Orientador: Mário De Beni Arrigoni / Banca: Rafael da Costa Cervieri / Banca: Flávio Augusto Portela Santos / Resumo: Esse estudo, conduzido no confinamento experimental da UNESP - Botucatu, foi realizado para testar anticorpos contra as bactérias ruminais S. bovis e F. necrophorum e várias cepas de bactérias proteolíticas sobre o desempenho e incidências de paraqueratose ruminal (IPR) e abscesso hepático em bovinos jovens com diferentes graus de sangue Zebu. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 3X2 em parcelas subdivididas com três repetições (4 animais/baia), aonde três grupos genéticos (24 Tri-Cross (TC) - ½ Brangus, ¼ Angus, ¼ Nelore; 24 Canchim (CC) - ⅝ Charolais, ⅜ Nelore e 24 Nelores (NE)) e dois aditivos alimentares (anticorpos policlonais - 10 ml/cabeça/dia (AP) e monensina sódica - 30 mg/kg de dieta (MN)) foram as variáveis estudadas em três períodos de coleta de dados, correspondentes as três dietas com níveis crescentes de concentrado (73, 82 e 85%). Não houve interação (P>0,05) entre os grupos genéticos e os aditivos alimentares estudados. Animais suplementados com AP apresentaram similares (P>0,05) ganho de peso diário (GPD), ingestão de matéria seca em quilos (IMSKG), conversão alimentar (CA) e custo para ganhar um quilo de peso vivo que aqueles suplementados com MN. A ingestão de matéria seca em porcentagem do peso vivo (IMSPV) foi maior (P<0,05) para animais suplementados com AP que aqueles suplementados com MN. As IMSPV e IMSKG foram maiores na dieta de 73% de concentrado (P<0,05) para animais suplementados com AP e não diferiram entre os aditivos alimentares para as outras duas dietas (P>0,05). Conforme as dietas propostas, GPD e IMSPV diminuíram (P<0,05) e CA e IMSKG aumentaram, linearmente, durante o estudo (P<0,05). Animais suplementados com AP apresentarem menor (P=0,09) IPR que àqueles suplementados com MN. TC e CC apresentaram maiores (P<0,05) IMS e GDP e melhor (P<0,05) CA que NE. Rumens de NE mostraram, significativamente (P<0,05), maiores IPR que TC e CC. / Abstract: This study, conducted at the São Paulo State University feedlot, Botucatu Campus, Brazil, was designed to test antibodies against S. bovis, F. necrophorum, and several strains of proteolytic bacteria (RMT) on performance and parakeratosis and liver abscesses incidences of Bos indicus-based types (BIBT). The experiment was designed as a split plot 3X2 factorial scheme, replicated thrice (4 bulls/pen), in which 24 8-mo-old bulls (297 kg) of each of three BIBT: 3-way cross (½ Brangus, ¼ Angus, ¼ Nellore; TC), Canchim (⅝ Charolais, ⅜ Nellore; CC), or Nellore (NE) were fed one of two diets containing either monensin (MO) at 30 mg/kg of diet or RMT at 10 mL/head/d and evaluated in increasing levels of concentrate (73, 82 and 85%). There were no interactions (P>0.05) between breed type and feed additives. Bulls fed RMT had similar (P>0.05) average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake in kilos (DMIKG), cost to gain one kilo of body weight and feed conversion (FC) as those fed MO. When analyzed as percentage of BW, bulls fed RMT consumed (P<0.05) more feed than those fed MO. DMIKG and DMIBW were higher in 73% concentrate but did not differ in the others two diets evaluated. According to diets offered, ADG and DMIBW were reduced (P<0.05) and DMIKG and FC (P<0.05) were increased as the level of concentrate in the diet got higher. Bulls fed RMT to have lesser (P=0.09) rumen parakeratosis scores than those fed MO. TC and CC had greater (P<0.05) DMI and ADG, and better (P<0.05) FC than NE. Rumens from NE bulls had greater (P<0.05) parakeratosis scores than CC and TC. Just one liver abscess was found in this study what led to conclude as no abscesses incidence. Feeding RMT enhanced intake of Bos indicus-based bulls fed 73% concentrate diet while maintaining rumen health, and permitting performance similar to that of bulls fed monensin. RMT could be an eventual substitute if monensin was really prohibited. / Mestre

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The colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) is expressed by the mononuclear phagocytic lineage, and is important for the development of these cells from their progenitors and also for promoting their survival and activation after maturation. The receptor has two ligands, CSF-1 and IL-34, which induce the formation of a stable dimer between two receptor monomers. This leads to intracellular autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues and subsequent signalling cascades, leading to rapid protein expression, cytoskeleton remodelling and cellular motility. Although CSF-1R signalling is crucial for normal embryogenic development and other physiological functions mediated by the phagocytic lineage, it has also been found to promote the pathogenic progression of cancer. Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) can comprise a large proportion of the cellular population in several solid tumours. These cells promote several hallmarks of cancer malignancy, such as increased neovascularization, tissue invasion, induction of metastases and immunosuppression. In this work, it was confirmed that CSF-1 had a prominent role in inducing cancer-promoting cellular phenotypes. Both canine cancer cells and macrophages respond to this cytokine, respectively increasing cancer cell proliferation and reducing inflammatory activation. Given the importance of CSF-1R signalling in the tumour microenvironment, antibodies were generated with the objective of blocking receptor function. Mice were immunized with either the extracellular region or the dimerization domain of the CSF-1R. Hybridomas were produced using the primed splenocytes, and monoclonal antibody (mAb) candidates were selected based on their performance in immunostaining and on their capacity to inhibit CSF-1R+ cells. The best antibodies were subjected to speciation. Chimeric antibodies maintained the ability of the parental mAbs to inhibit macrophage proliferation following CSF-1R stimulation. However, the mAbs possessed moderate affinity and specificity for their target, failing to stain monocytes and presenting a degree of cross-reactivity. The binding properties of one of such mAbs were altered by PCR-induced mutations, generating semi-synthetic antibody libraries. These were screened by phage display, yielding novel clones that show reduced cross-reactivity with unrelated proteins and retain the property of inhibiting macrophage survival. These results are a step in the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for cancer treatment in dogs.

HIV-2 is a contemporary human retrovirus with the majority of infections localised to West Africa. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are able to cause AIDS; however, in contrast to HIV-1 infection, a common outcome following HIV-2 infection (&Tilde; 37&percnt; of patients in this study cohort) is long-term non-progression (LTNP), where patients remain aviraemic and asymptomatic in the absence of treatment, often for decades. HIV-1 and HIV-2 both arose following zoonotic transmission of SIVs from non-human primates at around the beginning of the 20^th century and when patients develop AIDS caused by HIV-2 infection, it is clinically indistinguishable from AIDS following HIV-1 infection. Whilst the estimated number of HIV-2 infections remains small in the context of the global HIV pandemic (HIV-2 &Tilde; 2 million, HIV-1 group M &Tilde;75 million), the differences in pathogenicity between these two viruses has been a source of great interest, particularly the features of LTNPs that allow control of viral replication in the absence of anti-retroviral treatment. The studies described in this thesis were carried out using samples collected from a well-characterised longitudinal community cohort in Cai&oacute;, Guinea-Bissau. Chapter 3 of this thesis presents an investigation into the variation and evolution present in the HIV-2 specific accessory gene vpx. The data showed significantly increased signals of positive selection pressure in vpx in viraemic when compared to non-viraemic patients and also allowed the identification of novel variations at high frequencies (up to 22&percnt;) in this cohort that were previously un-described. Chapters 4 and 5 present a novel application of shotgun RNA sequencing (RNA- Seq) to HIV ex vitro and ex vivo samples. Chapter 4 demonstrates the divergence seen in a cultured viral isolate at the level of the whole genome, in the absence of many of the biases typically involved in sequencing of RNA viruses. Chapter 5 further extends this method to show the applicability of using RNA-Seq on primary patient HIV samples for the first time. Analysis of diversity estimates over the whole genome in the context of a low bias sequencing method show a high level of diversity in HIV-2 pol and low diversity in vpx. The aim of this work was to combine traditional and novel sequencing methods to facilitate assessment of the variation and evolution acting on vpx and to generate an accurate picture of the genetic diversity over the whole genome of HIV-2.

The antibody response has evolved under constant pressure to recognize common pathogens and also remain adaptable to novel threats. Given the limited size of the germline antibody repertoire, adaptability requires that some antibodies must be polyspecific for multiple distinct antigens. Despite the profound importance of polyspecificity in the antibody response, the structural features that allow it are not well understood. Antibodies raised against glycoconjugates of Chlamydiaceae LPS oligosaccharides of the inner-core sugar Kdo (3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid) have been shown to cross-react with several inner-core oligosaccharides through conserved recognition of single Kdo residues in a germline-encoded pocket, with additional sugars accommodated by flexible side-chains. Two of these antibodies, S25-2 and S25-39, were observed to bind several Kdo oligosaccharides with an identical binding site conformation, but adopted unique conformations of the heavy chain complementarity determining region loop 3 (CDR H3) in the absence of ligand. Conformational flexibility of germline antibodies is believed to facilitate polyspecificity by generating multiple unique binding sites in a single antibody. This thesis research further explores the conformational flexibility of the antibodies S25-2 and S25-39 to gain insight into mechanisms of antigen recognition and how this feature may allow polyspecificity. This was achieved first by solving structures of S25-39 from crystals grown in unique conditions to observe alternate CDR H3 conformations, and second by designing synthetic Kdo-based antigens so as both to inhibit interaction with the previously observed liganded conformation of S25-2 and S25-39 and to be accommodated by their observed unliganded conformations. These structures reveal an unprecedented level of structural diversity of CDR H3, notably including the exact ‘liganded’ conformation in the absence of ligand. This is the first direct structural evidence that CDR H3 can exist in a conformational equilibrium with antigen binding through a selection mechanism, as opposed to induced fit where antigen causes the observed conformational change. Definitive evidence for binding the synthetic antigens was not obtained, however the resulting structures revealed several additional unique conformations of CDR H3 suggesting that ligands can alter conformational equilibria during crystallization. A unique conformation was also observed with CDR H3 coordinating multiple iodide ions, revealing another potential source of polyspecificity with unique binding paratopes generated by ion coordination. Finally, the unparalleled level of conformational diversity observed for these antibodies highlights the challenges of antibody structure classification and prediction, and stresses the need for additional in-depth studies of conformational diversity and binding mechanisms to advance these fields for therapeutic application. This is the first targeted structural study of flexibility in antibodies and provides insight into their conformational dynamics and antigen-binding mechanisms. These are of fundamental importance in understanding antibody structure and function, a critical consideration in practical applications such as modelling and design of therapeutic or diagnostic antibodies. / Graduate / 2019-11-27

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:35:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pacheco_rdl_me_botfmvz.pdf: 741471 bytes, checksum: 835d6c59d074a8b55c1a6e52dd8cf20b (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os possíveis impactos causados pela suplementação de anticorpos policlonais Y contra Streptococcus bovis, Fusobacterium necrophorum e algumas cepas de bacterias proteolíticas, ou monensina sódica na carcaça e qualidade de carne de bovinos jovens. Foram usados 72 animais, sendo 24 nelores puros, NE, 24 canchins (3/8 Nelore e 5/8 Charolês, CC) e 24 Tri-cross (½ sangue Brangus, ¼ Nelore e ¼ Angus, TC), desmamados com sete meses de idade. Os animais foram alimentados com dieta de alta proporção de concentrado duas vezes ao dia, no período da manhã e tarde e monitorados a cada 28 dias com ultra-som em tempo real. Não houve interação (P>0,05) aditivo x grupo genético. NE apresentaram menor (P<0,05) peso inicial, final, área de olho de lombo e quantidade de ácidos graxos saturados e maior CLA (P<0,01) quando comparados aos outros grupos genéticos. CC apresentou maior (P<0,05) área de olho de lombo e menor (P<0,05) espessura de gordura subcutânea, comparando TC e NE. TC obteve menor (P<0,05) rendimento de carcaça e força de cisalhamento. O grupo suplementado com anticorpos obteve menor rendimento de carcaça, enquanto não houve efeito de aditivo para os demais parâmetros avaliados. O uso de anticorpos não afetou negativamente os parâmetros estudados neste trabalho, salvo o rendimento de carcaça. / The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of feed additive (300 mg monensin/hd, MO, vs 10 mL/hd of a polyclonal antibody preparation against lactateproducing bacteria, PAP ) or biotype (Nellore, NE, Canchim cross, 5/8 Charolais, 3/8 Nellore, CC, or a 3-way cross, ½ Brangus, ¼ Nellore and ¼ Angus, TC) on ultrasound (US)-assessed measures of fat and ribeye area, carcass characteristics, and longissimus dorsi tenderness (shear force, SF, and myofibrillar fragmentation index, MFI) of bullocks fed high-concentrate diets. 72 bullocks were allocated in a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement replicated thrice (4 bullocks/pen) of feed additive (FA) and biotype (GG), and monitored monthly for a 107-d (CC and TC) or 147-d (NE) feeding period. Analyses of variance included the initial measurement covariate when appropriate (P < 0.05). Final (BW) and hot carcass weight (HCW) were unaffected (P < 0.05) by FA, but were lower (P < 0.05) for NE than CC and TC. Dressing percentage (DP) was lower (P < 0.05) for TC than NE and CC bullocks. Monensin had greater (P < 0.05) DP than PAP. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of FA on monthly measurements of fat depth (BFT), rump fat (P8), visceral fat (VF), ribeye area (REA), or SF and MFI. Bullocks of CC biotype were leaner (P < 0.05; less BFT and P8) than those of TC and NE biotypes. Bullocks of NE biotype had smaller (P < 0.05) REA than those of CC and TC biotypes. Steaks of TC biotype had lower (P < 0.05) SF values than those of the other biotypes. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in MFI or VF due to biotypes. NE presented greater (P<0,01) concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids and CLA. Other than effects of PAP on DP, PAP did not affect carcass fat, REA or tenderness.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:29:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 guilherme_grb_me_botfm.pdf: 2588332 bytes, checksum: 8ef4f30634a7a7abfb353bf08791a95c (MD5) / Fundação para o Desenvolvimento Médico e Hospitalar (Famesp) / Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo / O sistema imunológico é dividido em imunidade natural e adquirido (humoral e celular). Os linfócitos B são os principais efetores da resposta humoral. Junto aos linfócitos T, mediam diversas reações imunológicas. Todos os leucócitos possuem antígenos de superfície (clusters of differentiation – CD) determinados que possuem as mais diferentes funções. As expressões destes CDs podem variar na maturação e na presença de patologias, sendo as de maior prevalência e gravidade as leucemias e linfomas, tornando-se marcadores importantes que podem ser avaliados por citometria de fluxo ou imunoquímica através do uso de anticorpos monoclonais murinos (AcMm). Após produção dos AcMm é necessário caracterizar e validá-los. Utilizou-se 11 clones que apresentaram especificidade somente contra linfócitos B. Pela técnica de Western Blotting, 5 anticorpos (3 do tipo IgM e 2 do tipo IgG) foram escolhidos de acordo com sua possível especificidade e importância clínica. A validação dos anticorpos tipo IgM foi realizada por citometria de fluxo utilizando anticorpo comercial para comparação de quantidade de células marcadas, sendo testados em 20 amostras de indivíduos normais e 20 de indivíduos portadores de neoplasias hematológicas diversas. O LINB B, que foi comparado com o anti-CD171 e anti-CD45RA, apresentando diferença estatística somente em relação ao anti-CD45RA, e identidade com o anti-CD171. O LINB C, que foi comparado com o anti-CD20 e anti-CD19, não apresentou diferença estatística significante quando frente a ambos anticorpos comerciais. No teste de regressão linear, houve maior correlação dos resultados com o anti-CD19. O LINB E foi comparado somente contra o anti-CD107b, havendo grande identidade entre os dois. Dos resultados apresentados, conclui-se que o LINBs B e E apresentam grandes chances de serem específicos contra... / The immunological system is divided into: natural immunity and acquired immunity (celular and humoral responses). The B lymphocytes are the main effectors of the humoral response. Together with the T lymphocytes, they make several immunological reactions. All leucocytes have antigens on the surface (clusters of differentiation – CD) that possess lot of functions. The expressions of these CDs may be altered during maturation and pathologies, like leukemia and lymphomas, becoming important markers that can be evaluated by flow cytometry or immunochemistry thought murine monoclonals antibodies (Mab). After production of Mabs it´s necessary characterize and validated them. We used 11 clones that presented Mab against B lymphocytes only. By Western Blotting method 5 Mab (3 IgM and 2 IgG) were chosen according you possible especifity and clinical importance. The validation of IgM Mabs were made by flow cytometry using commercial antibody to compare the quantity of marked cells, being used 20 samples from normal people and 20 samples from person with hematological cancer. The LINB B, compared to anti-CD171 and anti-CD45RA, presented statistical difference from anti-CD45RA and identity to anti-CD171. The LINB C, compared to anti-CD19 and anti-CD20, didn´t presented any statistical difference from both commercial antibodies, although it correlates better with anti-CD19. The LINB E was compared to anti-CD107b, where it appears great identity between then. By the present results, we conclude that LINB B and E need multicentre studies to expand validation, and LINB C, needs to increase the samples to have a statistical validation. The two IgGs LINB, possible anti-CD138, weren´t test yet.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:48:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 braga_prc_me_botfmvz.pdf: 1253627 bytes, checksum: 841018a463fea183c2e1b5ae5a1e9c0a (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência de anticorpos contra o vírus da arterite eqüina, utilizando a técnica de soroneutralização viral em 1.400 eqüinos criados nas Mesorregiões Macro Metropolitana Paulista e Campinas, pertencentes a 42 municípios do estado de São Paulo (SP), Brasil entre os meses de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2008. Do total das amostras, 80 (5,71%) apresentaram anticorpos para o vírus (títulos entre 4 e 4096). Dentre os 42 municípios amostrados, 15 (35,7%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal sororeagente. Foram analisadas 238 propriedades das quais 41 apresentaram ao menos um animal sororeagente. A ocorrência de animais reagentes foi maior em cavalos destinados ao esporte, particularmente das raças de Salto e Quarto de Milha e foi semelhante entre machos e fêmeas. A ocorrência também foi maior em animais acima de 24 meses de idade. Os resultados obtidos sugerem a circulação do vírus nos criatórios amostrados e alertam para o impacto econômico- sanitário da doença para a eqüideocultura do estado de São Paulo / This study investigate the occurence of arteritis virus antibodies using virus neutralization teste in 1,400 equines from Campinas and Macro Metropolitan Paulista Mesoregions which belong to the 42 cities located on State of Sao Paulo, Brazil between january of 2007 until december of 2008. All the samples, 80 (5.71%) showed antibodies to equine arteritis virus (titers ranging from 4 to 4096). Among the 42 cities, 15 (35.7%) presented at least one positive animal to equine arteritis virus. Were studied 238 farms, and from these 41 showed at least one soropositive animal. The prevalence was higher in sport horses like Jumping Horses, Quarter Horses and was similar between females and males. The seropositive ocurrence was higher in animals above 24 months of age. These results suggest the circulation of virus among horse population in farms sampled and alert to sanitary and economical importance of this disease for the Sao Paulo State equine husbandry