Magister Artium (Child and Family Studies) - MA(CFS) / AIDS related deaths of parents have resulted in children being orphaned, in large numbers. Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable period in a child’s developmental life.It is a period charactarised by uncertainties, role confusion and identity crises. This stage becomes even more complex when adolescents loose their parents through AIDS. This thesis is an explorative study to understand the experience of adolescent who have lost their parents through HIV/AIDS. This study was theoretically located within a phenomenological framework. The participants were recruited from the foster care project of Ikamva Labantu in Gugulethu. The participants were adolescents aged from 14- 17 years old. They were purposively selected to participate in this study. The study was conducted within a qualitative research design, and underpinned by an interpretative framework. Data was collected by means of in-depth interviews with the aid of an interview guide, and observations. This study identified seven themes. Three themes share the experience prior to parental death and the four express the experience after parental death. The research findings led to the conclusion that adolescents struggle with a myriad challenges such as discrimination, stigmatisation, caring for siblings and having to deal with the death of parents often without the necessary support. The conclusions drawn and the recommendations made will contribute to knowledge that will support social workers and other professionals working with AIDS orphaned adolescents, in understanding their experiences.

Orientador: Maria Luiza Moretti Branchini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T21:29:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Padoveze_MariaClara_M.pdf: 3944976 bytes, checksum: f73e7e7715b746be4fa7f7756e903306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Resumo: O Staphylococcus aureus é um importante agente etiológico de infecções hospitalares. Cepas de S. aureus resistentes à oxacilina (SARO) têm sido causadoras de surtos e endemias em hospitais, particularmente os de médio e grande porte e nos universitários. Diversas medidas de controle são empregadas com o objetivo de reduzir a disseminação deste agente dentro das unidades de saúde. Entretanto, uma vez o SARO estabelendo-se como endêmico, sua erradicação é bastante dificil. O emprego de técnicas de discriminação através da análise do DNA de cepas causadoras de infecções hospitalares é um recurso valioso para confirmar a eficácia de medidas de controle de agentes de infecção hospitalar. O SARO foi introduzido no Hospital das Clínicas da UNICAMP em 1990, tomando-se endêmico em diversas unidades, entre elas, a enfermaria de Moléstias Infecciosas (MI). A partir de 1993 foi aberta a unidade de Leito Dia (LD) para atendimento semi-ambulatorial de pacientes portadores de Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida (SIDA). Estes pacientes com freqüência sofrem reinternações na enfermaria de MI e por este motivo questionou-se a importância deste grupo de pacientes na epidemiologia de SARO no hospital. Este estudo objetivou estudar a incidência de colonização nasal por SARO nos pacientes com SIDA em tratamento na enfermaria de MI e LD. Foi analisado o perfil genômico de cepas de SARO responsáveis por colonização e infecção dos pacientes em tratamento nestas duas unidades, utilizando-se a técnica de eletroforese de campo pulsátil "Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis" (pFGE). Na primeira etapa deste trabalho, foram coletados semanalmente swabs de narina anterior (SNF) de 178 pacientes com SIDA no LD e MI de dezembro de 1993 a dezembro de 1995. O periodo de seguimento variou de 1 a 720 dias no LD (média: 141,3 dias) e de 1 a 270 dias no MI (média: 8,68 dias). Dentre os pacientes acompanhados, 62 (34,83%) apresentaram pelo menos uma cultura positiva para SARO. Foram colhidos 1.239 SNF (média: 7 SNF por paciente), sendo estes: 1085 SNF negativos, 116 positivos para SARO e 38 positivos para S. aureus sensível à oxacilina. Foram observados 18 episódios de isolado único de SARO, nos casos de pacientes que não puderam ser seguidos posteriormente. Observaram-se 27 episódios de colonização transitória e 27 episódios de colonização persistente. Houve diferença significativa na detecção de SARO nos grupos de pacientes em foram colhidos mais que 3 SNF por paciente no LD e MI quando comparados com os grupos em que foram colhidos 1 ou de 2 a 3 SNF por paciente. Na segunda etapa, foram analisadas por PFGE 60 cepas de SARO isoladas de 33 pacientes com e sem SIDA, em tratamento no LD e MI. Nestas cepas pode-se identificar 7 perfis genômicos (A, A¹, A², B, C, D e E). Detectou-se um perfil predominante "A" em 52 (86,66%) das cepas analisadas. Não houve diferença significativa na presença do perfil "A" entre pacientes com ou sem SIDA. Entre as cepas analisadas por PFGE algumas foram coletadas de um mesmo paciente, porém em datas diferentes. Em 11 casos, estes isolados eqüenciais apresentaram o mesmo perfil genômico. Em três casos houve mudança do perfil genômico em isolados seqüenciais de pacientes. Concluindo, observou-se alta incidência de SARO no grupo de pacientes com SIDA acompanhados neste estudo. O predomínio do perfil genômico "A" no LD e MI indica transmissão cruzada nas duas unidades, sugerindo que estes pacientes devem ser considerados potenciais portadores de SARO / Abstract: The Staphylococcus aureus is an important nosocomial pathogen. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains has been caused outbreaks and endemics at hospitals, main1y in university and terciary care hospitals. Many control measures are used by health care units to reduce MRSA spread. There is some difficult to eradicate MRSA in hospitals where it has been endemic. Epidemiological surveillance of nosocomial pathogens is frequently aided by the application of DNA typing methods in order to determine the effectiveness of control measures. Since 1990, MRSA has become endemic in some wards at Hospital das Clínicas of the UNICAMP. Among them there is the Infectious Diseases (ID) ward. In 1993 a day care unit was created to care for AIDS patients. This group of patients needs frequent hospitalization at ID ward and their role in the MRSA epidemiology has been unclear. The objective was to study the incidence of nasal colonization by MRSA in AIDS patients in the AIDS day care unit and ID ward. It was performed a chromosomal DNA analysis of MRSA colonization and infection strains in both units, using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). This study was carried out in two phases: first the AIDS patients were followed from the AIDS day care unit and ID ward from December 1993 to December 1995. Swabs of anterior nares cultures (SN) were weekly obtained from these patients. 178 AIDS patients were followed and 62 (34, 83%) had at least one positive culture for MRSA. The average follow up in AIDS day care unit was 141,3 days (range: 1 - 720) and in the ID ward was 8,68 days (range: 1 - 270). It was obtained 1239 SN (mean: 7 SN per patient): 1085 SN negative, 116 positive for MRSA and 38 positive for methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. It was found 18 patients with a single positive culture without follow-up. There were 27 transient colonization episodes and 27 persistent colonization episodes. There was difference among the group of patients in wich were collected more than three SN in LD and MI units comparing with the two other groups that were collected 1 or from 2 to 3 SN per patient. Sixty MRSA strains from 33 AIDS patients and non-AIDS patients cared for in the day care unit and ID ward were typed by PFGE. It was found 7 difIerent profiles (A, AI, A2, B, C, D e E). The profile "A" was found in 52 (86,66%) isolates typed. There was no statistical difference ong AIDS and non-AIDS patients with respect to this profile. Some of the strains typed have been collected from the saroe patient in different days. In 11 cases, these sequential isolates show the same profile. In 3 cases, the sequential isolates changed their profile. In conclusion, this study detected high MRSA incidence in AIDS patients. The predominance of the profile "A" at the AIDS day care and ID units strongly suggest cross-colonization and these patients shouldbe considered potential MRSA carrier / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciências Biológicas

Orientador :Rodney Carlos Bassanezi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-13T23:12:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RojasMedar_MariaDrina_M.pdf: 2197360 bytes, checksum: d5b387062d04ecf66fa5bacb6cc0a252 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1990 / Resumo: Não informado / Abstract: Not informed / Mestrado / Mestre em Matemática Aplicada

Thesis (M.A. (English Studies)) --University of Limpopo, 2015. / Refer to document / VLIR Scholarship

Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-103). / This dissertation serves as a discursive exploration into the underdiscussed topic of heterosexual anal sex and pervading penile-vaginal heteronormativity. To understand the origins and character of the seemingly universal ambivalence towards heterosexual anal intercourse I attempt to situate it historically. There is general ignorance concerning the prevalence of this sexual behaviour, but there exist deep-seated taboos and undertones of immorality and abnormality associated with it. All these factors play a part in individual sexual decision making; an attempt is made at exploring the motivations and personal choices that culminate in an act of heterosexual anal intercourse.

Includes bibliographical references. / Do discourses of "hope" have real and practical consequences when it come to crucial issues such as policy, prevention, stigma, risk perception or funding? The following exploratory and treansdisciplinary study seeks to pull together a wide variety of the theoretical and analytical stances in order to examine the social construction of hope in the context of HIV/AIDS in South Africa. the theoretical framework is built from a base of cultural theory, discourse analysis and theology, and binds these together into a transdisciplinary argument.

The writing of this thesis is to investigate the role that the church play for the people living with HIV and AIDS and are poverty stricken. This investigation takes us both into the role of the Roman Catholic Church of Ndola Diocese and the Copperbelt Presbytery of the United Church of Zambia are doing in the fight against HIV and AIDS and poverty. The problem of HIV and AIDS in Zambia, as well as Africa in general, represents an economic, social, moral, and spiritual problem of great magnitude. Never before in the history of the world have we faced such a pandemic which results in creating poverty among Zambian people. It knows no boundaries, leaving a path of death and destruction to all that treat it lightly. HIV and AIDS have touched every community within the global village. There is not a person that has not pondered on this terrible disease. The researcher’s question through this thesis is to find out the role of the church as it seeks to care for those infected and affected by the HIV and AIDS pandemic. Can the church rise to embrace the enormous economic and social need that HIV and AIDS and poverty presents, can it make a difference in an environment of suffering as it seeks to become a healing community? This thesis is to enhance the response of churches in Zambia to the fight against HIV and AIDS and Poverty. Pastorally, churches have the duty and task to address issues of stigma, discrimination, judgmental tendencies and give pastoral care to people living with HIV and AIDS. This thesis has attempted to explore new theological perspectives and utilise the available ones, which have already been dealing with issues that address HIV and AIDS prevention and care. The study also seeks to encourage church ministers, pastors and lay leaders to provide the much needed leadership in the fight against HIV and AIDS and its accompanying social problems of poverty, injustices, culture and gender inequality. The church has a central role to play in the fight against poverty and impoverishment. As part of the civil society, it has the pastoral responsibility for ensuring that all citizens in Zambia enjoy their full rights. Far from being powerless victims of HIV and AIDS and poverty, the poor in Zambia must be treated with respect and dignity. Nevertheless effective therapy and pastoral care normally transcends all stigma and cultural barriers as it seeks to address the problems of people living with HIV and AIDS. Human beings respond to love, care and shelter, as basic needs. Ross reminds us that “It is only when the church becomes the leading symbol of healing in a situation of HIV and AIDS and poverty then it will be a blessing to all those who are living HIV negative lives and those who struggle to bring care, support, love and comfort to the orphans and widows and more especially to all those living with HIV and AIDS” (Ross 2002:vi). The church should not lag behind, but it should set the pace of showing the love and care for all people with HIV and AIDS and are living in poverty. / Dissertation (MA (Practical Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Practical Theology / MA / unrestricted

MPM / Oliver Tambo Institute of Governance and Policy Studies

Abstract will not load on to DSpace

PhD Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009. / HIV/AIDS was discovered almost a quarter of a century ago and has so far claimed the lives of more than 25 million people worldwide. Developing countries remain disproportionately affected, with sub-Saharan Africa contributing more than two-thirds of infections globally. Sexual transmission is the primary route of HIV/AIDS acquisition, and women bear the greatest burden of this pandemic. We are now at a stage where biotechnological advances are needed that can either cure HIV/AIDS, stimulate the immune system to produce anti-HIV-antibodies by vaccination, or prevent HIV infections. One of these advances has been the development of various microbicides. However, a lack of effective drug delivery systems for these agents has remained as a rate-limiting step towards successful HIV prevention. In an attempt to overcome this problem, this study aimed at designing and developing a novel intravaginal bioadhesive polymeric device (IBPD) as a delivery system to effectively deliver a microbicide {polystyrene sulfonate (PSS)} and antiretroviral (ARV) {3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT)} combination to the vagina. The development of a successful intravaginal microbicidal drug delivery system requires the design of a formulation to deliver the microbicide-ARV combination in a safe, effective, and consistent manner. The first step therefore was to undertake extensive preliminary screening studies on various polymeric materials using a one variable at a time (OVAT) approach to find suitable polymers for developing an IBPD. Initially 18 biodegradable and biocompatible polymers were employed to produce 62 formulations that were further screened through the OVAT approach to result in 15 lead formulations. Two major concerns of this study were the attainment of satisfactory residence time of the IBPD in the vagina as well as the ability of the IBPD to contain and release the microbicide-ARV in a controlled manner. Therefore, optimization of the IBPD was based on these two requirements for which proper matrix integrity was a pre-requisite. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), a computational technique that is able to simulate the neurological processing ability of the human brain through mathematical modeling, was employed for optimization. The ANN approach confirmed that 5 of the 18 studied polymers could be suitable for the development of an optimized IBPD. To finally attain good vaginal retention for the developed delivery system, extensive bioadhesivity testing was undertaken on the optimized device. Thorough in vitro and ex vivo bioadhesivity analysis was conducted using physicomechanics and computational structural modeling. Allyl penta erythritolcrosslinked poly acrylic acid (APE-PAA) appeared to contribute most to the bioadhesivity. Apart from being employed as a matrix component, PAA was further used as a coating agent to achieve extended bioadhesivity within the posterior fornix of the vagina. Since prolonged release and suitable permeation of the microbicide-ARV across the vaginal tissue was a critical requirement of this study, the device was designed to provide a controlled and prolonged drug release. Prolonged release for up to 72 days was achieved. Furthermore, the design was constructed to ensure that the released drug could permeate into the vaginal tissue and be retained substantially. This was determined by measuring drug flux through ex-vivo permeation studies using freshly excised pig vaginal tissue in a Franz Diffusion Cell (FDC) apparatus. The ultimate aim of the study was to have the IBPD well accommodated in the vagina for successful prevention of STIs and HIV infection. Achievement of this aim was ensured by undertaking extensive in vivo studies in Large White pig model. The IBPDs were inserted under anaesthesia into the posterior fornix of the vagina, using a novel applicator. To detect the retention of the IBPDs and determine their sequential biodegradation pattern in the vagina, X-ray imaging was employed, using radio-opaque Barium Sulphate (BaSO4). To demonstrate that the developed drug delivery system acted locally and was only minimally absorbed systemically, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of each pig at pre-determined time intervals and subjected to UPLC analysis. The drug content in the vaginal tissue at the end of the study was also determined. Histopathological evaluation was carried out on vaginal epithelium to access the potential for toxicity of the IBPDs. The drug content analysis revealed that greater amounts of AZT and PSS were retained in the vaginal tissue with relatively small quantities (AZT:17%; PSS:13%) crossing into the systemic circulation. The results from the toxicity studies showed that the IBPDs were safe for use. This suggests that the developed drug delivery system (the IBPD) may be suitable for application in the prevention of STIs and HIV infections.