Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:06:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaLA_DISSERT.pdf: 1373580 bytes, checksum: b6d1fadb02e71d1c4e9e654613860d81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-06 / Research about teacher education, carried out in the area of Applied Linguistics (AL), reveals the importance of reflective practices in the professional development of teachers. With the aim of contributing to this area, we present this case study conducted at a technical school in Natal, RN. The corpus of the study is formed mainly from the teacher‟s discourse, generated during a stimulated recall session and the instruments used to collect the data: an initial questionnaire, a video recording of a class and the text transcript of the stimulated recall session. The central objective is to understand the way in which the reflection-on-action (SCH?N, 1983, 1987) can contribute to raise the awareness of an English as a Foreign Language teacher (EFL) about her actions in the classroom. With this proposal, we begin our discussion presenting the origins, the presuppositions and characteristics of the concept of reflection according to Sch?n (1983, 1987), and supported by other authors (PERRENOUD, 2002; G?MEZ, 1995; IMBERN?N, 2009, among others); of critical reflection (LISTON e ZEICHNER, 1993; PIMENTA, 2002; DUTRA e MELLO, 2004, among others); and of the process of critical reflection (SMYTH, 1992). To evidence the reflections that emerge in the teacher‟s discourse, we found support in the theories and methods of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), which was initially proposed by Halliday (1985, 1994), Halliday and Hasan (1989), Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) and followers, such as, Eggins (1994), Thompson (1996), among others. We focus mainly on the subsystem of Attitude, an integral component of the system of discourse resources, Appraisal, presented by Martin (2000), Martin and Rose (2003, 2007), Martin and White (2005). The results reveal that the actions of the teacher in the classroom reflect not only her professional experiences, but also her values and concepts about teaching/learning languages. The results also show the teacher‟s awareness of the need for changes in her practices. Faced with these findings, we believe that this study reveals important concepts that can direct teacher educators to rethink new ways of approaching teacher training courses. In addition, it also reveals the importance of discourse analysis based on a systemic functional approach. / Pesquisas sobre forma??o de professores realizadas na ?rea de Lingu?stica Aplicada (LA) revelam a import?ncia da pr?tica reflexiva no desenvolvimento do profissional docente. Visando apresentar contribui??es nessa ?rea, esta pesquisa mostra um estudo de caso desenvolvido em uma escola t?cnica na cidade de Natal/RN. Seu corpus ? formado principalmente do discurso de uma professora, gerado durante uma sess?o de visionamento. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta dos dados foram um question?rio inicial, a grava??o de uma aula em v?deo e o texto transcrito da sess?o de visionamento. O objetivo central ? compreender o modo pelo qual a reflex?o-sobre-a-a??o (SCH?N, 1983, 1987) pode contribuir para a tomada de consci?ncia de uma professora de Ingl?s como L?ngua Estrangeira (ILE) sobre suas a??es em sala de aula. Com esse prop?sito, iniciamos nossa discuss?o apresentando as origens, os pressupostos e as caracter?sticas do conceito de reflex?o de acordo com Sch?n (1983, 1987), e complementado por outros autores (PERRENOUD, 2002; G?MEZ, 1995; IMBERN?N, 2009, dentre outros); de reflex?o cr?tica (LISTON e ZEICHNER, 1993; PIMENTA, 2002; DUTRA e MELLO, 2004, entre outros) e do processo de reflex?o cr?tica (SMYTH, 1992). Para evidenciar as reflex?es que emergem no discurso da professora, buscamos suporte te?rico-metodol?gico na Gram?tica Sist?mico-Funcional (GSF), proposta inicialmente por Halliday (1985, 1994), Halliday e Hasan (1989), Halliday e Mathiessen (2004) e seguidores, tais como Eggins (1994), Thompson (1996), entre outros. Focamos especificamente no subsistema de Atitude, parte integrante do sistema de Avaliatividade apresentado por Martin (2000), Martin e Rose (2003, 2007), Martin e White (2005). Os resultados revelaram que as a??es da professora em sala de aula refletem n?o apenas sua experi?ncia profissional, mas tamb?m seus valores e concep??es de ensino-aprendizagem de l?nguas. Eles tamb?m demonstram sua conscientiza??o para a necessidade de mudan?as de sua pr?tica pedag?gica. Diante desses achados, acredita-se que este estudo revela concep??es importantes que podem levar os formadores de professores a repensar novas formas de abordar os cursos de forma??o docente, al?m de revelar a import?ncia da an?lise do discurso sob a perspectiva sist?mico-funcional.

A sistematização da avaliação de desempenho, levando-se em consideração a história da organização do trabalho, apresenta uma trajetória relativamente recente. Entretanto, o ato de avaliar sempre esteve presente no processo evolutivo da humanidade e o ser humano, desde o seu nascimento, é constantemente avaliado no âmbito de seus pares. O objetivo geral do estudo consistiu em analisar o processo de avaliação de desempenho de profissionais da saúde em uma instituição hospitalar pública. Desse eixo, desdobraram-se os objetivos específicos: caracterizar aspectos do ato de avaliar e do espaço/momento de ser avaliado na percepção dos sujeitos envolvidos nesse processo; identificar os aspectos que dinamizam e/ou obstaculizam o processo de avaliação de desempenho e discutir com a equipe multiprofissional estratégias facilitadoras do processo de avaliação de desempenho. Em Paulo Freire encontrou-se o marco teórico conceitual para ancorar a questão de estudo. A pesquisa tramitou na Plataforma Brasil, obtendo aprovação sob o CAAE número 47689015.0.0000.5347 e foi desenvolvida com profissionais da saúde de um hospital público, localizado em Porto Alegre, RS. Propôs-se uma investigação qualitativa, descritiva-exploratória, numa perspectiva dialética-emancipatória, em duas etapas, tendo coletado os dados entre novembro de 2015 e abril de 2016. Na primeira etapa participaram 65 trabalhadores em dupla condição de avaliador-avaliado, mediante preenchimento de um Questionário Semiestruturado Autoaplicado. Os resultados parciais desta etapa constituíram-se nos disparadores dos debates na segunda etapa da pesquisa. Houve três encontros de Grupo Focal com a participação de seis profissionais provenientes da primeira etapa. Para análise dos resultados das questões fechadas do questionário empregou-se a análise descritiva, enquanto que as informações das questões abertas e aquelas oriundas do grupo focal foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo temática e colocadas em diálogo com os conceitos do marco conceitual que norteia o estudo. O perfil dos participantes caracteriza predomínio do sexo feminino (89%), idade média de 42,68 anos, mediana de 18 anos de tempo de serviço na área da saúde e 10 anos na instituição. Na condição de avaliados (35%) e de avaliadores (44%), os respondentes consideram satisfatória a condução da entrevista avaliativa. Já a privacidade e confidencialidade no processo avaliativo é assegurada em ambas condições, alcançando índice de 65% das respostas. Para 51% dos participantes, o instrumento é adequado e supre demandas, mas, embora não explicitados, houve menção a entraves que derivam da cultura organizacional. Nos debates do grupo focal, os trabalhadores sinalizaram que a finalidade da avaliação de desempenho está vinculada à oportunidade para o desenvolvimento profissional, enfatizando a necessidade de alicerçá-la em um contexto dialógico capaz de potencializar a autorreflexão, a troca de saberes e a construção coletiva do conhecimento. Também, foi pontuado a respeito da cultura sobre avaliação de desempenho enquanto dinamizador/obstaculizador do processo avaliativo. Ainda, estratégias foram discutidas pelo grupo, reforçando a consolidação e fomento de espaços para diálogo e o impulso à noção de co-responsabilidade entre avaliador e avaliado para o exercício de um processo avaliativo crítico e propositivo. / Considering the history of work organization, the systematization of performance appraisal is somewhat recent. However, evaluation has always been part of the evolutionary process of mankind, once man is constantly assessed by his peers. This study aims to analyze the process of performance appraisal of professionals in a public hospital. More specifically, it focuses on three objectives: to characterize the evaluation process and the location/moment of one’s state of being assessed under the perspective of the subjects; to identify points that enhance and/or hinder such process; and to discuss with the multi-professional team strategies to facilitate the performance appraisal process. This study was based on Paulo Freire’s conceptual framework. It was submitted to Plataforma Brasil, and approved under the CAAE code 47689015.0.0000.5347. It was carried out with health professionals in a public hospital in Porto Alegre, Brazil. This research employed a qualitative, descriptive-exploratory approach under a dialetical-emancipatory perspective. The data were collected between November 2015 and April 2016. The study comprised two phases. In the first phase, 65 professionals took part in the study both as evaluator and the person being assessed, filling out a Semi-Structured Questionnaire. The partial results from this phase triggered the debates in the second phase of the research. There were three focus group sessions with six professionals from the first phase. Descriptive analysis was employed for the results of the closed-ended questions, while the information gathered from the open-ended questions and focus groups was examined through thematic- content analysis and later discussed based on Freire’s conceptual framework. The subjects were mostly female (89%) and their average age was between 42 and 68 years old. They had been working for approximately 18 years in health care and 10 years at the hospital. The subjects being assessed (35%) as well as the evaluators (44%) considered the conduct of the appraisal interview satisfactory. Privacy and confidentiality of the evaluation process were also ensured in both conditions, reaching 65% of the answers. According to 51% of the participants, the tool is appropriate and meets the demands, but obstacles derived from organizational culture were mentioned, although not explicitly. In the focus group sessions, the employees linked the aim of the performance appraisal to professional development, which reinforces the need to base it on a dialogical context that promotes self-reflection, knowledge exchange, and collective construction of knowledge. Moreover, the subjects also highlighted that the culture of performance appraisal both enhanced and hindered the evaluation process. The group also discussed strategies, which shows the need for fostering opportunities for dialogue as well as for the encouragement of accountability between the evaluator and the one being assessed, in order to promote a critical and constructive evaluation process. / La sistematización de la evaluación de desempeño, llevándose en consideración la historia de la organización del trabajo, presenta una trayectoria relativamente reciente. Sin embargo, el acto de evaluar siempre estuvo presente en el proceso evolutivo de la humanidad y el ser humano, desde su nacimiento, es constantemente evaluado en el ámbito de sus pares. El objetivo general del estudio consistió en analizar el proceso de evaluación de desempeño de profesionales de la salud en una institución hospitalaria pública. De ese eje, se desdoblan los objetivos específicos: caracterizar aspectos del acto de evaluar y del espacio/momento de ser evaluado en la percepción de los sujetos involucrados en ese proceso; identificar los aspectos que dinamizan y/u obstaculizan el proceso de evaluación de desempeño y discutir con el equipo multiprofesional estrategias facilitadoras del proceso de evaluación de desempeño. En Paulo Freire se encontró el marco teórico conceptual para anclar la cuestión de estudio. La investigación tramitó en la Plataforma Brasil, obteniendo aprobación bajo el CAAE número 47689015.0.0000.5347 y fue desarrollada con profesionales de la salud de un hospital público, ubicado en Porto Alegre, RS. Se propuso una investigación cualitativa, descriptiva-exploratoria, en una perspectiva dialéctica-emancipatoria, en dos etapas, habiendo recolectado los datos entre noviembre de 2015 y abril de 2016. En la primera etapa participaron 65 trabajadores en doble condición de evaluador-evaluado, mediante llenado de un Cuestionario Semiestructurado Autoaplicado. Los resultados parciales de esta etapa se constituyeron en los disparadores de los debates en la segunda etapa de la investigación. Hubo tres encuentros de Grupo Focal con la participación de seis profesionales provenientes de la primera etapa. Para análisis de los resultados de las preguntas cerradas del cuestionario se empleó el análisis descriptivo, mientras que las informaciones de los temas abiertos y aquellos oriundos del grupo focal se sometieron al análisis de contenido temático y colocados en diálogo con los conceptos del marco conceptual que guía el estudio. El perfil de los participantes caracteriza predominio del sexo femenino (89%), edad promedio de 42,68 años, mediana de 18 años de tiempo de servicio en el área de la salud y 10 años en la institución. En la condición de evaluados (35%) y de evaluadores (44%), los que respondieron consideran satisfactoria la conducción de la entrevista evaluativa. Ya la privacidad y confidencialidad en el proceso evaluativo es asegurada en ambas condiciones, alcanzando índice del 65% de las respuestas. Para el 51% de los participantes, el instrumento es adecuado y suple demandas, pero, aunque no se explicite, hubo mención a trabas que derivan de la cultura organizacional. En los debates del grupo focal, los trabajadores señalaron que la finalidad de la evaluación de desempeño está vinculada a la oportunidad para el desarrollo profesional, enfatizando la necesidad de cimentarla en un contexto dialógico capaz de potenciar la autorreflexión, el intercambio de saberes y la construcción colectiva del conocimiento. También, se puntuó sobre la cultura sobre evaluación de desempeño como dinamizador/obstaculizador del proceso evaluativo. También, el grupo discutió estrategias, reforzando la consolidación y fomento de espacios para diálogo y el impulso a la noción de corresponsabilidad entre evaluador y evaluado para el ejercicio de un proceso evaluativo crítico y propositivo.

Contemporaneamente, o modelo de gerenciamento por competências tem alcançado o âmbito da avaliação do trabalhador na saúde e enfermagem. Nesta perspectiva, o processo avaliativo requer planejamento e organização. O objetivo geral consistiu em compreender como ocorre o preparo do processo avaliativo dos técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem pelos enfermeiros de uma unidade de internação clínica adulto do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, na perspectiva da gestão por competências. O estudo, caracterizado como descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, foi desenvolvido com 13 enfermeiros e os dados coletados entre maio e junho de 2017, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise de conteúdo temática resultou em três categorias: processo avaliativo, uma trajetória a ser discutida; no momento da avaliação, aspectos intervenientes; e, gestão por competências, um novo modelo de avaliação. Os resultados indicam que os enfermeiros se organizam para realizar as avaliações dos técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem no último trimestre do ano, geralmente em duplas, estabelecendo um cronograma e posterior comunicação aos avaliados. Noções sobre conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes perpassam o entendimento dos entrevistados sobre avaliação por competências, embora ainda de modo incipiente. Houve referência à modificação no comportamento dos avaliados em momentos que antecedem à apreciação e às inconveniências logísticas relacionadas ao local das avaliações e ao tempo disponível, comprometendo a privacidade da entrevista avaliativa. Conclui-se sobre a importância de se apropriar de conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes, bem como dos recursos proporcionados pelo sistema de gestão por competências da instituição para realizar avaliações com responsabilidade e compromisso. / Currently, the competence-based management model has reached the scope of employee assessment in health and nursing. Under this perspective, the evaluation process requires planning and organization. The general objective of this study was to understand how the nurses at an adult inpatient unit at Hospital de Clínicas dePorto Alegre prepare the assessment process of the unit’s nursing technicians and assistants based on the competence-based management perspective. This qualitative descriptive study was developed with 13 nurses, and data were collected between May and June, 2017 through semi-structured interviews. The analysis of the thematic content resulted in three categories: 1) evaluation process: a path yet to be discussed; 2) aspects that affect the moment of the evaluation; and 3) competence-based management: a new assessment model. The results indicate that the nurses usually get organized in pairs to conduct the evaluations of nursing technicians and assistants in the last quarter of the year. They design a schedule and subsequently inform these staff members. The interviewees demonstrated, although still in an incipient way, some understanding of the knowledge, skills, and attitudes involved in competence-based assessment. Changes in the behavior of the nursing technicians and assistants some moments before the assessment were reported. In addition, logistic inconveniences related to the venue and the time available for the assessment compromised the privacy of the evaluation interview. It can be concluded that it is important for the institution’s competence-based management system to master the required knowledge, skills, and attitudes, as well as to provide the necessary resources, in order to carry out evaluations with responsibility and commitment. / Actualmente, el modelo de gestión por competencias ha alcanzado el ámbito de la evaluación del trabajador en salud y enfermería. En esta perspectiva, el proceso evaluativo requiere planificación y organización. El objetivo general constituye en comprender cómo ocurre la preparación del proceso evaluativo de técnicos y auxiliares de enfermería por los enfermeros de una unidad de internación clínica adulta del Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, en la perspectiva de la gestión por competencias. El estudio, caracterizado como descriptivo, de enfoque cualitativo, ha sido desarrollado con 13 enfermeros, y los datos recogidos entre mayo y junio de 2017, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas. El análisis de contenido temático ha resultado en 3 categorías: proceso evaluativo, una trayectoria a debatirse; en el momento de la evaluación, aspectos intervinientes; y, gestión por competencias, un nuevo modelo de evaluación. Los resultados indican que los enfermeros se organizan para realizar las evaluaciones de los técnicos y auxiliares de enfermería en el último periodo trimestral del año, generalmente en parejas, estableciendo un cronograma y posterior comunicación de los evaluados. Nociones de conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes atraviesan el entendimiento de los entrevistados sobre evaluación por competencias, aunque aún de manera incipiente. Ha sido referenciada la modificación en el comportamiento de los evaluados en momentos que anteceden la apreciación y también las inconveniencias logísticas relacionadas al local y al tiempo disponible para las evaluaciones, lo que compromete la privacidad de la entrevista evaluativa. Se concluye sobre la importancia de apropiarse de conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes, así como de los recursos proporcionados por el sistema de gestión por competencias de la institución para realizar evaluaciones con responsabilidad y compromiso.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O exame de Papanicolaou tem reconhecimento mundial enquanto estratÃgia segura para detectar o cÃncer de colo uterino precocemente. Envolve trabalho manual, da coleta do material atà a emissÃo do resultado. Portanto, o desempenho dos recursos humanos contribui para a seguranÃa ou nÃo dos resultados. Este exame à realizado por mÃdicos e enfermeiros que compÃem as equipes do Programa SaÃde da FamÃlia (PSF), todavia, predominantemente, pelos enfermeiros. Neste contexto, decidiu-se pela realizaÃÃo deste estudo que teve por objetivo geral avaliar a coleta de material para o exame de Papanicolaou por enfermeiras e como objetivos especÃficos verificar o conhecimento e a prÃtica dessas profissionais com relaÃÃo à coleta citolÃgica; identificar a disponibilidade dos recursos materiais necessÃrios à realizaÃÃo da coleta e avaliar adequabilidade do material coletado baseado no laudo laboratorial. Trata-se de um pesquisa avaliativa, com carÃter exploratÃrio-descritivo. Realizou-se em unidades do Programa SaÃde da FamÃlia (PSF) de Maranguape-CE, cujos dados foram coletados de agosto a outubro de 2006 por observaÃÃo estruturada direta e participativa junto Ãs 21 (100%) enfermeiras, em seus sÃtios de atuaÃÃo, e atravÃs da revisÃo dos laudos laboratoriais de 63 lÃminas coletadas. A observaÃÃo estruturada seguiu o Instrumento de Reconhecimento da Qualidade da Metodologia Proquali, sendo os dados anotados mediante sistema de checagem. Dados da observaÃÃo participativa foram registrados em diÃrio de campo. Os resultados foram apresentados nos itens: caracterizaÃÃo das enfermeiras; formaÃÃo, acesso a manuais tÃcnicos e conhecimentos para lidar com a coleta citolÃgica; desempenho das enfermeiras na coleta de material para o exame (medidas de biosseguranÃa, conforto e seguranÃa das mulheres durante exame e tÃcnica de coleta); disponibilidade de recursos para a realizaÃÃo do procedimento; e adequabilidade das lÃminas. A maioria das enfermeiras tinha entre nove e 11 anos de formadas. Dezessete (81%) se auto-avaliaram seguras para realizar o procedimento e 16 (76%) demonstraram ter conhecimento adequado sobre o local da coleta citolÃgica. O acesso à prÃtica de coleta citolÃgica na GraduaÃÃo foi referida por somente 7 (33%) das enfermeiras. Apenas 4 (19%) lavaram as mÃos antes do procedimento, 21 (100%) utilizaram luvas de procedimento nas duas mÃos e o descarte do lixo mostrou-se inadequado em todas as unidades. O conforto da usuÃria avaliado sob o ponto de vista de certificar-se se a mulher havia esvaziado a bexiga antes do exame e explicÃ-lo para usuÃria foi atendido por 2 (9,5%) e 4 (19%) das enfermeiras, respectivamente. A privacidade, avaliada pelos critÃrios de cobrir a mulher, manter a porta do consultÃrio fechada e impedir o âentra e saiâ de pessoas durante o exame foi alcanÃado por 20 (95%), 17 (81%) e 14 (67%), respectivamente. A tÃcnica da coleta foi satisfatÃria entre 90,5% ou mais dos enfermeiros em sete dos 11 itens avaliados e a adequabilidade das lÃminas mostrou-se satisfatÃria em 100% dos 63 laudos. O desempenho das enfermeiras foi o ideal esperado em termos de garantir lÃminas de qualidade ao rastreamento do cÃncer de colo, todavia, lavagem das mÃos, descarte adequado do lixo, conforto e seguranÃa da usuÃria e entrevista sobre condiÃÃes da mulher para a realizaÃÃo da coleta precisam melhorar. Risco de dessecamento, presenÃa de sangue e material hipocelular foram observados, porÃm nÃo geraram lÃminas insatisfatÃrias, sobre o que se sugere que estudos sejam realizados com o objetivo de avaliar recomendaÃÃes desnecessÃrias ou excessivas à coleta. / The Pap test has world-wide recognition as a safe strategy to detect cervical cancer early. Its execution includes manual work, from the material collection to the result emission. Thus, the performance of human resources contributes to the security or not of the results. This is carried out by doctors and nurses that compose the teams of Health Family Program (PSF), but mainly by nurses. In this context, it was decided to carry out this study which had as a general objective to evaluate the material collection for the Pap test by nurses and as specific objectives to verify knowledge and practice of these professionals in relation to cytological collection; to identify the availability of material resources which are necessary for the execution of the collection and to evaluate if the collected material is adequate based on the laboratorial report. It is an evaluative research, with descriptive exploratory character. It was executed in units of the Family Health Program (PSF) in Maranguape-CE, whose data was collected from August to October, 2006, through the direct and participative structured observation made with 21 (100%) nurses, in their area, and through the review of the laboratorial reports of 63 collected slides. The structured observation followed the Instrument of Quality Recognition of Proquali Methodology, and the data was annotated using checking system. The participative observation data was registered in field books. The results were presented under nurse characterization; formation, access to technical handbooks and knowledge to deal with cytological collection; performance of nurses in the material collection for the exam (biosecurity measures, comfort and security of women during exam and collection technique); availability of resources for the execution of the procedure and; suitability of the slides. Most nurses were graduated for 9 to 11 years and had 8 years of experience with cytological collection. Seventeen (81%) evaluated themselves as secure to execute the procedure and sixteen (76%) showed to have the adequate knowledge about the exact localization of the cytological collection. The access to the practice of cytological collection at college was referred by only 7 (33%) of them. Only 4 (19%) washed the hands before the procedure, 21 (100%) used procedure gloves in both hands and the discard of the trash was inadequate in all the units. Usersâ comfort was evaluated according to the standpoint of making sure if the woman had emptied the bladder before the exam and of explaining it to the user and was achieved by 2 (9,5%) and 4 (19%) of the nurses respectively. The privacy was evaluated by the criteria of covering the woman, maintaining the officeâs door closed and preventing peopleâs getting in and out during the exam. It was achieved by 20 (95%), 17 (81%) and 14 (67%), respectively. The collection technique was satisfactory with 90,5% or more of the nursed in 7 of the 11 evaluated items and the suitability of blenders was satisfactory in 100% of the 63 reports. The nursesâ performance was the ideal expected in terms of guaranteeing slides with good quality to search cervical cancer. However, practice at college, washing of hands, adequate discard of the trash, usersâ comfort and security and the interview about womenâs conditions for the execution of the collection need improvement. It was observed risk of desiccation, presence of blood and hypocelular material, but unsatisfactory slides were not generated. It is suggested that studies need to be carried out with the objective of evaluating unnecessary or excessive recommendations for the collection.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Nathália da Silva de Oliveira.pdf: 8353115 bytes, checksum: a9352f19431f7a80cf6082f7fdd12354 (MD5) / Esta pesquisa teve como foco de análise o Programa Rio Criança Global (PRCG) criado, em 2009, pela Secretaria Municipal de Educação do Rio de Janeiro (SME/RJ) em “parceria” com o curso de idiomas Cultura Inglesa, uma instituição que oferece serviços privados. Esses serviços não passam por nenhuma fiscalização específica e/ou avaliação, nem são regulados pelo Ministério da Educação. Nesta parceria entre setor público e privado, a Cultura Inglesa responde pela seleção de professores em concurso público e pelo acompanhamento pedagógico (“revitalizações”) dos docentes. Sua editora, a Learning Factory, publica o material didático utilizado nas escolas, apesar de a SME/RJ ser signatária do termo de adesão ao Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD) e receber as coleções didáticas compradas pelo Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação (FNDE). Desta forma, esta pesquisa buscou responder às seguintes questões: Como se faz possível dentro de uma rede pública a presença de um programa estabelecido em associação com um curso de idiomas privado? O PRCG contempla princípios e práticas pedagógicas previstos na legislação educacional brasileira? A coleção didática Interaction ED (Manual do professor e Livro do aluno) contempla as exigências do PNLD, especificamente o PNLD Língua estrangeira - anos finais do Ensino Fundamental? A partir dessas perguntas que nortearam nossa análise, foram nossos objetivos: (a) reunir informações acerca do contexto em que se insere o PRCG; (b) conhecer os textos legais que dão sustentação ao programa; (c) verificar como o PRCG se adequa a princípios e práticas pedagógicas garantidas na legislação educacional brasileira em vigor; (d) analisar a partir de critérios estabelecidos pelo PNLD o Manual do professor e (e) identificar, do ponto de vista discursivo-enunciativo, como se estabelece a interação enunciador do livro didático (LD) e coenunciadores professor e aluno na coleção Interaction ED. Nossa vinculação acadêmica considera saberes diversos, escolhas feitas pelo pesquisador e pauta-se numa concepção de Linguística Aplicada que visa responder a demandas advindas do social. Na área dos estudos da linguagem, recorre a pressupostos teóricos da Análise do Discurso de base enunciativa e às categorias de prática discursiva (FOUCAULT 2014a, 2014b; MAINGUENEAU, 1997, 2008a, 2008b) e cenografia discursiva (MAINGUENEAU, 1997, 2008a, 2008b). Os resultados da análise da coleção didática identificam uma cenografia discursiva instituída por: uma locução discursiva na qual o enunciador regula as possibilidades de dizer dos coenunciadores aluno e professor; uma topografia de um espaço escolar delimitado por práticas controladas e descontextualizadas; e uma cronografia da imutabilidade. As conclusões do estudo remetem a um ensino-aprendizagem instrucional, comum a uma concepção de educação como serviço pedagógico que se distancia de princípios e práticas pedagógicas previstas pela atual legislação educacional brasileira / The present research has focused on the Rio Criança Global Program (PRCG) created in 2009 by the Municipal Secretariat of Education in Rio de Janeiro (SME/RJ) in partnership with the language school Cultura Inglesa, an institution that offers private services. These services do not undergo any specific monitoring or evaluation nor are they regulated by the Ministry of Education. In this partnership between public and private sectors, Cultura Inglesa responds for the selection of teachers in public tender and the pedagogical training and pedagogical mentoring (retraining) of the teaching staff. Their publishing house, Learning Factory, publishes the pedagogical materials used in schools, despite the SME/RJ being signatory of the term of adhesion to the Textbook National Program (Programa Nacional do Livro Didático-PNLD) and receiving the pedagogical textbooks bought by the National Fund of Education Development (Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação-FNDE). In his manner, this research has been aimed at answering the following questions: How is it possible that we find the presence of a program -which is established in association with a private language school- within a public context? Does the PRCG comprehend the principles and pedagogical practices established by the Brazilian Educational Legislation? Does the Interaction-ED didactic collection, including the teacher and student materials comprehend the demands required by PNLD, especially the foreign language PNLD for the final years of basic education? Starting off from these questions which have directed our analysis our goals have been: (a) to gather information on the context in which the PRCG is inserted; (b) to grasp the legal texts which maintain the program; (c) to monitor how the PRCG adapts to principles and pedagogical practices assured by the current Brazilian legislation; (d) to analyze –based on criteria established by the PNLD- the teacher’s manual and identify, from the enunciative-discursive point of view, how an interaction is established between textbook enunciator and coenunciators (teacher and students) in the Interaction ED collection. Our academic entailment considers several forms of knowledge, it focuses on choices made by the researcher and is grounded on a concept of Applied Linguistics which aims to respond to socially emerged demands. In the area of Language Studies, this research resorts to the Discourse Analysis of theoretical assumptions of enunciative basis and to the categories of discursive practice (FOUCAULT, 2014a, 2014b; MAINGUENEAU, 1997, 2008a, 2008b) and discursive scenery (MAINGUENEAU, 1997, 2008a, 2008b). The results of the didactic collection identify discursive scenery instituted by: a discursive speech in which the enunciator regulates the possibilities of affirming, of the coenunciators teacher and student; a topography of a school space limited by controlled and non contextualized practices, and a chronography of immutability. The conclusions of this study refer to an instructional teaching-learning process, common to a concept of education as a pedagogical service which pulls away from principles and pedagogical practices required by the current Brazilian educational legislation

Den här uppsatsen handlar om de berättelser och bilder som förekommer i kampanjen Bo i Nyköping på hemsidan boinykoping.nu under kampanjperioderna 2011 – 2012. Syftet är att undersöka hur kommunen och Nyköpingsborna framställs i kampanjtexterna och de tillhörande bilderna. De metoder som tillämpas är en ideationell och interpersonell analys, en attitydanalys genom appraisal samt en visuell analys av bildernas ideationella och interpersonella grammatik. Resultatet visar att Nyköpingsborna framställs som handlingskraftiga och kommunen som informativ och vetandes. Relationen mellan dem framställs som dialogisk. Syftet är dessutom att undersöka de identiteter som kampanjen erbjuder läsaren. Detta utifrån resultatet av den språkliga analysen och genom begreppet modelläsare. Berättelser och bilder erbjuder en trygg uppväxtmiljö och ekonomisk trygghet till läsaren. Den dialogiska relationen presupponerar att det finns en god relation mellan kommunen och invånarna. / This bachelor's essay is about the stories and images that appear in the campaign Bo i Nyköping on the website boinykoping.nu during the campaign period 2011-2012. The aim is to examine how the municipality and citizens that appear in the campaign are described in the campaign texts and associated images. The methods applied in the linguistic analysis are an ideational and an interpersonal analysis, an attitude analysis within the method appraisal and a visual analysis of the ideational and interpersonal grammar of images. The results show that the citizens are described as active and the municipality as informative and knowing. The relationship between them is presented as dialogical. The aim is also to investigate the identities that the campaign offers the reader. This is based on the results of the linguistic analysis and the concept of the model reader. The campaign stories and the images provide a safe environment to grow up in and an economic security to the reader. The dialogic relationship that appears in the campaign between the municipality and the citizens show a presumptive good relationship between them.

Cette thèse interroge la performativité de l’instrumentation au cœur du processus de prise de décision de l’union européenne en étudiant la procédure d’analyse d’impact de la Commission européenne (AI-CE), et son application en particulier aux politiques environnementales. Mise en place en 2002 afin d’évaluer les impacts économiques, sociaux et environnementaux des propositions émises par la CE, la procédure d’AI est formellement l’instrument de la stratégie de développement durable (SDD), mais elle est aussi un pilier de la politique de ‘Better Regulation’ (BR) (« Mieux légiférer ») et penche progressivement dans le sens de ce second agenda avec une préférence pour l’analyse coûts-bénéfices et le choix d’instruments non légaux. En réponse à la question de la rationalité et de la performativité de l’AI-CE, la thèse défendue dans cette recherche conçoit l’analyse d’impact de la CE comme une technique de la gouvernementalité néolibérale placée au cœur de la fabrique des politiques environnementales de l’UE, en appui notamment sur l’opération de monétarisation des impacts. L’hypothèse est celle du renforcement du discours de la modernisation écologique, avec pour effet de contribuer au phénomène d’économicisation des problématiques environnementales dans le sens d’un nécessaire alignement sur l’étalon d’une utilité économique. Pour mener à bien ce projet, la thèse déploie une analyse du discours de la CE et combine analyse de documents, entretiens et analyse lexicométrique. A la suite de nos investigations, il s’avère que les résultats sont partiellement congruents par rapport à l’hypothèse introduite supra. En effet, la mise en œuvre du dispositif n’entraine, pour les cas spécifiques étudiés, ni la monétarisation systématique, ni même la quantification systématique des impacts environnementaux d’une part, ou le choix systématique d’instruments volontaires ou de marché d’autre part. De plus, l’analyse lexicométrique nous permet de mettre en évidence la cohabitation de deux types de gouvernementalités distinctes, bien que se chevauchant partiellement, au travers des discours de la modernisation écologique et de la gouvernementalité verte. Cependant, nous constatons également le poids et la force structurante du terme et de la notion de « coût » et le recours systématique à un registre de justification économique de l’action environnementale au travers de ressorts typiques du discours de la modernisation écologique, avatar de la gouvernementalité néolibérale. En dépit de l’incomplétude de la réalisation des engagements pris par la CE, ou de ce fait même, nous constatons que la mise en œuvre de l’AI-CE contribue à l’économicisation de la fabrique des politiques environnementales comme insertion des problématiques environnementales dans une logique d’utilité économique et à la subordination de l’évaluation des impacts « économiques, sociaux et environnementaux » à la question du coût de l’intervention et aux critères de comparaison favorables à la dimension économique. / This PhD thesis questions the performativity of the European Commission Impact Assessment (EC-IA) as decision-support instrument at the heart of the European policy process in the case of European environmental policy-making.Adopted in 2002, the EC-IA is meant to address “all” significant economic, social and environmental impacts of the EC proposals. It is an instrument of the Sustainable Development strategy, as well as of the Better Regulation agenda. It will progressively mainly contribute to this second agenda, with a focus of the guidelines on cost-benefit analysis and non-legal instruments.Questioning the EC-IA rational and performativity, the thesis conceives the EC-IA as a neoliberal governmentality technique within the European environmental policy-making process, among other leaning on the monetisation of impacts. The hypothesis is the reinforcement of the ecological modernisation discourse, contributing to the economicisation of environmental issues, with economic utility as yardstick.Following our investigations (made of discourse analysis, combining document analysis, interviews and lexicometry), it turns out that results are only partially congruent with our research hypothesis. As a matter of fact, the implementation of the EC-IA does not involve, for the case studied, systematic monetisation, nor quantification of environmental impacts or the systematic proposal of voluntary or market instruments. Moreover, the lexicometric analysis highlights two parallel types of governmentalities, partially overlapping, with the ecological modernization and green governmentality discourses.However, we also highlights the important weight and structuring strength of the word and concept of “cost”, and the systematic economic justification of environmental action, a.o. through storyline elements typical of the modernization discourse, avatar of neoliberal governmentality. In spite of the partial implementation of the EC-IA guidelines, or du to this incompleteness, we observe that EC-IA implementation contributes to the economicisation of the making of European environmental policies through the embedding of environmental issues in an economic utility logic, and through the subordination of the assessment of “economic, social and environmental” impacts to the question of the cost of action and to comparison criteria in line with the economic dimension. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L'émotion et le discours scientifique sont traditionnellement deux domaines considérés comme incompatibles du fait du caractère subjectif de la première et des exigences d'objectivité et de neutralité du dernier. La thèse propose une étude des processus en œuvre dans la génération des émotions en relation avec la constitution du discours, et ensuite des stratégies ou modes d'intégration des phénomènes de manifestations émotionnelles dans le discours final. L'étude combine une approche psychologique et linguistique des émotions et s'articule autour de la transition entre le domaine mental et celui de la préparation et de l'expression finale des émotions générées dans le discours (lien entre l'évaluation cognitive et l'Appraisal theory en linguistique). Une synthèse de grandes typologies des modes d'inclusion, ainsi que des grands types de manifestations de charges émotionnelles-affectives globale est présentée dans la thèse. Cette même synthèse est issue de la recherche et de l'analyse de manifestations d'émotions incluses volontairement ou non dans un corpus d'articles de la presse scientifique anglophone soumise à comité de relecture. L'un des objectifs étant de déterminer si le discours scientifique présente des manifestations de subjectivité des auteurs, et par quels biais ces phénomènes de subjectivité et d'émotion s'encodent dans des textes devant, selon les normes et conventions, être aussi objectifs et neutres que possible, quelle que soit la discipline concernée. A donc été soulevée la question de la part prise par l'émotion dans le discours en général, de sa constitution à son expression. / Emotion and scientific discourse are, by tradition, considered to be incompatible due to the subjective nature of the former and the objectivity requirements of the latter. The thesis deals with a study of the processes involved in emotion generation in relation with discourse generation. This is followed by the approach of the modes or strategies of inclusion of emotion manifestation phenomena in the final discourse. The study combines a psychological and linguistic approach of emotions, and revolves around the transition stage between the mental domain and that of language elaboration, leading to communicating the previously generated emotions in discourse (link between cognitive appraisal and the Appraisal theory in linguistics). The thesis sums up the broad categories of inclusion modes, as well as the main global emotion/affect load manifestation types. This very synthesis is the result of the research and analysis of emotion manifestations deliberately or accidentally included into a selection of articles sampled out from english-speaking peer-reviewed scientific press. One of the goals was to determine if scientific discourse contains and displays the authors' subjectivity and emotion manifestations, and how these phenomena are encoded in texts that are primarily meant (according to norms and conventions) to be as objective and neutral as possible, regardless of the subject. Thus was raised the question of the importance of the share taken by emotion in any discourse, from its generation to the moment it is uttered.

[pt] Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar o assunto da avaliação educacional a partir da perspectiva de professores em atuação na educação básica do magistério público, buscando problematizar essa prática e elucidar formas mais críticas de compreendê-la. Para nortear o cumprimento desse objetivo, proponho as seguintes questões orientadoras: a) Como os participantes se posicionam discursivamente com relação à avaliação educacional? e b) Que Avaliações e posicionamentos acerca dos temas relativos à avaliação educacional podem ser identificados no discurso dos participantes?. O estudo está inserido no domínio da Linguística Aplicada (Moita Lopes, 2006), tendo por base sua concepção atual de investigar questões de uso da linguagem sob um viés interdisciplinar e co-participativo. Em interface com a Linguística Aplicada, a pesquisa se apoia na área de educação no que tange aos estudos em avaliação educacional, entendida como uma prática localizada sócio-historicamente que visa à observação do processo de ensino e aprendizagem e à implementação de condutas para sua melhoria (Luckesi, 2011). Como aporte teórico, as análises baseiam-se nos pressupostos da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (Halliday, 1994; Halliday e Matthiessen, 2004) que entende a linguagem como uma rede de possibilidades orientada para o uso, e no Sistema de Avaliatividade (Martin, 2001; Martin e White, 2005, Vian Jr, 2009), que estuda a atitude dos usuários da língua diante dos fenômenos do mundo bem como os recursos que utilizam para se posicionar ideologicamente em seu discurso. A pesquisa está inserida em um paradigma qualitativo (Denzin e Lincoln, 2006), que busca compreender questões a partir do significado que as pessoas atribuem a elas. Para tanto, foi realizado um grupo focal (Gatti, 2012) com três professores que atuam na educação básica em escolas públicas no estado do Rio de Janeiro e a interação ocorrida foi gravada em áudio e posteriormente transcrita. Por meio dos recursos da Transitividade, do Modo e do subsistema de Atitude, foram identificados, nos fragmentos selecionados para análise, posicionamentos e Avaliações dos participantes sobre a avaliação educacional e os temas a ela relacionados. A discussão possibilitada pelas análises sugere um entendimento da avaliação educacional como algo dinâmico e que deve ser considerado dentro do contexto mais amplo do sistema educacional brasileiro. Os participantes também julgam negativamente algumas práticas empreendidas no contexto da educação pública e se posicionam afetivamente em relação a sua profissão a despeito das dificuldades encontradas. / [en] The aim of this study is to investigate educational assessment from the perspective of teachers who work in public primary and secondary education, trying to problematize such practice and enlighten critical forms of understanding it. In order to accomplish such objective, the following research questions are proposed: a) How do participants adopt stances in relation to educational assessment? and b) What evaluations and positionings about issues related to educational assessment can be identified in their discourses? The study is embedded in the domain of Applied Linguistics (Moita Lopes, 2006), considering its current viewpoint of investigating language use themes taking into account an interdisciplinary and participatory frame of reference. Along with Applied Linguistics, the research stands in the field of Education, with regard to educational assessment, seen as a historically localized social practice which seeks to observe the teaching and learning process as well as implement actions to improve it (Luckesi, 2011). As a linguistic theoretical framework, the analyses are based on the principles of Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday, 1994; Halliday e Matthiessen, 2004), which conceives language as a set of choices oriented to use. Also, the investigation considers the Appraisal System (Martin, 2001; Martin e White, 2005, Vian Jr, 2009), which focus on speakers /writers Attitude in relation to world phenomena as well as the resources they use to adopt ideological stances in their discourses. The research is aligned with qualitative paradigm (Denzin e Lincoln, 2006), which searches to understand questions based on the meaning people attribute to them. Therefore, a focus group (Gatti, 2012) was conducted with three teachers who work in primary and secondary public schools in Rio de Janeiro. The interaction was recorded in audio and afterwards transcribed. In the extracts selected to be analyzed, the resources of Transitivity, Mood and Attitude were used so as to identify participants stances and evaluations regarding educational assessment. Discussion provided by the analyses indicates a comprehension of educational assessment as a dynamic concept which should be considered within the Brazilian educational system. Moreover, participants negatively judge some practices carried out in the public education scenario and take affective stance with respect to their profession, in spite of the difficulties they are confronted with.

À bord des aéronefs de transport commercial, lorsqu’un passager est victime d’un arrêt cardio-respiratoire, les membres d’équipage de cabine, appelés « PNC » (Personnel Navigant Commercial) dans la terminologie aéronautique, interviennent comme tout secouriste en initiant la chaîne de survie afin d’améliorer le pronostic vital de ce dernier. Dotés d’une formation très sérieuse et périodiquement mise à niveau, les PNC sont capables de prendre en charge des situations d’urgence médicales et de donner les premiers secours liés aux urgences potentielles, aux états de malaise, ainsi que ceux liés aux circonstances et à un environnement particulier. La réanimation cardio-pulmonaire, tâche exceptionnelle et rare en vol, génère le plus fréquemment des émotions négatives ainsi que du stress auprès des PNC. Cette recherche aborde le stress des membres d’équipage de cabine dans la prise en charge d’une réanimation cardio-pulmonaire en vol selon une approche psychologique et plus singulièrement celle en relation avec la théorie transactionnelle de Lazarus et Folkman (1984) dont l’évaluation cognitive et les « copings » des individus occupent une place centrale. Élaborée à partir d’un recueil de données construit par entretiens semi-directifs auprès d’un groupe de 32 PNC volontaires exerçant leur profession sur des aéronefs de petite capacité de transport passagers, elle se propose d’identifier les facteurs influençant le stress des PNC selon une perspective synchronique. Aussi, afin de cerner le plus d’explication possible de la variance du stress, nous avons pris en compte deux variables personnelles, l’expérience professionnelle et le lieu de contrôle des sujets. Les résultats indiquent que plusieurs facteurs peuvent prédire ou influencer l’état de stress des PNC. Ils montrent une relation significative entre le lieu de contrôle des sujets, l’évaluation cognitive de la situation aversive, le lieu de prise en charge de la victime en arrêt cardiaque et l’état de stress des PNC. Ainsi, les sujets « internalistes » évaluant la situation aversive comme un défi et développant des stratégies d’ajustement centrées sur les problèmes sont les moins stressés. Par ailleurs, le milieu aéronautique augmente l’état de stress des PNC en raison de la forte responsabilité morale envers la victime-passager, du confinement de la cabine, du délai de la mise en œuvre du quatrième maillon de la chaîne de survie ainsi que de la ressource sociale limitée en vol. Enfin, l’amélioration de la formation en premiers secours peut aider les PNC à mieux appréhender cette situation d’urgence en vol. / On board commercial transport aircraft when a passenger suffers from a cardiac arrest, the cabin crew members, called "PNC" (Personnel Navigant Commercial) in aviation terminology, act as any rescuer by initiating survival chain to improve the prognosis of the victim. With a very serious training and periodically upgrade, cabin crew members are able to handle medical emergencies and first-aid related to potential emergencies, discomfort states as well as those related to a circumstance and a particular environment. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, exceptional and rare task in flight, generates the most frequent negative emotions and stress from cabin crew members. This research deals with the stress of cabin crew members in the management of a cardiopulmonary resuscitation in flight using a psychological approach and particularly the related transactional theory of Lazarus and Folkman (1984) in which appraisal and coping are central. Developed from a data collection built by semi-structured interviews with a group of 32 cabin crew members volunteers flying on small passenger carrying capacity aircraft, it aims to identify the factors influencing their stress in a synchronic perspective. Also, in order to identify the most possible explanation for the variance of stress, we took into account both personal variables such as professional experience and locus of control of the subjects.The results indicate that several factors can predict or influence the cabin crew members’stress. They show a significant relationship between the subject’s locus of control, appraisal of aversive situation, place of management of the victim in cardiac arrest and the stress of the cabin crew members. Thus, « internalist » subjects who assess the situation as a challenge and develop strategies focused on the problems are less stressed. Furthermore, the aviation industry increases the stress state of the cabin crew because of the strong moral responsibility to the victim-passenger, confinement of the cabin, the period of the implementation of the fourth link in the chain of survival (medicalized CPR) and the limited social resource in flight. At last, the improvement of first-aid training can help cabin crew members to manage better this specific situation on board.