nitrogen has commonly been a deficient element in the cultivated soils of the world since the beginning of agriculture. The general acceptance of the practice of using manures as a means of increasing plant growth, as shown by the records of ancient civilizations, attest to this fact. Since the time of von Liebig there has been an increasing awareness of the importance of this deficiency in soils. As a result of a better understanding of the problem and the increasing availability of commercial forms of nitrogen, a rapid increase in the use of nitrogen fertilizers has taken place in the last few decades. this increasing use of commercial forms of nitrogen is accompanied by the need for more information concerning the proper use of these materials in order to accomplish the greatest benefit. For example, with the advent of increasing use of ammonium fertilizer to improve soil productivity, there has arisen a possibility of lengthening the period from the date of the fertilizer application to the time of utilization by the crop. this advanced application, especially in the fall of the year, has many advantages and is widely advocated. The following questions need to be answered in connection with efficiency of such a practice: Will the ammonium form of nitrogen remain unoxidized in the soil over the winter months? Could it be only partially oxidized and result in an accumulation of nitrites that may cause toxicity or be lost from the soil in gaseous forms such as nitrous oxide? What are the chance for significant losses by volatilization before it is oxidized? How does the amount of moisture and the prevailing temperature affect these transformations? The study reported here is an endeavor to contribute to more complete answers to some of these questions. Although much research has been conducted relating to the effects of moisture or temperature on nitrogen transformations in the soil, more information is needed covering greater variations in the moisture and temperature levels along with the interactions of these. Accordingly, experiments were conducted under carefully controlled conditions to measure the changes occurring in the inorganic soil nitrogen from an applied ammonium source, at various moisture and temperature levels.

La presente investigación está enfocada en la industria de explosivos, la cual trabaja directamente con distintos sectores en el país, tales como el sector de construcción, el sector de defensa y la industria minera, siendo esta última la que durante los últimos 60 años ve a los explosivos como recurso necesario y primordial, para ejercer su determinado fin. Por esto, el foco de la presente tesis es analizar cuáles son los principales factores que influyeron a las exportaciones de explosivos fabricados a partir del nitrato de amonio (emulsiones), las cuales poseen la partida arancelaria (3602002000), durante los años 2006 al 2017 hacia nuestro país vecino del sur Chile. Para esto la investigación tomo como base diversos estudios tales como Dynamite Market Global Forecast, Global Ammonium Nitrate Explosive Market Size and Industry Trends los cuales detallan sobre un conjunto de factores que impulsan el crecimiento del mercado de explosivos en el mundo. Asimismo, este estudio se basa en un enfoque cualitativo para la determinación de los principales factores y un enfoque cuantitativo para el análisis de la información recabada. En una primera etapa cualitativa, se logró contrastar e identificar una serie de factores claves que influenciaron directamente a las exportaciones de emulsiones peruanas, las cuales se obtuvieron a partir de entrevistas a profundidad realizadas a especialistas dedicados a este rubro. Posterior a la identificación de los factores se compararon los datos obtenidos en una segunda parte de la investigación, la cual se basa en un análisis cuantitativo sobre la información obtenida. . / The present investigation is focused on the explosives industry, which works directly with different sectors in the country, such as the construction sector, the defense sector and the mining industry, the latter being the one that during the last 60 years sees explosives as a necessary and primary resource, to exercise their specific purpose. Therefore, the focus of this thesis is to analyze what are the main factors that influenced the exports of explosives manufactured from ammonium nitrate (emulsions), which have the tariff heading (3602002000), during the years 2006 to 2017 To our neighboring country in southern Chile. For this, the research was based on various studies such as Dynamite Market Global Forecast, Global Ammonium Nitrate Explosive Market Size and Industry Trends which detail a set of factors that drive the growth of the explosives market in the world. Likewise, this study is based on a qualitative approach for the determination of the main factors and a quantitative approach for the analysis of the information collected. In a qualitative first stage, it was possible to contrast and identify a series of key factors that directly influenced the exports of Peruvian emulsions, which were obtained from in-depth interviews with specialists dedicated to this area. After the identification of the factors, the data obtained in a second part of the investigation were compared, which is based on a quantitative analysis of the information obtained. / Tesis

The Vanadium bromide (V/Br) flow cell employs the Br3-/Br- couple in the positive and the V(II)/V(III) couple in the negative half cell. One major issue of this flow cell is bromine gas formation in the positive half cell during charging which results from the low solubility of bromine in aqueous solutions. Bromine complexing agents previously used in the zinc-bromine fuel cell were evaluated for their applicability in V/Br flow cell electrolytes. Three quaternary ammonium bromides: N-ethyl-N-methyl-morpholinium bromide (MEM), N-ethyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium bromide (MEP) and Tetra-butyl ammonium bromide (TBA) were studied. It is known that aqueous bromine reacts with quaternary ammonium bromides to form an immiscible organic phase. Depending on the number of quaternary ammonium bromides used and the environmental temperature, the second phase formed will either be solid or liquid. As any solid formation would interrupt the flow cell operation, potential formation of such kind has to be eliminated. Stability tests of simulated V/Br electrolyte with added quaternary ammonium bromides were carried out at 11, 25 and 40 oC. In the absence of bromine, the addition of MEM, MEP and TBA were found to be stable in V/Br electrolytes. However, in the presence of bromine, solid formation was observed in the bromine rich organic phase when the V/Br electrolyte contained a single quaternary ammonium bromide (QBr) compound. For V/Br electrolytes with binary or ternary QBr mixtures containing TBA, the presence of bromine caused a viscous polybromide phase to form at room temperature and the release of bromine gas at higher temperature. Only a binary mixture of MEM and MEP formed a stable liquid organic phase between 11 ?? 40 oC. In this study it was found that V/Br electrolytes containing a binary QBr mixture (0.75M) of MEM and MEP gave the best combination that formed an orange oily layer in the presence of bromine without solidification between 11 ?? 40oC. Furthermore, it was found that samples of V/Br electrolytes containing a ternary QBr mixture, are less effective in bromine capturing if the total QBr concentration was less than 1 M at 40oC, where bromine gas evolution was observed. From electrochemical studies of V3+/V2+, it was found that the addition of MEM and MEP had a minimal effect on the formal potential of the V3+/V2+ couple, the V2+/V3+ transfer coefficient and the diffusion coefficient of V3+. Therefore, MEM and MEP can be added to the negative half-cell of a V/Br flow cell without major interference From linear sweep voltammetry, the kinetics of the Br-/Br3- redox couple was found to be mass transfer controlled. After the addition of MEM and MEP mixture, the exchange current density was found to decrease from 0.013 Acm-2 to 0.01 Acm-2. On the other hand the transfer coefficient before and after MEM and MEP addition was found to be 0.5 and 0.44 respectively. Since the kinetic parameters were not significantly affected by the addition of MEM and MEP mixture, they can be added to the positive half-cell of the V/Br flow cell as bromine complexing agents. The electrochemical studies of both V3+/V2+ and Br-/Br3- showed the addition of MEM and MEP has minimal interference with the redox reactions of the vanadium bromide flow cell. This thesis also investigated the effect of MEM and MEP addition on the cell performance of a lab scale V/Br flow cell using two different membranes (ChiNaf and VF11). Flow cell performance for 2 M V3.7+ + 0.19 M MEM + 0.56 M MEP electrolytes utilising ChiNaf membrane at 10 mAcm-2 produced an energy efficiency of 59%, and this decreased to 43% after 15 cycles. For the static cell utilising VF11 membrane, the addition of MEM and MEP reduced the energy efficiency from 59.7% to 43.4%. It is believed that this is caused by the mass transfer controlled Br-/Br3- couple in the complexed positive half-cell solution. Therefore, uniformity between the organic and aqueous phase is important for flow cells utilising electrolytes with MEM and MEP. Finally, the polarization resistance of a lab scale V/Br flow cell utilising ChiNaf membrane and 2 M V3.7+ electrolytes was found to be slightly higher during cell charging (3.9 cm2) than during the discharge process (3.6 cm2), which is opposed to that in the all-vanadium redox cell.

La protéine RhBG humaine est un membre de la famille des protéines Rh (Rhésus), premiers canaux à gaz caractérisés chez les mammifères et par conséquent, de la superfamille Amt/Mep/Rh des transporteurs d'ammonium. Elle facilite le transport de la forme neutre de l'ammonium (NH3) et est ancrée à la membrane plasmique basolatérale de cellules épithéliales rénales, via l'ankyrine G, protéine adaptatrice du squelette membranaire dépendant de la spectrine. Nous avons montré que la mutation du motif d'ancrage à l'ankyrine G, localisé dans l'extrémité C-terminale intracytoplasmique de RhBG, retarde l'adressage, diminue la stabilité à la surface et abolit la fonction de transport de NH3 de la protéine RhBG dans les cellules épithéliales HEK293. Nous avons également montré que la tyrosine Y429, qui appartient au signal d'adressage basolatéral YED de RhBG, est phosphorylée in vitro par les kinases Src et Syk purifiées. D'autre part, le traitement de cellules HEK293 par le pervanadate, un inhibiteur de phosphatases sur phosphotyrosine (donc un activateur indirect des tyrosine kinases) diminue fortement l'activité de transport de la protéine native mais pas celle d'un mutant Y429A (bloquant sa phosphorylation). Ce résultat montre d'une part que Y429 est le seul résidu tyrosine de RhBG impliqué dans la régulation du transport de NH3, via une phosphorylation, d'autre part que la protéine RhBG est phosphorylée ex vivo sur cette tyrosine. Des mutations Y429D et Y429E, mimant une phosphorylation constitutive, abolissent le transport de NH3 et favorisent la solubilisation du RhBG membranaire. À l'inverse, des mutants Y429A et Y429F non phosphorylés et non phosphorylables se comportent comme la protéine RhBG sauvage. En revanche, des études en microscopie confocale montrent que seules les mutations Y429A et Y429F entraînent une dépolarisation de l'expression de RhBG dans des cellules MDCK polarisées, les mutants Y429D et Y429E étant normalement localisés dans le domaine basolatéral des cellules. L'ensemble de ces résultats démontre que l'adressage, l'ancrage au squelette sous-membranaire et la fonction de transport d'ammonium de RhBG sont régulés à la fois par la phosphorylation et la liaison au squelette membranaire de son domaine C-terminal cytoplasmique et nous a conduit à proposer un modèle dans lequel la phosphorylation de la tyrosine Y429 faisant partie du motif YED, serait nécessaire à l'adressage de RhBG vers la membrane basolatérale de cellules épithéliales polarisées, alors que la déphosphorylation de cette tyrosine permettrait l'ancrage de la protéine au squelette membranaire, via l'ankyrine G, et l'activation du canal à NH3 par un changement conformationnel potentiel de l'extrémité C-terminale.

The link between anthropogenic emissions of CO2 with increased atmospheric CO2 levels and, in turn, with increased global temperature has been well established and accepted. Using aqueous ammonia to capture CO2 and produce an inexpensive nitrogen fertilizer, ammonium bicarbonate (ABC) has been thought as a feasible approach to CO2 sequestration. Due to the different concentrations of reactants and reaction conditions, different carbon-ammonium composites can be produced. In view of achieving a maximum of NH3 utilization in the capture of CO2, the product of ABC will be ideal. Hence the ABC in the products needs to be identified. Various analytical techniques were used to distinguish the ABC. FTIR, DSC, TGA and XRD techniques were used to qualitatively distinguish the ammonium bicarbonate from the ammonium salts. The carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen element analysis and Near Infrared (NIR) techniques were used as quantitative analysis of ABC. The AOTF-NIR Free Space spectrometer is an ideal tool for real-time, on-line measurements of ABC. Sample 01050401 and Sample 01060401 from the CO2 Scrubbing experiment by aqueous ammonia at WKU were determined by these techniques as ammonium bicarbonate and have very good quality as fertilizer in accordance with GB -3559-92 Agriculture Ammonium Bicarbonate National Standard of China. During fertilizer storage and application, an amount of ABC will decompose into NH3, H2O and CO2. Long-effect ABC (LEABC) is a product of co-crystallized dicyanodiamide (DCD) and ABC. In order to evaluate ABC fertilizer efficiency and its contribution to permanent carbon fixation, tests with Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) were conducted. The experiments by TGA indicated that the temperature and air flow rate have much less effect on the evaporation of the LEABC than on the ABC. Kinetic studies of ABC and LEABC gave their Activation Energy. At the 7.5% conversion rate, LEABC’s Activation Energy is 111.9 kJ/mole, which is greater than ABC’s Activation Energy 93.6 kJ/mole. The difference in Activation Energy explains the reason of different stability of ABC and LEABC.

In this report, the application of Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square (PLS)  regression analyzing methods used to understand the relationship of interdependent loads in municipal wastewater treatment plant. Two different wastewater treatment plants were chosen for analysis of  the relationship between interdependent loads. Firstly, the collected data of incoming wastewater and outgoing water from both Västerås and Eskilstuna wastewater treatment plants were analyzed to find some relationship or correlation between contents and compare the data of both the plants. Secondly, the correlated contents were used to generate the regression model for predicting the value in the future, in this report we have focussed only on ammonium nitrogen value for regression model. The PCA study shows the variation between incoming and outgoing wastewater’s characteristics  given by  Västerås and Eskilstuna plant. / BOD, ammonium nitrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus

Avloppsreningsverk står inför uppgiften att rena inkommande vatten för att möta lagstiftade gränsvärden till en så låg kostnad som möjligt. Att syresätta biologiska reningsprocesser är kostsamt eftersom luftningsanordningen förbrukar mycket energi. Ungefär en femtedel av Himmerfjärdsverkets totala elenergiförbrukning går till luftning av biologiska processer. För att öka Himmerfjärdsverkets energieffektivitet startades under 2010 experiment med olika strategier för luftflödesstyrning. En av verkets nitrifikationsbassänger byggdes då om för att möjliggöra zonvis reglering av syrehalten. Syftet med denna studie var att utvärdera reglering med ammoniumåterkoppling och syrehaltsprofil för styrning av Himmerfjärdsverkets nitrifikationsprocess. Utvärderingen baserades på reningsresultat och energiförbrukning. Med nuvarande reglerstrategi varieras luftningen genom återkoppling från syrehalten i den andra av sex zoner i varje luftad bassäng. Denna reglering medför att det uppstår ett överskott av syre i slutet av bassängerna. Det finns således potential att spara energi om luftningen kan regleras så att syreöverskott undviks. Modellsimuleringar i Benchmark Simulation Model no. 1 (BSM1) användes för att jämföra snabb och långsam ammoniumåterkoppling samt olika typer av syrehaltsprofiler inför försök i full skala. Modellen byggdes om och kalibrerades för att efterlikna Himmerfjärdsverkets process. Strategierna utvärderades för två scenarier; ett utan några övre begränsningar för luftningen och ett där Himmerfjärdsverkets luftflödesbegränsningar simulerades. Resultatet från simuleringarna visade att långsam ammoniumåterkoppling var den mest energieffektiva reglerstrategin i båda scenarierna. Resultatet visade även att det var möjligt att minska syretoppar genom en stigande syrehaltsprofil längs med bassängens flödesriktning. Genom fullskaleförsök utvärderades syrehaltsprofil och ammoniumåterkoppling. Resultatet visade att ammoniumåterkoppling var den reglerstrategi som förbrukade minst luft per mängd avskiljt ammoniumkväve och jämfört med ursprunglig reglering erhölls en 16 % lägre energiförbrukning. / Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) have the challenging task to treat incoming water in order to meet the discharge limits at the lowest possible cost. Aeration of biological treatment processes is one of the most energy consuming posts at a WWTP. At Himmerfjärden WWTP approximately one fifth of the total electric energy consumption is used for aeration of biological processes. With the purpose of making Himmerfjärden WWTP more energy efficient full-scale experiments with different aeration control strategies started in 2010. In one of the aerated tanks a new control system was installed in order to allow zonewise control of the dissolved oxygen (DO). The objective of this master thesis was to evaluate ammonium feedback control and DO-profile control at Himmerfjärden WWTP. The evaluation was made with regard to effluent quality and aeration needs. With the original control strategy aeration is varied to maintain a constant concentration of dissolved oxygen in the second of six zones in each aerated tank. With this control strategy oxygen peaks occur in the last zones of the aerated tank. Thus, there is potential to save energy if these oxygen peaks can be avoided. Simulations were carried out in the Benchmark Simulation Model no. 1 (BSM1) where fast and slow ammonium feedback control and different DO-profiles were evaluated. The model was modified and calibrated to resemble the process at Himmerfjärden WWTP. The simulations showed that the slow ammonium feedback control was the most energy-efficient strategy. The results also showed that it was possible to reduce oxygen peaks by increasing the oxygen set-point along the aerated tank, e.g. an increasing DO-profile. The full-scale experiments included ammonium feedback control and DO-profile control. The results show that ammonium feedback control needed less airflow per amount ammonium removed, compared to both the DO-profile and the original control strategy, with a 16 % lower energy consumption compared to the original control strategy.

<p>Lichens are symbioses between a fungus and a photosynthesizing partner such as a green alga or a cyanobacterium. Unlike mycorrhizal or rhizobial symbioses, the lichen symbiosis is not well understood either morphologically or molecularly. The lichen symbiosis has been somewhat neglected for several reasons. Lichens grow very slowly in nature (less than 1 cm a year), it is difficult to grow the fungus and the alga separately and, moreover, it remains difficult to resynthesize the mature symbiosis in the laboratory. It is not yet possible to delete genes, nor has any transformation method been established to introduce genes into the genomes of either the fungus or the alga. However, the lack of genetic tools for these organisms has been partially compensated for by the sequencing of the genomes of the lichenizing fungus <italic>Cladonia grayi</italic> and its green algal partner <italic>Asterochloris</italic> sp. This work uses the model lichen system <italic>Cladonia grayi</italic> and the associated genomes to explore one evolutionary and one developmental question concerning the lichen symbiosis.</p><p>Chapter One uses data from the genomes to assess whether there was evidence of horizontal gene transfer between the lichen symbionts in the evolution of this very intimate association; that is, whether genes of algal origin could be found in the fungal genome or vise versa. An initial homology search of the two genomes demonstrated that the fungus had, in addition to ammonium transporter/ammonia permease genes that were clearly fungal in origin, ammonium transporter/ammonia permease genes which appeared to be of plant origin. Using cultures of various lichenizing fungi, plant-like ammonium transporter/ammonia permease genes were identified by degenerate PCR in ten additional species of lichen in three classes of lichenizing fungi including the Lecanoromycetes, the Eurotiomycetes, and the Dothidiomycetes. Using the sequences of these transporter genes as well as data from publically available genome sequences of diverse organisms, I constructed a phylogy of 513 ammonium transporter/ammonia permease sequences from 191 genomes representing all main lineages of life to infer the evolutionary history of this family of proteins. In this phylogeny I detected several horizontal gene transfer events, including the aforementioned one which was demonstrated to be not a transfer from plants to fungi or vise versa, but a gene gain from a group of phylognetically unrelated hyperthermophilic chemoautolithotrophic prokaryotes during the early evolution of land plants (Embryophyta), and an independent gain of this same gene in the filamentous ascomycetes (Pezizomycotina), which was subsequently lost in most lineages but retained in even distantly related lichenized fungi. Also demonstrated was the loss of the native fungal ammonium transporter and the subsequent replacement of this gene with a bacterial ammonium transporter during the early evolution of the fungi. Several additional recent horizontal gene transfers into lineages of eukaryotes were demonstrated as well. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that what has heretofore been conceived of as a protein family with two clades (AMT/MEP and Rh) is instead a protein family with three clades (AMT, MEP, and Rh). I show that the AMT/MEP/Rh family illustrates two contrasting modes of gene transmission: AMT family as defined here exhibits standard parent-to-offspring inheritance, whereas the MEP family as defined here is characterized by several ancient independent horizontal gene transfers (HGTs) into eukaryotes. The clades as depicted in this phylogenetic study appear to correspond to functionally different groups, with ammonium transporters and ammonia permeases forming two distinct and possibly monophyletic groups.</p><p>In Chapter Two I address a follow-up question: in key lichenizing lineages for which ammonium transporter/ammonia permease (AMTP) genes were not found in Chapter One, were the genes lost? The only definitive infomation which can demonstrate absence of a gene from a genome is a full genome sequence. To this end, the genomes of eight additional lichenizing fungi in the key clades including the Caliciales (sensu Gaya 2011), the Peltigerales, the Ostropomycetidae, the Acarosporomycetidae, the Verrucariales, the Arthoniomycetidae and the Lichinales were sequenced using the Ilumina HiSeq technology and assembled with the short reads assembly software Velvet. These genomes were searched for ammonium transporter/ammonia permease sequences as well as 20 test genes to assess the completeness of each assembly. The genes recovered were included in a refined phylogenetic analysis. The hypothesis that lichens symbiotic with a nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria as a primary photobiont or living in high nitrogen environments lose the plant-like ammonium transporters was upheld, but did not account for additional losses of ammonium transporters/ammonia permeases in the Acarosporomyetidae and Arthoniomycetes. In addition, the four AMTP genes from <italic>Cladonia grayi</italic> were shown to be functional by expression of the lichen genes in a strain of <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> in which all three native ammonium transporters were deleted, and assaying for growth on limiting ammonia as a sole nitrogen source. </p><p>In Chapter Three I use genome data to address a developmental aspect of the lichen symbiosis. The finding that DNA in three genera of lichenizing fungi is methylated in symbiotic tissues and not methylated in aposymbiotic tissues or in the free-living fungus (Armaleo & Miao 1999a) suggested that epigenetic silencing may play a key role in the development of the symbiosis. Epigenetic silencing involves several steps that are conserved in many eukaryotes, including methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9) in nucleosomes within the silenced region, subsequent binding of heterochromatin-binding protein (HP1) over the region, and the recruitment of DNA methyltransferases to methylate the DNA, all of which causes the underlying chromatin to adopt a closed conformation, inhibiting the transcriptional machinery from binding. In this chapter I both identify the genes encoding the silencing machinery and determine the targets of the silencing machinery. I use degenerate PCR and genome sequencing to identify the genes encoding the H3K9 histone methyltransferase, the heterochromatin binding protein, and the DNA methyltransferases. I use whole genome bisulfite sequencing of DNA from the symbiotic structures of <italic>Cladonia grayi</italic> including podetia, squamules and soredia as well as DNA from cultures of the free-living fungus and free-living alga to determine which regions of the genome are methylated in the symbiotic and aposymbiotic states. In particular I examine regions of the genomes which appear to be differentially methylated in the symbiotic versus the aposymbiotic state. I show that DNA methylation is uncommon in the genome of the fungus in the symbiotic and aposymbiotic states, and that the genome of the alga is methylated in the symbiotic and aposymbiotic states.</p> / Dissertation

In this work, electrolytes for secondary batteries and fuel cells were investigated. Ionic liquids (ILs), for use as battery electrolytes, were formed using quaternary ammonium salts (Quats) and aluminum chloride. The room temperature (RT) carbonate fuel cell was demonstrated by modifying a commercially available anion exchange membrane, utilizing positive quaternary ammonium fixed sites, to transport carbonate. The charge density on the nitrogen and the symmetry of the Quat were demonstrated to be the dominant factors in determining the IL melting point (MP). The introduction of a benzyl ring was found to lower the MP of the ILs by increasing the size of the Quat, while disrupting its symmetry. ILs formed from asymmetric quaternary ammonium salts having three distinct groups were found to have lower melting points than those formed using Quats with two groups. Replacement of an alkyl group with a rigid ether linkage can lower the IL melting point. Assymetric alkyl substituted Quats were found to form more electrochemically stable, less viscous ILs than their benzyl substituted counterparts. The increased electrochemical stability is due to the smaller butyl chain being a worse leaving group than the benzyl group. Similarly, the smaller size of the alkyl substituted Quats results in the lower viscosities. Lithium and sodium can be reversibly deposited from neutral ILs following the addition of an additive (such as SOCl2). The additive disrupts the strong coordination between Na+, or Li+, and AlCl4-. Chlorinated compounds, such as chloroform-D and carbon tetrachloride, were demonstrated to catalyze the reversible reduction of sodium. When neutralized with lithium and sodium, reversible Li-Na alloys were deposited. The Li-Na alloy appears to suppress dendrite formation and could potentially be used as a metal based anode in a rechargeable Li battery. A novel room temperature carbonate fuel cell was constructed. The alkaline environment could eliminate the need for water in the oxidation of methanol. Cells were operated on hydrogen, 1M methanol, and pure methanol fuels. CO2 was produced at the anode and O2 and CO2 were necessary at the cathode for operation, indicating that carbonate was the conducting ion.

Human blood reflects the health of internal organs and tissues, the constituent can be affected on account of abnormal health status. Moreover, the ion concentration of chloride and ammonium in human blood relates to the functionality of our kidney and liver, which is one of the most important health indicators. For real-time monitoring and detecting applications, this study uses micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) surface micromachining process technology to develop an extended-gate field-effect transistors (EGFET), and by combining two different ion-selective membranes (ISM), a disposable silicon-based chloride and ammonium micro ion sensor was fabricated. The main process steps include four photolithography process and two thin film deposition. In order to probe into the influences on modulating three designing parameters: (i) channel width to length ratio; (ii) channel shape; (iii) mixing ratio of the sensing film additives, the size of the sensing area is fixed to 1¡Ñ1 mm2 while the device is fixed to 6 mm3. In this thesis, the optimization of the development chloride and ammonium micro ion sensors, according to the measuring results from the commercial semiconductor analyzer (Agilent B1500A), when measuring range of 10-1~10-5 mol/L, the sensitivity and linearity for the chlorine ion sensor is 47.5 mV/pCl and 99.13%, as for the ammonium ion sensor are 41.2 mV/pNH4 and 99.28%, the interfering ion selectivity coefficients (log KCl,OH, log KNH ,Na) are -4.71 and 0.53 respectively.