We consider ideals of minors of a matrix, ideals of minors of a symmetric matrix, and ideals of Pfaffians of an alternating matrix. Assuming these ideals are of generic height, we characterize the condition $G_{s}$ for these ideals in terms of the heights of smaller ideals of minors or Pfaffians of the same matrix. We additionally obtain bounds on the generation and concentration degrees of the defining equations of Rees rings for a subclass of such ideals via specialization of the Rees rings in the generic case. We do this by proving that, given sufficient height conditions on ideals of minors or Pfaffians of the matrix, the specialization of a resolution of a graded component of the Rees ring in the generic case is an approximate resolution of the same component of the Rees ring in question. We end the paper by giving some examples of explicit generation and concentration degree bounds.

We introduce the notion of an abstract projection in an operator system and when a finite number of positive contractions in an operator system are all simultaneously abstract projections in that operator system. We extend this notion to Archimedean order unit spaces where we prove when a positive contraction is an abstract projection in some operator system, and furthermore when a finite number of positive contractions in an Archimedean order unit space are all simultaneously abstract projections in a single operator system. These methods are then used to provide new characterizations of both nonsignalling and quantum commuting correlations. In particular, we construct a universal Archimedean order unit space such that every quantum commuting correlation may be realized as the image of a unital linear positive map acting on the generators of that Archimedean order unit space. We also construct an Archimedean order unit space which is universal (in the same way) to nonsignalling correlations. We conclude with results concerning weak dual matrix ordered *-vector spaces and the operator systems they induce.

The aim of this work is to study the Hamiltonian quaternions H and quaternion alge- bras. The first two chapters are based on the article Quaternion algebras by K. Conrad and the rest on the book Quaternion algebras by J. Voight. In the beginning, we mainly develop the theory about quaternions, quaternion algebras and study equivalent condi- tions for being a split or non-split quaternion algebra. After that, we also characterize, up to isomorphism, quaternion algebras over several fields such as R, C or Fp. In the third chapter, the thesis deals with orders in quaternion algebras, especially Lipschitz and Hurwitz order. The fourth chapter is dedicated to the relationship between unit quaternions and rotations in R3 , thanks to which we can characterize finite subgroups of H1 , or equivalently H× . This result will be used in the last chapter, where we are mainly focused on the problem of characterization of the group of units in orders in Hamiltonian quaternions. 1

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La théorie de Galois a eu un impact sur les mathématiques plus important que ce qu'elle laissait présager au départ. Son résultat le plus important est le théorème de correspondance qui s'énonce de la manière suivante :si L/K est une extension de corps finie galoisienne et si G = Gal(L/K) est son groupe de Galois, alors il existe une correspondance biunivoque entre les corps intermédiaires de L/K et les sous-groupes de G. Explicitement, si G_0 est un sous-groupe de G, alors on lui associe l'ensemble des G_0-invariants L^(G_0) qui est un corps intermédiaire de L/K. D'autre part, si L_0 est un corps intermédiaire de L/K, alors on lui associe le groupe de Galois Gal(L/L_0) qui est un sous-groupe de G.Il existe de nombreuses manières de généraliser la théorie de Galois, celle que nous avons choisie utilise les algèbres de Hopf. L'idée, introduite par Chase et Sweedler, est de remplacer l'action de groupe G par une action d'algèbre de Hopf H. De telles extensions sont appelées Hopf-galoisiennes.La première étape vers la généralisation du théorème de correspondance est due à Chase et Sweedler :si L/K est une extension Hopf-galoisienne d'algèbre de Hopf H et si H_0 est une sous-algèbre de Hopf de H, alors on peut construire l'ensemble des H_0-invariants L^(H_0) qui est un corps intermédiaire de L/K. Malheureusement, contrairement au cas des extensions galoisiennes, tous les corps intermédiaires de L/K ne s'obtiennent pas de cette manière et une caractérisation des corps de la forme L^(H_0) ne semble pas être connue.Le but de cette thèse est de généraliser le théorème de correspondance pour des extensions Hopf-galoisiennes finies séparables. Dans ce but, nous avons caractérisé de manière naturelle et intrinsèque les corps intermédiaires de L/K qui peuvent s'écrire sous la forme L^(H_0) pour une certaine sous-algèbre de Hopf H_0 de H. Ainsi, nous avons pu prouver un théorème de correspondance tout à fait analogue à celui de la théorie de Galois. Nous avons également établi, à l'instar de la théorie de Galois, une variante du théorème de correspondance pour les sous-algèbres de Hopf qui sont normales.Un apport essentiel à cette thèse est fourni par les travaux de Greither et Pareigis. Ceux-ci ont associé un groupe à une extension Hopf-galoisienne finie séparable. Nous avons prouvé qu'il était possible de traduire le théorème de correspondance en termes de ce groupe. De plus, ce groupe nous a permis de construire une structure Hopf-galoisienne alternative nous aidant à mieux comprendre le théorème de correspondance.Enfin, nous avons proposé une définition d'extensions Hopf-galoisiennes pour des extensions de corps infinies séparables et avons obtenu des résultats encourageants. Cela ouvre un nouveau champ de possibilités pour des recherches futures. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Graded ideals over the polynomial ring are studied deeply with a huge of methods and results. Over the exterior algebra, there are not much known about the structures of minimal graded resolutions, Gröbner fans of graded ideals or the Koszul property of algebras defined by graded ideals. We study componentwise linearity, linear resolutions of graded ideals as well as universally, initially and strongly Koszul properties of graded algebras defined by a graded ideals over the exterior algebra. After that, we apply our results to Orlik-Solomon ideals of hyperplane arrangements and show in which way the exterior algebra is useful in the study of related combinatorial objects.

Motivated by A. Z. Petrov's classification of four-dimensional Lorentzian metrics, we provide an algebraic classification of the isometry-isotropy pairs of four-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian metrics admitting local slices with five-dimensional isometries contained in the Lorentz algebra. A purely Lie algebraic approach is applied with emphasis on the use of Lie theoretic invariants to distinguish invariant algebra-subalgebra pairs. This method yields an algorithm for identifying isometry-isotropy pairs subject to the aforementioned constraints.

L'associaèdre se situe à l'interface de plusieurs domaines mathématiques. Combinatoirement, il s'agit du complexe simplicial des dissections d'un polygone convexe (ensembles de diagonales ne se croisant pas deux à deux). Géométriquement, il s'agit d'un polytope dont les sommets et les arêtes encodent le graphe dual du complexe des dissections. Enfin l'associaèdre décrit la structure combinatoire qui définit la présentation par générateurs et relations de certaines algèbres, dites << amassées >>. Du fait de son omniprésence, de nouvelles familles généralisant cet objet sont régulièrement découvertes. Cependant elles n'ont souvent que de faibles interactions. Leurs études respectives présentent de notre point de vue deux enjeux majeurs : chercher à les relier en se basant sur les propriétés connues de l'associaèdre ; et chercher pour chacune des cadres combinatoire, géométrique et algébrique dans le même esprit.Dans cette thèse, nous traitons le lien entre combinatoire et géométrie pour certaines de ces généralisations : les associaèdres de graphes, les complexes de sous-mots et les complexes d'accordéons. Nous suivons un fil rouge consistant à adapter, à ces trois familles, une méthode de construction des associaèdres comme éventails (ensembles de cônes polyédraux), dite méthode des d-vecteurs et issue de la théorie des algèbres amassées. De manière plus large, notre problématique principale consiste à réaliser, c'est-à-dire plonger géométriquement dans un espace vectoriel, des complexes abstraits. Nous obtenons trois familles de nouvelles réalisations, ainsi qu'une quatrième encore conjecturale dont les premières instances constituent déjà des avancées significatives.Enfin, en sus des résultats géométriques, nous démontrons des propriétés combinatoires spécifiques à chaque complexe simplicial abordé. / The associahedron is at the interface between several mathematical fields. Combinatorially, it is the simplicial complex of dissections of a convex polygon (sets of mutually noncrossing diagonals). Geometrically, it is a polytope whose vertices and edges encode the dual graph of the complex of dissections. Finally the associahedron describes the combinatorial structure defining a presentation by generators and relations of certain algebras, called ``cluster algebras''. Because of its ubiquity, we regularly come up with new families generalizing this object. However there often are only few interactions between them. From our perspective, there are two main issues when studying them: looking for relations on the basis of known properties of the associahedron; and, for each, looking for combinatorial, geometric and algebraic frameworks in the same spirit.In this thesis, we deal with the link between combinatorics and geometry for some of these generalizations: graph associahedra, subword complexes and accordion complexes. We follow a guidelight consisting in adapting, to these three families, a method for constructing associahedra as fans (sets of polyhedral cones), called the d-vector method and coming from cluster algebra theory. More generally, our main concern is to realize, that is geometrically embed in a vector space, abstract complexes. We obtain three new families of generalizations, and a fourth conjectural one whose first instances already constitute significant advances.Finally in addition to the geometric results, we prove combinatorial properties specific to each encountered simplicial complex.

Two main objects of the research in this thesis are countable discrete groups and their operator algebras (C*-algebras and von Neumann algebras). Discrete groups are often succesfully studied using geometric and ergodic-theoretic methods, the corresponding areas of mathematics being called geometric resp. measured group theory. This thesis has a cumulative form: each chapter is a research article, and therefore has its own abstract and bibliography. The majority of these publications have been peer-reviewed and published in various journals.

Degree awarded with distinction on 6 December 1995. A research report submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters. Johannesburg, 1995. / In this work we give a brief overview of the existing group classification methods of partial differential equations by means of examples. On top of these methods we introduce another new method which classify according to low-dimensional Lie elgebras, One can ask: What is the aim of introducing a new method whilst there are existing methods? This question is answered in the following paragraph. Firstly we classify our system of non-linear partial differential equations using the preliminary group classification method (one of the existing methods). The results are not different from what; Euler, Steeb and Mulsor have obtained in 1991 and 1992. That is, this method does not yield new information. This new method which classifies according to low-dimensional Lie algebras is used to classify a general system of equations from plasma physics. Finally, using this method we completely classify our system for four-dimensionnl algebras. For a partial differential equation to be completely classified using this method, it must admit a low-dimensional Lie algebra.