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Diabetes is a common chronic disease that affects almost all countries in the world and has continued to increase at an alarming rate in the last decades. It kills a person every seven seconds. Recent thinking treats both types of diabetes as inflammatory diseases. The aim of the thesis was to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between exercise and the management of diabetes by conducting surveys and experimental work. It investigates the effects of exercise on the physiology and metabolic control in Type 1 (T1D) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D), using non-diabetic (ND) people as a control. The management and treatment of T1D and T2D volunteers were first assessed in surveys and the novelty was second to expose both to exercise. In the latter, volunteers were compared biochemically including for inflammatory responses to their illness and to practical exercise. Four studies were undertaken in this thesis involving a mixed approach: questionnaire based studies (first and second surveys) and experimental based studies (first and second exercise studies). The first survey study was about insulin users with opinions gathered from both T1D and T2D (T2I) respondents (n=707). In this survey diabetic people were asked about the condition and coping strategies for the difficulties using insulin in daily life. The first survey does touch on exercise but only as part of the larger picture. The second survey study (n=240) evolved from the first one and was again about opinions but in this case oral anti-hyperglycaemics were included in the management of T2D respondents (T2T). This survey focused more strongly on the role of exercise. The surveys were conducted by post, email and online while detailed statistical analysis followed. Two exercise studies with the same volunteers (n=25; ND=7, T1D=7, T2T=7, T2I=4) were then carried out based on some findings of the surveys. These studies explored the effects of a combination of aerobic (AE) and resistance exercise (RE) components for a six week period on diabetes. The methodology of the first exercise study concentrated on the physiological variables, involving the use of exercise and measurement equipment to monitor for expired gases and anthropometric changes. Substrate oxidation, blood profiles for lipid, blood glucose (BG) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were also assessed. The second exercise study builds on this with specific inflammatory marker profiles such as tumour necrosis alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), leptin and resistin on ND, T1D and T2D volunteers over the same time period as in the first exercise study. The first survey study showed that many respondents (13-47%) lacked adequate professional information about the various separate aspects of their insulin-treated illness. For example, 38% of T1D and 28% of T2I reported that they did not have enough information regarding raised cholesterol levels. The results for diabetes complications revealed that T2I had greater complications compared to T1D (for example angina 18.5% for T2I compared to 4.6% for T1D), although the groups could not be matched for age, reasons for responding to the survey, duration of illness or severity of illness when starting insulin. The second survey revealed that insulin users often had an HbA1c that did not meet best practice expectations of 6.5% - 7.5% (48 -58 mmol/mol). It also showed that those who did exercise regularly were more likely to have acceptable HbA1c values (5-7% or 31-53mmol/mol), than those who did not. This is especially the case for the type 2 groups (eg for T2T 46% exercising compared to 31% non-exercising) who were less likely (19% respondents compared to 25%) to have HbA1c over 8% or 64 mmol/mol. It was of interest to know the risks, barriers and likely recommendations for the two groups. For example, fewer T2I people test BG frequently (12.5% compared to T1D 62%, testing four or more times daily), even when they are insulin basal bolus users, which could foster hypoglycaemic events during exercise. The findings of the first and second surveys showed that managing diabetes in the 21st century remains difficult for many people, despite the availability of diagnostic, monitoring and medication improvements. This leads to anxiety and illness over the short and long term. In the first exercise study, it was clear that for this combined exercise regimen, the chronic effects were notable. The most significant finding was that the effect of 6 weeks was the drop in HbA1c in all groups ND from 5.4-5.2% or 36-33mmol/mol (p ˂ 0.01), T1D 7.0 to 6.7% or 53-50mmol/mol (p ˂ 0.01), T2T 7.6 to 7.2% or 60-55mmol/mol (p ˂ 0.05), T2I 7.3 to 6.8 or 56-51mmol/mol (p ˂ 0.05). This is equivalent to raising insulin or other medication and while clearly very beneficial, especially as occurring as a result of moderate exercise over only 6 weeks. Lipid factors showed improvements, not all significantly but these were likely to be influenced by support medication such as statins. However, the heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) reduced at rest for all groups over the six weeks. The respiratory exchange ratio (RER), a measure of substrates oxidation showed that the carbohydrate metabolism was steady. The muscular strength and the subjective assessment improved after the exercise period. The second exercise study showed the interleukin 6 levels fell with the chronic effects of combined exercise ND (3.97-2.7pg/ml), T1D (2.15-1.02 pg/ml), T2T (3.67-2.72pg/ml) and T2I (3.66-1.17pg/ml) as did TNFα and other cytokine levels which may thus be cardioprotective. This suggests that exercise could be part of the anti-inflammatory treatment of T1D and T2D. To conclude, the findings of the two survey studies showed that the management of diabetes is difficult for many diabetics. Furthermore, the exercise studies demonstrated that a regular combined (RE and AE) exercise trial at moderate intensity for six week could be physiologically beneficial for diabetics. The underlying mechanism for this could be improvements in glycaemic control, lipid profile, cardiovascular fitness level and strength, as well as the inflammatory features of both T1D and T2D.

Faculty of science School of Pathology 9602685e limenako.matsoso@nhls.co.za / The aerobic respiratory chain of mycobacteria consists of at least two branches, a cytochrome c branch terminating in an aa3-type cytochrome c oxidase, and a quinol branch terminating in cytochrome bd oxidase. The structure and function of the former branch, leading from the menaquinone-menaquinol pool to the cytochrome bc1 complex and terminating in the aa3-type cytochrome c oxidase, was characterized in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Allelic exchange mutants of M. smegmatis in the bc1 complex (ΔqcrCAB::hyg) and in subunit II of the aa3-type cytochome c oxidase (ΔctaC::hyg) were constructed and analyzed for growth, and gene expression using lacZ reporter assays and genome expression profiling by DNA microarray. Both mutants were found to be profoundly growth impaired. Disruption of this pathway resulted in an adaptation of the respiratory network that is characterized by a marked up-regulation of cydAB, which encodes the bioenergetically less-efficient and microaerobically induced cytochrome bd-type menaquinol oxidase that is required for the growth of M. smegmatis under O2-limiting conditions. Other adaptations to re-routing of the electron flux through the branch terminating in the bd-type oxidase were revealed by comparative expression profiling of the bc1-deficient mutant and its parental wild type strain using a partialgenome microarray of M. smegmatis that is enriched in essential genes. The majority of the genes up-regulated in the mutant are involved in intermediary metabolism and respiration. Also induced were several genes including, uspL and a homologue of Rv1592c, which were previously shown to be up-regulated by hypoxia in M. smegmatis (uspL) and M. tuberculosis (uspL and Rv1592). The cytochrome bc1-aa3 branch is required for growth of M. smegmatis under aerobic conditions and its disruption results in growth attenuation and up-regulation of cytochrome bd oxidase.

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Chemical Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

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Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a common chronic disease of childhood. Children with JIA have lower peak oxygen consumption (V0₂ peak) than healthy children. In order to examine the cardiorespiratory response during aerobic exercise and the anaerobic to aerobic ratio (metabolic index), maximal exercise tests were performed in JIA subjects and age- and sex-matched controls (CON). Thirteen children aged 10 to 17 years with JIA and 9 CON participated. Peak powe r(watts, W) and total work (Joules, j) were determined with the Wingate anaerobic cycling test. VO₂ peak was measured by a maximal staged exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Cardiac output (CO, liters/minute) was measured with Doppler echocardiography. Arterial — mixed venous oxygen index (A-V0₂) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were calculated. Patient questionnaires included habitual activity, visual analog scale for joint pain and the childhood health assessment questionnaire. Physician completed data included active joint count and articular severity index. Compared to CON and reference age-matched norms, JIA subjects had lower aerobic fitness. VO₂ peak in JIA was 31.3 ml/min/kg (20.2-49.9), Z score -1.4 (-.06--2.4) and in CON was 47.9 ml/min/kg (32.7-54.1), Z score of -0.17 (-1.6-.87). [p = 0.013 V0₂ peak, p=0.011 Z score]. There were no significant differences in CO, A-V0₂ or SVR buttrends towards lower CO and higher SVR in JIA subjects were observed. During anaerobic exercise JIA subjects completed less total work (168.5 j/kg (107-252) JIA, 224 j/kg (180-248) CON, p=.036) but had similar peak power (9.7 W/kg (5.6-13.7) JIA, 11.3 W/kg (9.8-14.5) CON, p=.095). The metabolic index did not differ between JIA and CON. There was no significant correlation between disease activity, function and fitness measures in JIA subjects. Children with JIA have moderate impairments in aerobic fitness. CO and A-V0₂ during aerobic exercise did not significantly differ between JIA subjects and CON. Anaerobic fitness was mildly impaired with less total work completed by JIA subjects. Further research with larger numbers is required to determine factors contributing to limited fitness in JIA.

Aerobics-one of the popular and favorite body culture forms between the girls and women of different age. Popularity of this type of sport is determined by the simplicity, the emotional feelings and efficiency. Different types of the effect of aerobic training were analyzed by: D. Vizbaraitė (2000), R. Kviklienė (2001), S. Poteliūnienė (2000), R. Baublienė (1998). The peculiarities of inner and outer Aerobic motivation were analyzed by: R. Malinauskas, O. Batutis, D. Jetkevičius (2005). However, the deeper influence of aerobic for the women of the age 18 – 23 was not widely analyzed.. Aim: to discover the efficiency of aerobic training for the women`s aged 18 – 23 coordinational abilities. 25 women were participating in the pedagogical experiment. Experiment was done in 2005 september 19th – 2005 december 5th in Olympic Gym sports club. Aerobic exercises took place two times a week for 45 minutes. We formulated the complexes of aerobical training. They were used from September 26th ,2005 until December 2nd, 2005. We have tested the ability level of some physical features and separate coordinational faculties in the beginning of the test and in the end as well. The complexes of exercises were structured by emphasizing the variety of exercises, plenty of steps, the consistency and the level of complication of separate parts of the body during exercising. 50% of participants stated that aerobic exercises positively influenced the development of their physical features. 84%... [to full text]