Argomento centrale della ricerca è il rapporto tra liberti imperiali e comunità cittadine in Italia durante i primi secoli dell'impero. Sulla base della raccolta e dell'esame del materiale epigrafico si è cercato di ricostruire il ruolo del gruppo sociale libertino nelle città, i loro legami con il territorio e con gli altri cittadini, la loro disponibilità economica e, di conseguenza, i principali ambiti di investimento. Il quadro che è emerso evidenzia una diffusa eterogeneità, sia nello spazio che nel tempo, delle manifestazioni della presenza libertina sul suolo italico.

As complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology faces more and more severe physical barriers down the path of continuously feature size scaling, innovative nano-scale devices and other post-CMOS technologies have been developed to enhance future circuit design and computation. These nanotechnologies have shown promising potentials to achieve magnitude improvement in performance and integration density. The substitution of CMOS transistors with nano-devices is expected to not only continue along the exponential projection of Moore's Law, but also raise significant challenges and opportunities, especially in the field of electronic design automation. The major obstacles that the designers are experiencing with emerging nanotechnology design include: i) the existing computer-aided design (CAD) approaches in the context of conventional CMOS Boolean design cannot be directly employed in the nanoelectronic design process, because the intrinsic electrical characteristics of many nano-devices are not best suited for Boolean implementations but demonstrate strong capability for implementing non-conventional logic such as threshold logic and reversible logic; ii) due to the density and size factors of nano-devices, the defect rate of nanoelectronic system is much higher than conventional CMOS systems, therefore existing design paradigms cannot guarantee design quality and lead to even worse result in high failure ratio. Motivated by the compelling potentials and design challenges of emerging post-CMOS technologies, this dissertation work focuses on fundamental design methodologies to effectively and efficiently achieve high quality nanoscale design. A novel programmable logic element (PLE) is first proposed to explore the versatile functionalities of threshold gates (TGs) and multi-threshold threshold gates (MTTGs). This PLE structure can realize all three- or four-variable logic functions through configuring binary control bits. This is the first single threshold logic structure that provides complete Boolean logic implementation. Based on the PLEs, a reconfigurable architecture is constructed to offer dynamic reconfigurability with little or no reconfiguration overhead, due to the intrinsic self-latching property of nanopipelining. Our reconfiguration data generation algorithm can further reduce the reconfiguration cost. To fully take advantage of such threshold logic design using emerging nanotechnologies, we also developed a combinational equivalence checking (CEC) framework for threshold logic design. Based on the features of threshold logic gates and circuits, different techniques of formulating a given threshold logic in conjunctive normal form (CNF) are introduced to facilitate efficient SAT-based verification. Evaluated with mainstream benchmarks, our hybrid algorithm, which takes into account both input symmetry and input weight order of threshold gates, can efficiently generate CNF formulas in terms of both SAT solving time and CNF generating time. Then the reversible logic synthesis problem is considered as we focus on efficient synthesis heuristics which can provide high quality synthesis results within a reasonable computation time. We have developed a weighted directed graph model for function representation and complexity measurement. An atomic transformation is constructed to associate the function complexity variation with reversible gates. The efficiency of our heuristic lies in maximally decreasing the function complexity during synthesis steps as well as the capability to climb out of local optimums. Thereafter, swarm intelligence, one of the machine learning techniques is employed in the space searching for reversible logic synthesis, which achieves further performance improvement. To tackle the high defect-rate during the emerging nanotechnology manufacturing process, we have developed a novel defect-aware logic mapping framework for nanowire-based PLA architecture via Boolean satisfiability (SAT). The PLA defects of various types are formulated as covering and closure constraints. The defect-aware logic mapping is then solved efficiently by using available SAT solvers. This approach can generate valid logic mapping with a defect rate as high as 20%. The proposed method is universally suitable for various nanoscale PLAs, including AND/OR, NOR/NOR structures, etc. In summary, this work provides some initial attempts to address two major problems confronting future nanoelectronic system designs: the development of electronic design automation tools and the reliability issues. However, there are still a lot of challenging open questions remain in this emerging and promising area. We hope our work can lay down stepstones on nano-scale circuit design optimization through exploiting the distinctive characteristics of emerging nanotechnologies. / Ph. D.

This thesis presents a new ant-optimized biclustering technique known as SNAP biclustering, which runs faster and produces results of superior quality to previous techniques. Biclustering techniques have been designed to compensate for the weaknesses of classical clustering algorithms by allowing cluster overlap, and allowing vectors to be grouped for a subset of their defined features. These techniques have performed well in many problem domains, particularly DNA microarray analysis and collaborative filtering. A motivation for this work has been the biclustering technique known as bicACO, which was the first to use ant colony optimization. As bicACO is time intensive, much emphasis was placed on decreasing SNAP's runtime. The superior speed and biclustering results of SNAP are due to its improved initialization and solution construction procedures. In experimental studies involving the Yeast Cell Cycle DNA microarray dataset and the MovieLens collaborative filtering dataset, SNAP has run at least 22 times faster than bicACO while generating superior results. Thus, SNAP is an effective choice of technique for microarray analysis and collaborative filtering applications. / Master of Science

[EN] The Facilities Layout Problem in a industrial plant (FLP) pursues the good ordenation of the integrating elements (that in this work they will call themselves facilities, understan-ding those elements of the production system that they require space) of a production system and it contemplates, among other, geometric and economic aspects. The eco-nomic aspect has to do with the installation of the plant and with its operation while the geometric one is related with the architecture of the system. Under consideration of these aspects they are derived different formulations of the problem according to the geometric model adopted for represent the solution and according to the function to optimize that can include quantitative terms as installation costs and operation cost (manu-tención) and qualitative terms derived of the chart establishing relationship of activities from the met-hodology SLP. Certain tradition exists in the Educational Unit of Buildings and Architectu-re Industrial (at the moment U.D of Industrial Buldings), on the resolution of this FLP from diverse focuses, what there is origin that already from the years 90, myself, author of this thesis, as well as other partners, let us have implemented some computer applications of several types for the resolution of the same, based, by way of example, in genetic algo-rithms or in fuzzy logic. The last one goal was this one implemented with ACO ("Ant Co-lony Optimization") that this work shows. Anyway, this applications, often used in other works or even with educational ends, they have provided satisfactory results so much in the investigating scheduling as in the academic. At the beginning of the 2000, when the normative of Industrial Buldings Fire Proofing appears, when being starting from then of a preceptive normative in the greater part of industries of new installation, and the position that was continued in the real works was: in a first phase the elaboration of the layout, while in a second phase the application of the preceptive normative of fire proofing was demanded against fires to the layout obtained previously, with obligatory character so much in the industrial field, like in the subsidiary uses that aren't industrials, different from the main one. Any layout that it doesn't complete the fire proofing normative approaches in all the areas, be these industrial or not, it lacks legal validity and therefore it's not viable. In a third phase it is endowed of the thermal appropriate atmosphere, higroscopic, acous-tic and lighting to the obtained solution. In front of this reality, more and more commenda-ble starting from the appearance of the Technical Code of Buildings, that impels the per-formance designing and not in prescriptions, of the non convenience of unlying the design phases, we have started including the approach of the compartmentalization in the design like another objective in the quality of the final adopted solution, and therefore optimizable like any another. Hence in this work we have been carried out a proposal of compart-mentalization algorithm that works starting from the information and approaches that the normative of fires use, and we have also defined a proposal of objective function, as well as a series of parameters that allows to consider like it influences this compartmentaliza-tion in the flow of materials through the different facilities. / [ES] El problema de la distribución en planta de procesos industriales (FLP) persigue la ordenación óptima de los elementos (que en este trabajo se llamarán actividades, conceptuándose como aquellos elementos del sistema de producción que requieren espacio) de un sistema de producción y contempla, entre otros, aspectos geométricos y económicos. El aspecto económico tiene que ver con la instalación de la planta y con su operación mientras que el geométrico se relaciona con la arquitectura del sistema. De la consideración de estos aspectos se derivan diferentes formulaciones del problema según el modelo geométrico adoptado para representar la solución y según la función a optimizar, que puede incluir términos cuantitativos como costes de instalación y de operación (manutención) y términos cualitativos derivados de la tabla relacional de actividades establecida desde la metodología SLP. Existe cierta tradición en la Unidad Docente de Construcción y Arquitectura Industrial (actualmente U.D de Construcciones Industriales), sobre la resolución de este problema de distribución en planta desde diversos enfoques, lo que ha originado que ya desde los años 90, yo mismo, autor de esta Tesis Doctoral, así como otros compañeros, hayamos implementado algunas aplicaciones informáticas de varios tipos para la resolución del mismo, basadas, a modo de ejemplo, en algoritmos genéticos o en lógica borrosa. El último caso el de la aplicación informática que utiliza ACO ("Ant Colony Optimization") que se presenta en este trabajo. En cualquier caso, dichas aplicaciones, a menudo utilizadas en otras investigaciones o incluso con fines docentes, han proporcionado resultados satisfactorios tanto en el plano investigador como en el académico. A principios de los 2000, cuando aparece la normativa de Protección Contra Incendios en Establecimientos Industriales, al tratarse a partir de entonces de una normativa de obligado cumplimiento en la gran mayoría de actividades de nueva planta, y el planteamiento que se siguió al realizar los trabajos y proyectos sobre casos reales fue en una primera fase la elaboración de la distribución en planta, mientras que en una segunda fase se exigía la aplicación de la normativa de protección contra incendios a la distribución en planta obtenida con anterioridad, con carácter obligatorio tanto en el ámbito industrial, como en los usos subsidiaros no industriales diferentes del principal. Cualquier distribución en planta que no cumpla los criterios normativos en todas las zonas, sean éstas industriales o no, carece de validez legal y por tanto no es viable. En una tercera fase se dota del adecuado ambiente térmico, higroscópico, acústico y lumínico a la solución obtenida. Frente a esta realidad, cada vez más plausible a partir de la entrada en vigor del Código Técnico de la edificación, que impulsa el diseño basado en prestaciones y no en prescripciones, de la no conveniencia de desligar las fases de diseño, se ha comenzado por incluir el criterio de la sectorización en el diseño como un objetivo más mesurable en la calidad de la solución final adoptada, y por lo tanto optimizable como cualquier otro. Por ello en este trabajo se ha realizado una propuesta de algoritmo de sectorización, que funciona a partir de la información y criterios que las normativas de incendios utilizan, y se ha definido también una propuesta de función objetivo, así como una serie de parámetros que permiten considerar cómo influye esta sectorización en el trasiego de materiales (fundamentalmente flujos) a través de las distintas actividades. / [CA] El problema de la distribució en planta de processos industrials (FLP) perseguix l'ordena-ció òptima dels elements (que en este treball es cridaran activitats, conceptuant-se com aquells elements del sistema de producció que requerixen espai) d'un sistema de pro-ducció i contempla, entre altres, aspectes geomètrics i econòmics. L'aspecte econòmic té a veure amb la instal·lació de la planta i amb la seua operació mentres que el geo-mètric es relaciona amb l'arquitectura del sistema. De la consideració d'estos aspectes es deriven diferents formulacions del problema segons el model geomètric adoptat per a representar la solució i segons la funció a optimitzar, que pot incloure termes quantitatius com a costos d'instal·lació i d'operació (manutenció) i termes qualitatius derivats de la taula relacional d'activitats establida des de la metodologia SLP. Hi ha una certa tradició en la Unitat Docent de Construcció i Arquitectura Industrial (actualment U.D de Cons-truccions Industrials) , sobre la resolució d'este problema de distribució en planta des de diversos enfocaments, la qual cosa ha originat que ja des dels anys 90, jo mateix, autor d'esta tesi, així com altres companys, hàgem implementat algunes aplicacions informàti-ques de diversos tipus per a la resolució del mateix, basades, a manera d'exemple, en algoritmes genètics o en lògica borrosa. L'últim cas el de l'aplicació informàtica que uti-litza ACO ("Ant Colony Optimization") que es presenta en este treball. En tot cas, les dites aplicacions, sovint utilitzades en altres investigacions o inclús amb fins docents, han pro-porcionat resultats satisfactoris tant en el pla investigador com en l'acadèmic. A principis dels 2000, quan apareix la normativa de Protecció Contra Incendis en Establiments In-dustrials, al tractar-se a partir de llavors d'una normativa de compliment obligatori en la gran majoria d'activitats de nova planta, i el plantejament que es va seguir en els treballs i projectes reials va ser en una primera fase l'elaboració de la distribució en planta, men-tres que en una segona fase s'exigia l'aplicació de la normativa de protecció contra in-cendis a la distribució en planta obtinguda amb anterioritat, amb caràcter obligatori tant en l'àmbit industrial, com en els usos subsidiar-vos no industrials diferents del principal. Qualsevol distribució en planta que no complisca els criteris normatius en totes les zones, siguen ést. En una tercera fase es dota de l'adequat ambient tèrmic, higroscòpic, acústic i lumínic a la solució obtinguda. Enfront d'esta realitat, cada vegada més plausible a partir de l'entrada en vigor del Codi Tècnic de l'Edificació, que impulsa el disseny basat en prestacions i no en prescripcions, de la no conveniència de deslligar les fases de disseny, s'ha començat per incloure el criteri de la sectorització en el disseny com un objectiu més mesurable en la qualitat de la solució final adoptada, i per tant optimizable com qualsevol altre. Per això en este treball s'ha realitzat una proposta d'algoritme de sectorització, que funciona a partir de la informació i criteris que les normatives d'incendis utilitzen, i s'ha definit també una proposta de funció objectiu, així com una sèrie de paràmetres que permeten considerar com influïx esta sectorització en el trasbals de materials (fonamen-talment fluxos) a través de les distintes activitats. / Jaén Gómez, PI. (2015). Algoritmos híbridos para la resolución del F.L.P. (Facility Layout Problem) basados en colonias de hormigas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59447

Tesis por compendio / [EN] The long-lasting trend in the field of computation of stress and resource distribution has found its way into computer networks via the concept of peer-to-peer (P2P) connectivity. P2P is a symmetrical model, where each network node is enabled a comparable range of capacities and resources. It stands in a stark contrast to the classical, strongly asymmetrical client-server approach. P2P, originally considered only a complimentary, server-side structure to the straightforward client-server model, has been shown to have the substantial potential on its own, with multiple, widely known benefits: good fault tolerance and recovery, satisfactory scalability and intrinsic load distribution. However, contrary to client-server, P2P networks require sophisticated solutions on all levels, ranging from network organization, to resource location and managing. In this thesis we address one of the key issues of P2P networks: performing efficient resource searches of semantic nature under realistic, dynamic conditions. There have been numerous solutions to this matter, with evolutionary, stigmergy-based, and simple computational foci, but few attempt to resolve the full range of challenges this problem entails. To name a few: real-life P2P networks are rarely static, nodes disconnect, reconnect and change their content. In addition, a trivial incorporation of semantic searches into well-known algorithms causes significant decrease in search efficiency. In our research we build a solution incrementally, starting with the classic Ant Colony System (ACS) within the Ant Colony Optimization metaheuristic (ACO). ACO is an algorithmic framework used for solving combinatorial optimization problems that fits contractually the problem very well, albeit not providing an immediate solution to any of the aforementioned problems. First, we propose an efficient ACS variant in structured (hypercube structured) P2P networks, by enabling a path-post processing algorithm, which called Tabu Route Optimization (TRO). Next, we proceed to resolve the issue of network dynamism with an ACO-compatible information diffusion approach. Consequently, we attempt to incorporate the semantic component of the searches. This initial approximation to the problem was achieved by allowing ACS to differentiate between search types with the pheromone-per-concept idea. We called the outcome of this merger Routing Concept ACS (RC-ACS). RC-ACS is a robust, static multipheromone implementation of ACS. However, we were able to conclude from it that the pheromone-per-concept approach offers only limited scalability and cannot be considered a global solution. Thus, further progress was made in this respect when we introduced to RC-ACS our novel idea: dynamic pheromone creation, which replaces the static one-to-one assignment. We called the resulting algorithm Angry Ant Framework (AAF). In AAF new pheromone levels are created as needed and during the search, rather than prior to it. The final step was to enable AAF, not only to create pheromone levels, but to reassign them to optimize the pheromone usage. The resulting algorithm is called EntropicAAF and it has been evaluated as one of the top-performing algorithms for P2P semantic searches under all conditions. / [ES] La popular tendencia de distribución de carga y recursos en el ámbito de la computación se ha transmitido a las redes computacionales a través del concepto de la conectividad peer-to-peer (P2P). P2P es un modelo simétrico, en el cual a cada nodo de la red se le otorga un rango comparable de capacidades y recursos. Se trata de un fuerte contraste con el clásico y fuertemente asimétrico enfoque cliente-servidor. P2P, originalmente considerado solo como una estructura del lado del servidor complementaria al sencillo modelo cliente-servidor, ha demostrado tener un potencial considerable por sí mismo, con múltiples beneficios ampliamente conocidos: buena tolerancia a fallos y recuperación, escalabilidad satisfactoria y distribución de carga intrínseca. Sin embargo, al contrario que el modelo cliente-servidor, las redes P2P requieren de soluciones sofisticadas a todos los niveles, desde la organización de la red hasta la gestión y localización de recursos. Esta tesis aborda uno de los problemas principales de las redes P2P: la búsqueda eficiente de recursos de naturaleza semántica bajo condiciones dinámicas y realistas. Ha habido numerosas soluciones a este problema basadas en enfoques evolucionarios, estigmérgicos y simples, pero pocas han tratado de resolver el abanico completo de desafíos. En primer lugar, las redes P2P reales son raramente estáticas: los nodos se desconectan, reconectan y cambian de contenido. Además, la incorporación trivial de búsquedas semánticas en algoritmos conocidos causa un decremento significativo de la eficiencia de la búsqueda. En esta investigación se ha construido una solución de manera incremental, comenzando por el clásico Ant Colony System (ACS) basado en la metaheurística de Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). ACO es un framework algorítmico usado para búsquedas en grafos que encaja perfectamente con las condiciones del problema, aunque no provee una solución inmediata a las cuestiones mencionadas anteriormente. En primer lugar, se propone una variante eficiente de ACS para redes P2P estructuradas (con estructura de hipercubo) permitiendo el postprocesamiento de las rutas, al que hemos denominado Tabu Route Optimization (TRO). A continuación, se ha tratado de resolver el problema del dinamismo de la red mediante la difusión de la información a través de una estrategia compatible con ACO. En consecuencia, se ha tratado de incorporar el componente semántico de las búsquedas. Esta aproximación inicial al problema ha sido lograda permitiendo al ACS diferenciar entre tipos de búsquedas através de la idea de pheromone-per-concept. El resultado de esta fusión se ha denominado Routing Concept ACS (RC-ACS). RC-ACS es una implementación multiferomona estática y robusta de ACS. Sin embargo, a partir de esta implementación se ha podido concluir que el enfoque pheromone-per-concept ofrece solo escalabilidad limitada y que no puede ser considerado una solución global. Por lo tanto, para lograr una mejora a este respecto, se ha introducido al RC-ACS una novedosa idea: la creación dinámica de feromonas, que reemplaza la asignación estática uno a uno. En el algoritmo resultante, al que hemos denominado Angry Ant Framework (AAF), los nuevos niveles de feromona se crean conforme se necesitan y durante la búsqueda, en lugar de crearse antes de la misma. La mejora final se ha obtenido al permitir al AAF no solo crear niveles de feromona, sino también reasignarlos para optimizar el uso de la misma. El algoritmo resultante se denomina EntropicAAF y ha sido evaluado como uno de los algoritmos más exitosos para las búsquedas semánticas P2P bajo todas las condiciones. / [CA] La popular tendència de distribuir càrrega i recursos en el camp de la computació s'ha estès cap a les xarxes d'ordinadors a través del concepte de connexions d'igual a igual (de l'anglès, peer to peer o P2P). P2P és un model simètric on cada node de la xarxa disposa del mateix nombre de capacitats i recursos. P2P, considerat originàriament només una estructura situada al servidor complementària al model client-servidor simple, ha provat tindre el suficient potencial per ella mateixa, amb múltiples beneficis ben coneguts: una bona tolerància a errades i recuperació, una satisfactòria escalabilitat i una intrínseca distribució de càrrega. No obstant, contràriament al client-servidor, les xarxes P2P requereixen solucions sofisticades a tots els nivells, que varien des de l'organització de la xarxa a la localització de recursos i la seua gestió. En aquesta tesi s'adreça un dels problemes clau de les xarxes P2P: ser capaç de realitzar eficientment cerques de recursos de naturalesa semàntica sota condicions realistes i dinàmiques. Existeixen nombroses solucions a aquest tema basades en la computació simple, evolutiva i també basades en l'estimèrgia (de l'anglès, stigmergy), però pocs esforços s'han realitzat per intentar resoldre l'ampli conjunt de reptes existent. En primer lloc, les xarxes P2P reals són rarament estàtiques: els nodes es connecten, desconnecten i canvien els seus continguts. A més a més, la incorporació trivial de cerques semàntiques als algorismes existents causa una disminució significant de l'eficiència de la cerca. En aquesta recerca s'ha construït una solució incremental, començant pel sistema clàssic de colònia de formigues (de l'anglés, Ant Colony System o ACS) dins de la metaheurística d'optimització de colònies de formigues (de l'anglès, Ant Colony Optimization o ACO). ACO és un entorn algorísmic utilitzat per cercar en grafs i que aborda el problema de forma satisfactòria, tot i que no proveeix d'una solució immediata a cap dels problemes anteriorment mencionats. Primer, s'ha proposat una variant eficient d'ACS en xarxes P2P estructurades (en forma d'hipercub) a través d'un algorisme de processament post-camí el qual s'ha anomenat en anglès Tabu Route Optimization (TRO). A continuació, s'ha procedit a resoldre el problema del dinamisme de les xarxes amb un enfocament de difusió d'informació compatible amb ACO. Com a conseqüència, s'ha intentat incorporar la component semàntica de les cerques. Aquest enfocament inicial al problema s'ha realitzat permetent a ACS diferenciar entre tipus de cerques amb la idea de ''feromona per concepte'', i s'ha anomenat a aquest producte Routing Concept ACS o RC-ACS. RC-ACS és una implementació multi-feromona robusta i estàtica d'ACS. No obstant, s'ha pogut concloure que l'enfocament de feromona per concepte ofereix només una escalabilitat limitada i no pot ser considerada una solució global. En aquest respecte s'ha realitzat progrés posteriorment introduint una nova idea a RC-ACS: la creació dinàmica de feromones, la qual reemplaça a l'assignació un a un de les mateixes. A l'algorisme resultant se l'ha anomenat en anglès Angry Ant Framework (AAF). En AAF es creen nous nivells de feromones a mesura que es necessiten durant la cerca, i no abans d'aquesta. El progrés final s'ha aconseguit quan s'ha permès a AAF, no sols crear nivells de feromones, sinó reassignar-los per optimitzar la utilització de feromones. L'algorisme resultant s'ha anomenat EntropicAAF i ha sigut avaluat com un dels algorismes per a cerques semàntiques P2P amb millors prestacions. / Krynicki, KK. (2016). Ant Colony Algorithms for the Resolution of Semantic Searches in P2P Networks [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61293 / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales / Compendio

During the 1980s, an acute and deadly epidemic appeared in the United States. AIDS, a disease that initially affected mainly gay men, required a rapid and effective treatment. Due to tough regulations form government agencies and the stigma surrounding the disease, it would take a long time for a treatment to be developed. To break the silence, demand action and push for changes to combat the AIDS epidemic, the activist group ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) was formed. A network formed around their actions that created an environment capable of developing new treatment methods. Using interviews, articles, and reports, this analysis will draw on Actor-Network Theory (ANT) to examine how ACT UP mobilizes lay expertise and navigates conflicts within its network to influence research processes and AIDS treatment. This analysis highlights the mobilization of lay expertise and shows how the constructive management of conflicts within networks can play a crucial role in challenging established research structures, influencing decision-making processes, and ultimately shaping the response to public health crises like the AIDS epidemic.

L'insediamento retico-romano del Doss Penede, sito d’altura situato nelle attuali pertinenze del comune di Nago-Torbole (TN), è indagato dal 2019 dal Doss Penede Project, programma di ricerca nato dalla collaborazione tra l’Università degli Studi di Trento, la Soprintendenza dei Beni Culturali della Provincia Autonoma di Trento e il Comune di Nago-Torbole, al fine di approfondire gli studi sulle sporadiche emergenze archeologiche restituite dal dosso sin dagli anni ’90. Già al termine della prima campagna di scavi, ci si è resi conto dell’enorme potenziale informativo delle evidenze messe in luce: si trattava di un sito di notevole espansione e non solo di pochi resti murari, pertanto, grazie al protocollo di intesa stipulato tra le istituzioni, si ha avuto la possibilità di proseguire e ampliare le indagini. I dati raccolti rivelano che l’insediamento del Doss Penede è caratterizzato da una lunga sequenza insediativa; si parla di un arco cronologico compreso tra l'età del Bronzo Finale e la fine del III - inizio del IV d.C., a cui, probabilmente, segue una fase di utilizzo nel tardo medioevo e nell'età moderna. Nelle cinque campagne di scavo (2019-2023) si è stati in grado di mettere in luce strutture riferibili al Bronzo Recente, alla seconda età del Ferro e sono stati intercettati almeno 13 edifici in uso in età romana. Gli edifici romani, perlopiù monovano, si dispongono su terrazzamenti isorientati collegati tra loro da scalinate monumentali e sono caratterizzati da strutture murarie interamente di pietra. Il buono stato di conservazione dei lacerti murari (alcuni si conservano in alzato per oltre 2 m) ha rappresentato una rara opportunità di studio per l’area dell’Alto Garda trentino, ovvero quella di poter colmare la lacuna bibliografica riguardante le pratiche costruttive e le tecniche edificatorie di età romana. Nonostante la capillare presenza della Soprintendenza sul territorio, infatti, i dati archeologici di età romana non godono del medesimo grado di approfondimento di quello concesso alle testimonianze di epoca protostorica o tardoantica/altomedievale. L’approccio con il quale è stato concepito lo studio sui modi di costruire dell’insediamento si basa, quindi, sulla volontà di apportare un ulteriore contributo alle ricerche in corso sulle dinamiche insediative dell’altogardesano. Per la conduzione delle analisi, si è deciso di mettere a punto uno strumento descrittivo specificatamente dedicato alle strutture del Doss Penede, le cui peculiarità mal si inseriscono nelle casistiche esistenti. Ogni elemento costitutivo è stato considerato come parte di un sistema più ampio e come diretta espressione della ratio aedificandi dell’insediamento, frutto dell’interazione tra una radicata tradizione costruttiva indigena e una tradizione tecnicamente ed esteticamente avanzata come quella romana. Nell’ottica di queste considerazioni, si inseriscono le riflessioni sui materiali da costruzione e sulla loro possibile provenienza, le analisi sulle malte, le valutazioni sugli elementi fittili da copertura, ma anche le ipotesi circa l’organizzazione planimetrica degli insediamenti ecc. Gli aspetti presi in esame sono molti e tra loro eterogenei, ma, tentando una sintesi, si potrebbero inquadrare in sei macro-ambiti di riferimento: -Approccio metodologico; -Contesto storico-archeologico; -Materiali da costruzione; -Pratiche edificatorie e dinamiche di cantiere; -Tecniche costruttive dei paramenti; -Aspetti stratigrafici e cronologici. I dati, elaborati secondo il percorso appena illustrato, hanno spinto a considerare la realtà di Nago come una singolarità all’interno del contesto altogardesano trentino e hanno consolidato l’ipotesi secondo cui il Doss Penede potrebbe aver ricoperto un ruolo di spicco nella gerarchia del territorio. Per quanto riguarda nello specifico le tecniche edificatorie, invece, si crede che la testimonianza di Nago possa costituire un elemento di rilevanza nel percorso di comprensione delle cosiddette dinamiche di “romanizzazione” o “acculturazione”. Grazie al riconoscimento delle principali fasi edilizie e allo studio delle varie tecniche, si propone una lettura interpretativa di quelle caratteristiche costruttive, in cui confluiscono sia elementi tradizionali protostorici che romani. A quanto ci è dato sapere, il presente lavoro costituisce un primo tentativo di indagine sistematica di evidenze architettoniche di epoca romana in area trentina. Per la trasversalità dell’approccio metodologico e per il tentativo di legare le considerazioni di ambito costruttivo ad un più ampio contesto economico, sociale e culturale, si crede che questa ricerca rappresenti un prodotto innovativo rispetto a quanto pubblicato sino ad ora.

This research deals with the phenomenon of anthropomorphic vessels between the 7th and the beginning of the 5th millennium BC in a vast area that includes the Italian peninsula with Sicily, Central Europe, the Balkans and the Near East. The survey concerned 927 specimens from 229 sites. The formal analysis of the artifacts belonging to the cultures attested between Mesopotamia and the Rhine river allowed to establish the times and vectors of diffusion of this tradition before its arrival in Italy, as well as to hypothesize the connections that have transmitted the tradition of the anthropomorphic vessel to the Neolithic farming communities in the south-east of southern Italy. The study of Italian finds has led to the recognition of four main areas affected by the phenomenon and has allowed us to define their styles. An important part of the study was the examination of the archaeological contexts of the finds, in order to understand the possible spheres of use. In particular, the research allowed us to highlight the frequent and widespread presence of the anthropomorphic vessel in waste pits together with a series of symbolic objects: a constant presence and therefore not random, which is a hint of deliberate deposition of selected materials. This circumstance suggests that the anthropomorphic vessel belongs to a set of objects of ritual use and that the Neolithic refuse pit, contrary to what is generally believed, should be interpreted also as places of performative activity.

Questo lavoro di ricerca ha come oggetto le architetture religiose, fortificate e civili di epoca bassomedievali conservate in Val Cavallina e sulla sponda occidentale del Sebino nella provincia orientale di Bergamo: questo territorio è privilegiato per la raccolta di dati utili alla definizione della seriazione cronotipologica degli elementi architettonici e dei paramenti murari datati tra XII e XV secolo. La redazione di tavole cronotipologiche è andata oltre l’aspetto tecnico, ma ha ricostruito i fenomeni sociali e politici di questo territorio in epoca bassomedievale: la costruzione dei castelli e delle torri condizionò la nuova rete insediativa dei borghi, definendo nuovi punti di aggregazione. Queste nuove costruzioni sono il riflesso di famiglie aristocrazie che utilizzano l’edilizia come strumento di affermazione di forza economica e potere sociale. L’analisi dei corpi di fabbrica condotto col metodo dell’archeologia dell’architettura ha consentito non solo la definizione delle tecniche edilizie, ma anche sulle dinamiche insediative nella provincia orientale di Bergamo. L’edilizia storica è fondamentale per comprendere i modi dell’abitare e di vivere: l’analisi di questi contesti ha consentito di distinguere specifiche tipologie abitative, e di ragionare sulle modalità occupazionali del territorio in epoca bassomedievale, riconoscendo per le due aree d’indagine peculiarità diverse. / This research is related to late medieval age religious, fortified and civil architecture preserved in Val Cavallina and on the western side of Iseo Lake, in the eastern province of Bergamo: this territory is privileged for the collection of data useful for the definition of the chrono-typological seriation of architectural elements and walls, dating from the twelfth and fifteenth centuries. Chrono-typological tablets exceed technical aspects, and reconstruct the social and political appearance of this territory in the late medieval age: the construction of castles and towers conditioned the new settlement of villages, setting new aggregation points. These new buildings are a reflection of aristocracy’s families, who builds as statement of economic and social power strength. The insight of the buildings made with the archeological method allowed the definition of building techniques, and the settlement dynamics in the eastern province of Bergamo. The historic building is crucial to understand the ways to live: the analysis of medieval buildings has allowed distinguishing specific typology of houses and the occupational way to set the territory in the late medieval age; every area has his architectural peculiarities.

La thèse étudie les applications dites citoyennes pour mobiles et web qui sont développées en réponse aux problèmes publics variés et basées sur le principe de crowdsourcing. Elle s’intéresse à la fois à la conception de ces dispositifs, à leurs usages et aux façons dont ces outils transforment la communication des citoyens entre eux, et avec les pouvoirs publics. Elle explore les nouveaux formats d’innovation, comme les hackathons civiques, et interroge l’usage du code informatique en tant que nouvel instrument d’action collective.La thèse mobilise une méthodologie qui puise dans les répertoires des STS, de la sociologie des problèmes publics, de la science politique, des sciences de l’information et communication. Appuyée sur l’étude d'applications citoyennes en France et en Russie, elle pose différentes questions : comment traduit-on les problèmes publics en code informatique ; qu’est-ce que ces applications font et font faire ?; comment transforment-elles la participation citoyenne ?La recherche montre que les interfaces des applications façonnent et standardisent la participation en se basant sur les documents de référence : les lois, les réglementations normatives et techniques. Cependant, la standardisation a ses limites : se focalisant sur les moments de faille et des épreuves, telles que les tests, les mises à jour, le débogage des applications, l’enquête rend visibles les détournements et les bricolages mis en place par les usagers qui dépassent le cadrage par les interfaces et participent à la fois à la réécriture des applications et à la redéfinition des problèmes publics.La comparaison entre applications développées par les administrations publiques et projets portés par la société civile permet de distinguer deux façons de communiquer : les chaînes courtes et les chaînes longues. Sans les opposer, la thèse se place dans « l’entre-deux » et analyser les articulations, les agencements de ces réseaux socio-techniques. / The PhD dissertation studies new digital participative technologies called "civic apps", applications for mobile and web developed in response to a large scope of public problems and based on the principle of crowdsourcing. The research focuses on the conception of these tools, their usages and the way these tools transform the communication among citizens and between citizens and public administrations. It also explores new formats of civic tech innovation, such as civic hackathons, and question the usage of programming code as a new tool of collective action.The thesis calls upon the methodologies of sociology of science and technology, sociology of public problems, political science and science of information and communication. Based on a case-study of several civic apps in France and Russia, the inquiry adresses the following question: how does the translation of public problems into programming code occur ? And how do these applications transform civic participation?The research shows that the interfaces standardize and format the practices of participation, using documents such as laws, technical norms and standards. However, this standardization has its limits. Focusing on the moments of failure and trial, such as tests, updates or debug of applications, the inquiry highlights the practices of bricolage and detournement, deployed by users in order to overcome the framing by design and participate in the rewriting of the applications.The thesis compares civic applications with the applications developed by public administrations and distinguishes two models of communication called the "long chains" and the "short chains". However, instead of opposing administrative and civic initiatives, the thesis proposes to think from "in-between", analyzing the articulations and arrangements of these socio-technical networks.