conclude the thesis, Chapter 6 provides an overview discussion of the results and a critical analysis of the methods used. Further, Chapter 6 looks towards future experiments that are planned to further resolve issues of concern about effects on renal health from use of medicinal herbs. .

Το γονίδιο του ανθρώπινου μετατρεπτικού ενζύμου της αγγειοτενσίνης ACE περιέχει έναν πολυμορφισμό δύο αλληλομόρφων που αποτελείται είτε από την παρουσία (I) είτε από την απουσία (D) ενός τμήματος 287 ζευγών βάσεων (bp). Πρόσφατες μελέτες έχουν προτείνει ότι το αλληλόμορφο Ι, μπορεί να σχετίζεται με απόδοση σχετιζόμενη με τη μυϊκή αντοχή. Αντιθέτως, το αλληλόμορφο D γονίδιο έχει συσχετισθεί με απόδοση σχετιζόμενη με τη μυϊκή ισχύ. Επιπλέον, έχει καταδειχθεί ότι η δραστικότητα του κυκλοφορούντος ACE (cACE) συσχετίζεται ευθέως με τη μυική ισχύ σε υγιείς ενήλικες. Η φυσιολογία και η βιοχημεία των αναπνευστικών μυών είναι παρόμοια με αυτή των σκελετικών μυών. Επομένως, η λειτουργικότητα των αναπνευστικών μυών και ιδίως του διαφράγματος, του πλέον σημαντικού αναπνευστικού μυ, μπορεί να επηρεάζεται αναλόγως. Η κόπωση των αναπνευστικών μυών μπορεί να οδηγεί σε αδυναμία διατήρησης του απαραίτητου κυψελιδικού αερισμού. Διάφορες μέθοδοι έχουν χρησιμοποιηθεί για να αξιολογηθούν οι ιδιότητες αντοχής των αναπνευστικών μυών. Ο διαφραγματικός δείκτης πίεσης-χρόνου (PTIdi) και ο μη επεμβατικός δείκτης πίεσης-χρόνου των αναπνευστικών μυών (PTImus), είναι δύο μέθοδοι εκτίμησης της αντοχής του διαφράγματος και των αναπνευστικών μυών, αντίστοιχα. Έχουν χρησιμοποιηθεί σε ενήλικες και παιδιά και έχουν τεκμηριωθεί σε νεογνά. Η διαφραγματική ισχύς και η ισχύς των αναπνευστικών μυών στα νεογνά μπορεί να αξιολογηθούν ειδικά με τη μέτρηση της μέγιστης δια-διαφραγματικής πίεσης (Pdimax) και της μεγίστης εισπνευστικής πίεσης αεραγωγών (Pimax), αντίστοιχα. Σκοπός. Να εξετασθεί η πιθανή συσχέτιση του πολυμορφισμού I/D του ACE και του κυκλοφορούντος ACE με την λειτουργικότητα του διαφράγματος και των αναπνευστικών μυών σε νεογνά. Δευτερεύων σκοπός ήταν ο προσδιορισμός της κατανομής του πολυμορφισμού I/D του ACE στον συγκεκριμένο πληθυσμό και η συσχέτισή του με την δραστικότητα του cACE. Υλικό και Μέθοδοι. Μελετήθηκαν νεογνά που είχαν εισαχθεί στην Μονάδα Εντατικής Νοσηλείας Νεογνών- Παιδιατρική κλινική του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Τα Ι και D αλληλόμορφα του γονιδίου του ACE προσδιορίστηκαν με αλυσιδωτή αντίδραση πολυμεράσης (PCR amplification) σε DNA το οποίο εξήχθη από 0,5 mL ολικού αίματος. Η δραστηριότητα του ACE ορού αξιολογήθηκε με τη χρησιμοποίηση μιας UV κινητικής μεθόδου. Η αντοχή του διαφράγματος και των αναπνευστικών μυών εκτιμήθηκαν με μέτρηση του διαφραγματικού δείκτη πίεση-χρόνου (PTIdi) και του δείκτη πίεσης-χρόνου των αναπνευστικών μυών (PTImus), αντίστοιχα. Η διαφραγματική ισχύς και η ισχύς των αναπνευστικών μυών στα νεογνά αξιολογήθηκαν με μέτρηση της μέγιστης δια-διαφραγματικής πίεσης (Pdimax) και της μεγίστης εισπνευστικής πίεσης αεραγωγών (Pimax), αντίστοιχα. Αποτελέσματα. Συνολικά εξετάστηκαν 171 νεογνά. Στην πρώτη μελέτη της διατριβής μελετήθηκαν 148 νεογνά, στην δεύτερη μελέτη 132 και στην τρίτη μελέτη 110 νεογνά. Η κατανομή του πολυμορφισμού του ACE στο συγκεκριμένο πληθυσμό βρέθηκε κοντά σε προηγούμενα αναφερόμενα στοιχεία. Τα νεογνά με Ι/Ι γονότυπο είχαν χαμηλότερο PTIdi και PTImus από τα νεογνά με γονοτύπους είτε D/D ή I/D. Η ανάλυση των επιμέρους στοιχείων των PTIdi και PTImus έδειξε ότι μόνο οι λόγοι Pdimean (μέση διαδιαφραγματική πίεση) προς Pdimax και Pimean (μέση πίεση αεραγωγών) προς Pimax, αντίστοιχα, ήταν χαμηλότεροι σε νεογνά με γονότυπο I/I έναντι των νεογνών με γονοτύπους είτε D/D είτε I/D. Οι Pdimax και Pimax δεν ήταν στατιστικά διαφορετικές ανάμεσα στις τρείς ομάδες. Ανάλυση βηματικής παλινδρόμησης κατέδειξε σημαντική συσχέτιση των γονότυπων του ACE με τις τιμές του PTIdi και του PTImus, ανεξαρτήτως παραγόντων που θα μπορούσαν να επηρεάσουν την λειτουργικότητα του διαφράγματος και των αναπνευστικών μυών. Νεογνά με το D/D γονότυπο είχαν αυξημένη δραστικότητα ACE ορού σε σχέση με νεογνά με I/I ή I/D γονοτύπους. Η δραστικότητα του cACE σχετιζόταν σημαντικά ευθέως με τη Pimax και αντιστρόφως με το PTImus. Συμπεράσματα. Στις μελέτες αυτής της διατριβής ανεδείχθη συσχέτιση ανάμεσα στους γονοτύπους του ACE και την αντοχή του διαφράγματος και γενικότερα των αναπνευστικών μυών όπως αξιολογείται με τη μέτρηση των PTIdi και PTImus, αντίστοιχα, σε νεογνά. Δεν ανεδείχθη συσχέτιση ανάμεσα στους γονοτύπους του ACE και την ισχύ του διαφράγματος και γενικότερα των αναπνευστικών μυών όπως αξιολογείται με τη μέτρηση των Pdimax και Pimax, αντίστοιχα, σε αυτό τον πληθυσμό. Εντούτοις, κατεδείχθη μια θετική συσχέτιση μεταξύ της δραστικότητας του ACE ορού και της ισχύος των αναπνευστικών μυών, όπως αυτή αξιολογείται από μετρήσεις της Pimax , και μια αρνητική συσχέτιση ανάμεσα στη δραστικότητα του ACE ορού και του PTImus. Επιπλέον, δείχθηκε μια συσχέτιση του αλληλόμορφου D γονιδίου του γονοτύπου ACE με την αυξημένη δραστικότητα του cACE στα νεογνά. / The human ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) gene contains a polymorphism consisting of either the presence (insertion, I) or absence (deletion, D) of a 287 base pair (bp) fragment. Recent studies have suggested that the I-allele may be associated with endurance performance. Conversely, D-allele has been associated with power-oriented performance. Moreover, it has been suggested that circulating ACE (cACE) activity is correlated with muscle strength in healthy adults. The physiological and biochemical properties of the respiratory and skeletal muscles are quite similar. Therefore, respiratory muscle and specific diaphragmatic function, may be similarly influenced. Fatigue of respiratory muscles may result in inability to maintain adequate alveolar ventilation. Several methods have been used to assess the endurance properties of respiratory muscles. Diaphragmatic pressure-time index (PTIdi) and the non-invasive pressure-time index of respiratory muscles (PTImus), are two methods of assessment of diaphragmatic and respiratory muscle endurance, respectively. They have been validated in both adults and infants. Diaphragmatic and respiratory muscle strength in infants can be assessed specifically, by measurement of maximum transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdimax) and maximum inspiratory pressure (Pimax), respectively. Aims. To examine the possible association of the I/D genotypes of ACE and cACE, with diaphragmatic and respiratory muscle performance, in infants. Secondary aims were to identify the distribution of the I/D genotypes of ACE in the specific population and its association with cACE activity. Material and methods. Infants cared for at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit- Paediatric Department of the University General Hospital of Patras, Greece, were eligible for the study. ACE genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction amplification on DNA, extracted from 0,5 ml of whole blood. Serum ACE activity was assayed by using a UV-kinetic method. The endurance of the diaphragm and the respiratory muscles was assessed by measurement of diaphragmatic pressure-time index (PTIdi) and pressure-time index of the respiratory muscles (PTImus), respectively. Diaphragmatic and respiratory muscle strength was assessed by measurement of maximum transdiaphragmatic (Pdimax) and maximum inspiratory (Pimax) pressures, respectively. Results. One hundred seventy one infants were recruited. One hundred fourty eight infants were included in the first study, one hundred thirty two in the second study and one hundred ten in the third study of this thesis. The distribution of the I/D genotypes of ACE in the specific population was close to previous reported data. Infants with I/I ACE genotype had lower PTIdi and PTImus than infants with either D/D or I/D genotypes. Analysis of the components of the PTIdi and PTImus has shown that the ratios of Pdimean to Pdimax and Pimean to Pimax , only, were lower in infants with the I/I genotype, compared to infants with either the D/D or I/D genotypes. Neither Pdimax, nor Pimax were statistically different between the three groups. A stepwise regression analysis revealed that ACE genotypes were significantly related to the PTIdi and PTImus measurements, independent of other factors that may affect diaphragmatic and respiratory muscle function. Infants with D/D genotype had significantly higher serum ACE activity than infants with I/I or I/D genotypes. Circulating ACE activity was significantly related to Pimax and inversely related to PTImus. Conclusions. In the studies of this thesis, an association between ACE genotypes and the endurance of the diaphragm and the respiratory muscles, assessed by measurement of PTIdi and PTImus, respectively, was demonstrated, in infants. No such association was demonstrated between ACE genotypes and strength of the diaphragm and the respiratory muscles, assessed by measurement of Pdimax and Pimax, respectively, in the specific population. However, a positive correlation between serum ACE activity and respiratory muscle strength, assessed by measurement of Pimax and and a negative correlation between serum ACE activity and PTImus, was shown. Moreover, an association of D-allele of ACE genotype with increased circulating ACE activity in infants, was demonstrated.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HildeamoBO_TESE.pdf: 915178 bytes, checksum: 80d936a712feea6bd3e9ced994b731a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-12 / Physiological changes induced by the aging process is dynamic and progressive, reducing the adaptability and independence of older people and may be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Thus the aim of this thesis was to investigate the association between polymorphism of the ACE gene ID and the phenotypes of muscular strength and blood pressure of 62 elderly Brazilian (67.35 ? 5.66 years) during a 16-week program of supervised training. The elderly women were stratified by age, with the group 1 (G1, n = 34) <70 years and group 2 (G2 n = 28) &#8805; 70 years, and in three groups by ACE, ACE-II (n = 8) ACE- DD (n = 35) and ACE-ID (n = 19). The level of muscle strength was evaluated by the method of maximum repetitions and measures of blood pressure (BP) were measured before and after training (PAPr?1 and PAP?s1) and before and after each training session (PAPre2 and PAP?s2), in place of training. DNA samples were isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes polymorphism and insertion / deletion (ID) of the ACE gene (rs1800795) was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) plus PCR-confirmatory. The genotype distribution of the polymorphism ID attended the prerogatives of Hardy-Weit?herg. There was variation in power levels before and after training and the age between groups (t-test) and the ACE polymorphism (ANOVA) (p <0.05). Depending on the results it was concluded that resistance training helps to reduce SBP and increased muscle strength of upper and lower limbs when considering the age and ACE polymorphism. In this study the Elderly carriers of the D allele were more reactive to changes in BP resistance training. This study was multidisciplinary project involving researchers in the areas Medical, Physical Education, Pharmacy, Nutrition, Gerontology and Statistics. This fulfilled the requirements of the multidisciplinary Graduate Program in Health Sciences / As altera??es fisiol?gicas induzidas pelo processo de envelhecimento s?o din?micas e progressivas, reduzindo a capacidade de adapta??o e autonomia do idoso, podendo ser influenciada por fatores gen?ticos e ambientais. Assim o objetivo desta tese foi verificar a associa??o entre o polimorfismo ID do gene da ECA e os fen?tipos de for?a muscular e press?o arterial sist?mica de 62 idosas brasileiras (67,35?5,66 anos) durante um programa de 16 semanas de treinamento supervisionado. As idosas foram estratificadas pela idade, sendo o grupo1 (G1, n=34 )<70 anos e grupo 2 (G2 n=28)&#8805; 70 anos, e em tr?s grupos pela ECA, ECA-II (n=8) ECA-DD (n=35) e ECA-ID (n=19). O n?vel de for?a muscular foi avaliado pelo m?todo de repeti??es m?ximas e as medidas da press?o arterial (PA) foram aferidas antes e ap?s o treinamento (PAPr?1 e PAP?s1) e antes e ap?s cada sess?o de treino (PAPre2 e PAP?s2), no local de treinamento. Amostras de DNA foram isoladas a partir de leuc?citos de sangue perif?rico e o polimorfismo de inser??o/dele??o (ID) do gene ECA (rs1800795) foi genotipado pela rea??o em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) acrescida de PCR-confirmat?ria. A distribui??o genot?pica do polimorfismo ID atendeu as prerrogativas do equil?brio de Hardy-Weit?herg. Houve varia??o nos n?veis de for?a pr? e p?s-treinamento e entre os grupos pela idade (teste t) e pelo polimorfismo da ECA (ANOVA) com (p<0,05). Em fun??o dos resultados concluiu-se que o treinamento contra resist?ncia contribui para redu??o da PAS e aumento da for?a muscular de membros superiores e inferiores quando consideradas a idade e o polimorfismo da ECA. Neste estudo as Idosas portadoras do alelo D foram mais reativas as varia??es da PA ao treinamento resistido. A realiza??o deste estudo teve car?ter multidisciplinar, envolvendo pesquisadores das ?reas Medicina, Educa??o F?sica, Farm?cia, Nutri??o, Gerontologia e Estat?stica. Este aspecto preencheu os requisitos da multidisciplinaridade do Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Ci?ncias da Sa?de

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A superativação do eixo ECA/AT1r está intimamente relacionada à síndrome metabólica e no organismo tem grande relação com o quadro de inflamação. A administração de frutose, seja por dieta ou pela água, tem sido usada como um modelo para a indução da superatividade desse eixo e para o estudo das vias inflamatórias relacionadas ao AT1r. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se a administração de GW510156 poderia diminuir a superativação do eixo ECA/AT1r e consequentemente diminuir os danos causados pela dieta rica em frutose. Para isso foram utilizados camundongos machos C57Bl/6 que receberam uma dieta contendo 47% de frutose durante oito semanas ou uma dieta controle. Após oito semanas, os grupos foram redivididos aleatoriamente para o início da administração do GW501516 durante três semanas, totalizando quatro grupos experimentais. Os animais tratados apresentaram uma melhora da pressão arterial sistólica e também dos parâmetros urinários como proteinúria e ácido úrico. Houve ainda uma melhora dos triglicerídeo e ácido úrico plasmáticos. No tecido adiposo branco, o GW501516 foi capaz de diminuir a expressão dos componentes do eixo ECA/AT1r e também amenizou a inflamação causada pela dieta rica em frutose. No fígado, não houve alterações significativa do eixo, porém a fosforilação de JAK2 dependente de AT1r foi diminuída e consequentemente houve uma menor ativação das células estreladas no grupo que recebeu o GW501516. Além disso, as proteínas e genes relacionados à &#946;-oxidação foram aumentados com o tratamento e aqueles relacionados à lipogênese de novo, diminuídos o que resultou em menor esteatose no parênquima hepático. Os rins apresentaram uma melhora da inflamação induzida pelo eixo, apesar de o eixo também não ter apresentado diferenças significativas com o tratamento. Também não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na expressão proteica e gênica das proteínas antioxidantes. Com esses resultados podemos concluir que a curta administração do GW501516 pôde aliviar os efeitos inflamatórios e a esteatose hepática causada pela dieta rica em frutose, podendo ser pensado como uma nova ferramenta terapêutica no tratamento da superativação do eixo ECA/AT1r. / High-activation of ACE/AT1r axis is closely linked to metabolix syndrome and low-grade inflammation state. Fructose administration in water or in diet has been proposed as a model to study the high-activity of this axis and AT1r-related inflammatory pathways. In this view, we aimed to evaluate if GW501516 administration could decrease the high-activation of ACE/AT1r axis and consequently fructose damage. To this males mice C57Bl/6 were fed a high-fructose diet (47%) during eight weeks or standard-chow diet. After eight weeks, the groups were randomly divided to start treatment with GW501516, totaling four experimental groups. Animals treated with GW501516 presented an improvement of systolic blood pressure and in urinary parameters, as proteinuria and uric acid. Also was verified an improvement in plasmatic triglycerides and uric acid. In white adipose tissue, GW501516 was able to decrease the components of this axis and improved inflammation as well. In liver, it was not found differences in axis, but JAK2 phosphorylation AT1r-dependent was decreased and consequently it was found a diminished activations of hepatic stellate cells. In addition, proteins and genes related to &#946;-oxidation were increased with GW501516 and those related to lipogenesis de novo, were diminished, improving hepatic parenchyma. Kidneys presented an improvement of inflammation state, although it was not found differences in axis with treatment. Also, it was not found differences in gene and protein expression in relation to anti-oxidants proteins. These results show that short-administration of GW501516 could alleviate inflammatory effects and hepatic steatosis caused by high fructose diet, suggesting that GW501516 could be a new therapeutic option to treat the high activation of ACE/AT1r axis.

Omkring 200 000–250 000 personer lider av hjärtsvikt i Sverige. Hjärtsvikt är ett tillstånd med nedsatt pumpförmåga hos hjärtat. Tillståndet resulterar i minskad livskvalité, hög morbiditet och mortalitet. Det har gjorts många försök för att hitta lämpliga läkemedelsmål som kan minimera dessa konsekvenser. Neurohormonella kompensatoriska mekanismer, exempelvis renin-angiotensin II-aldosteron-systemet, syftar till att återställa blodtrycket till normala nivåer igen efter för lågt blodtryck men på längre sikt ökar det även belastningen på hjärtat. Via detta system aktiveras hormonet angiotensin II som står för den ökade belastningen. Hormonet har därför varit ett viktigt läkemedelsmål för ACE-hämmare (ACEI) och AT1-antagonister (ARB) för att förhindra blodtryckshöjning. Enzymet neprilysin är ett annat läkemedelsmål, som inhiberas av läkemedelsklassen neprilysin-hämmare. Läkemedlet Entresto är en kombination av ARB och neprilysin-hämmare. Den neprilysin-hämmande komponenten, sakubitril, aktiveras av karboxylesteras 1 (CES1) men mutationer i genen som kodar för enzymet kan leda till utebliven terapeutisk effekt. Dessutom kan patienter med vildtyp CES1 riskera oacceptabla biverkningar som rabdomyolys och Alzheimer’s sjukdom. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka om Entresto kan ersätta ACE-hämmare vid hjärtsvikt och om den behandlingen är optimal med avseende på farmakogenetiken. Arbetet är en litteraturstudie med vetenskapliga artiklar hämtade från databasen PubMed och via Linnéuniversitetets sökverktyg, OneSearch. I arbetet har fem studier analyserats (I-V). Studierna visar att Entresto är överlägsen enalapril genom att minska hjärtsviktshospitalisering och dödsfall på grund av kardiovaskulära orsaker. Dock är läkemedelseffekten av Entresto beroende av en fungerande CES1-gen eftersom mutationer som G143E orsakar utebliven terapeutisk effekt. Enalapril har visat sig vara oberoende av sådana mutationer. Teoretiskt sett kan en hämning av neprilysin ge upphov till ackumulering av amyloid-β-peptider (Aβ), vilket associeras med Alzheimer’s sjukdom. Studie IV, vars syfte var att undersöka vilken inverkan Entresto har på Aβ-isoformer, visade inga förändrade Aβ-koncentrationer i cerebrospinalvätska. Dock behövs vidare studier med längre durationstid. Däremot visar studie V att en kombination av Entresto och statiner ökar plasmakoncentrationen av statiner, vilket i sin tur ökar risken för att utveckla rabdomyolys. Slutsatsen blir att det inte är optimalt att ersätta enalapril med Entresto vid hjärtsvikt med avseende på farmakogenetik. / Around 200,000–250,000 people suffer from heart failure in Sweden. Heart failure is a condition of impaired heart pumping capacity. The condition results in reduced quality of life, high morbidity and mortality and there have been many attempts to find suitable drug targets to minimize these consequences. Neurohormonal compensatory mechanisms, such as renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, aim to restore blood pressure to normal levels again but in the long-term it also increases the stress on the heart. The hormone angiotensin II gets activated through this mechanism and is the reason behind the increased stress. Therefore, the hormone has been an important drug target for ACE inhibitors (ACEI) and AT1 blockers (ARB) to prevent antihypertensive effects. The enzyme neprilysin is another drug target whose inhibition is accomplished by using neprilysin inhibitors. Entresto® is a new medication that contains a neprilysin inhibitor and an ARB. The neprilysin inhibitory component, sacubitril, is activated by carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) but mutations in the gene encoding CES1 may cause a non-therapeutic effect. Additionally, patients with wild-type CES1 may risk unacceptable side effects such as rhabdomyolysis and Alzheimer's disease. The objective of this study is to investigate whether replacement of ACE inhibitors with Entresto is optimal in heart failure with regard to pharmacogenetics. This study is organized as a literature study in which five scientific articles (I-V) were analyzed and selected from PubMed database and through Linnaeus University's search engine, OneSearch. The studies show that Entresto is superior to enalapril in reducing the risk for cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure. However, the effects of Entresto is dependent on a functioning CES1 gene because mutations like G143E cause a non-therapeutic effect. Enalapril has shown to be independent of such mutations. Theoretically, inhibition of neprilysin may cause accumulation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ), which associates with Alzheimer's disease. Study IV, with the purpose to investigate the effect of Entresto on Aβ isoforms, showed no significant change in Aβ concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. However, further studies with longer duration were suggested. On the other hand, study V shows that a combination of Entresto and statins increases the plasma concentration of statins. That in turn would increase the risk of a development of rhabdomyolysis. The conclusion is that it is not optimal to replace enalapril with Entresto in heart failure with regard to pharmacogenetics.