In order to harmonize the international private law and simplify situations of cross-border inheritance, EU has imposed a new inheritance regulation, Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and acceptance and enforcement of authentic instruments in matters of succession and on the creation of a European Certificate of Succession. This regulation governs, among other things, jurisdiction and applicable law in situations of inheritance. The important connecting factor in determining jurisdiction and applicable law is habitual residence. That is why it is important to determine where the deceased person has their habitual residence since the member states’ national regulations look different and thereby have different definitions and interpretations of the term habitual residence. The clarification of the term in the inheritance regulation is therefore important. The question is how the term should be interpreted and which criteria are necessary to acquire habitual residence. The habitual residence term is interpreted as autonomous in the inheritance regulation. This means that the term is interpreted uniformly within all EU member states regardless of the states’ national interpretation of the term. Many circumstances should be taken into consideration when making a determination of habitual residence, such as regularity and duration of the deceased’s presence in the state concerned, the conditions and reasons for that presence, family relationships and social life. These circumstances show where the deceased has their centre of interests and, consequently, also their habitual residence. Furthermore, an analysis is made of which effects the application of the domicile principle will have, instead of the principle of nationality regarding jurisdiction and applicable law, in the Swedish law system. Since the Swedish courts already apply Swedish international private law where the domicile term is used as well as EU-regulations where the domicile principle is applied, it can be assumed that the courts in Sweden will not face particular difficulties in applying the residence principle. / För att harmonisera den internationella privaträtten och förenkla situationer gällande gränsöverskridande arvsrättsliga frågor har EU infört en ny arvsförordning, Förordning (EU) nr 650/2012 av den 4 juli 2012 ”om behörighet, tillämplig lag, erkännande och verkställighet av domar samt godkännande och verkställighet av officiella handlingar i samband med arv och om inrättandet av ett europeiskt arvsintyg”. Denna förordning reglerar bland annat behörig domstol och tillämplig lag vid arvsrättsliga situationer. För att kunna avgöra vilken domstol som är behörig samt vilken lag som kan bli tillämplig är anknytningskriteriet ”hemvist” avgörande enligt arvsförordningen. Därför är det viktigt att kunna fastställa var den avlidne personen har sin hemvist då medlemstaternas nationella regleringar ser olika ut och därmed har olika definitioner och tolkningar av hemvistbegreppet. Att begreppet förtydligas och klargörs i arvsförordningen är därför viktigt. Frågan är hur begreppet ska tolkas och vilka kriterier som krävs för att förvärva hemvist. Hemvistbegreppet tolkas som autonomt i arvsförordningen. Detta innebär att begreppet tolkas enhetligt inom alla EU:s medlemsstater oberoende av hur staternas nationella tolkning av begreppet lyder. För att kunna göra en hemvistbedömning ska flera omständigheter beaktas såsom regelbundenhet och varaktighet vid vistelsen, vistelsens situation och syfte samt familjeförhållanden och sociala relationer. Dessa faktorer visar var den avlidne har sitt intressecentrum och således även sin hemvist. Vidare utreds vilka effekter hemvistprincipens tillämpande, istället för nationalitetsprincipen vid behörig domstol och lagval, får i svensk rätt. Eftersom svenska domstolar redan tillämpar svensk internationell privaträtt där hemvistbegreppet används samt EU-förordningar där hemvistprincipen tillämpas, kan det antas att domstolarna i Sverige inte kommer möta särskilda svårigheter vid hemvistprincipens tillämpande.

I Sverige utgör 50 % av alla företag familjeägda bolag. Ägarna av dessa företag har ofta en önskan att nästa generation ska ta över från den äldre samt att de ska kunna begränsa kretsen av ägare till personer inom familjen eller lojala kompanjoner.   Det finns olika tillvägagångssätt för att genomföra ett generationsskifte, dessa är överlåtelse genom arv, köp eller gåva. Arv aktualiseras när ägaren av aktierna avlider och dennes arvingar ärver dessa. Om ägaren är i behov av köpeskillingen kan denne överlåta aktierna till en person inom sin familj eller utomstående person genom köp, antingen genom försäljning av aktierna eller bolagets inkråm. Överlåtelse genom gåva används oftast när ägaren inte är i behov av den köpeskilling som denne skulle erhållit vid en försäljning av aktierna.   Många familjeägda bolag vill begränsa och kontrollera vilka som äger aktier i bolaget. Det kan de göra genom olika juridiska verktyg. En ägare kan genom att testamentera bort sina aktier styra vem som ska ta över bolaget efter denne. Genom att upprätta ett äktenskapsförord kan makar sinsemellan reglera att aktierna ska utgöra den ena makens enskilda egendom och därmed undantas från en eventuell bodelning. Familjeägda bolag kan dessutom kontrollera sin ägarkrets genom att föra in förvärvsklausuler i bolagsordningen enligt 4 kap. aktiebolagslag (2005:551) (ABL). Tack vare dessa klausuler kan de redan befintliga ägarna ges förköpsrätt, d.v.s. möjlighet att lösa in aktier som övergått till någon annan eller kräva att samtycke ska erhållas från styrelsen eller bolagsstämman innan en utomstående person förvärvar aktier i bolaget. Ägare i familjeägda bolag kan även reglera sitt inbördes förhållande genom att upprätta ett aktieägaravtal, där de gemensamt avtalar hur de ska agera om en utomstående vill förvärva aktier i bolaget. Ett ytterligare sätt för familjeägda bolag att kontrollera och begränsa ägarkretsen är att bilda en stiftelse som tar över ägandet av bolaget. Tillvägagångsättet leder till ett indirekt ägande för ägarfamiljen eftersom de kontrollerar stiftelsen.  Ett tillvägagångssätt som kan tillämpas när ägaren vill att skiftet ska ske successivt är stegvisa förvärv. Det innebär att generationsskiftet är en pågående process där ägandet och innehavet lämnas över successivt under en bestämd tidsperiod. Stegvisa förvärv kan vara positivt för både den som överlämnar, men även för den som övertar bolaget.

This essay is about female inheritance in ancient Egypt. Death had a very important part in the Egyptian culture. The goal in this essay is to put focus on an everyday aspect of death, which is often left out. That is, how the living was affected by the death of a close relative. Since women had a weaker economic position than men, they are likely to have been more affected. Hence, the essay will focus on women. Most of the existing research is based on primary sources from the Late and Ptolemaic Period. But since that is relatively late in the Egyptian history, it is important to see what female inheritance looked like earlier in history. It is also important to compare different periods in order to see if inheritance developed during time or stayed unchanged. The issues will be how the death of the husband and a family member affected the woman, and how her death affected other persons close to her. In order to answer this, primary sources consisting of texts from Lahun (the Middle Kingdom) and Deir el-Medina (the New Kingdom) will be analyzed in a comparative study. The most important results are that inheritance was based on the relationship between the individual rather than on gender and the death of the husband had the biggest influence on the woman’s life. How big the influence was depended on whether or not she inherited as a widow.

Gustav Jonson's theory of the social heritage characterized social work in Sweden during the 1960s and onwards. The social policy issues debated then were about class society, labelling and alienation. After thirty years of professional work as a social worker, I find it interesting that the work still focuses on the theory of the social heritage and methods for breaking it. The aim of this study is to examine possible explanations to why this is so. The empirical material is taken from interviews with senior social workers. Issues examined are how they perceive social work and the theory of the social heritage. The results of the interviews have been processed based upon narrative analysis and reported in the form of meta-narratives. The stories provide a historical view of social work, encounters, situations and contexts. The final discussion is about how the social heritage is created, identified and carried forward. The conclusions show that the social heritage is a social construction created by the society and its inhabitants.The issue then, is to understand and to relate to this context, creating security control and balance in it. As a phenomenon, the social heritage can come to act as conservation and thus become a counterforce to change. Based on discussion and conclusions, it appears that efforts to break the social heritage are questionable. The study is a social psychological qualitative study worked with from a social constructionist perspective.

Thesis (MA (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / In recent years the World Heath Organisation (WHO) has recomended standardising HIV/AIDS treatment. Standardisation is based upon a particular model of what occurs within the relationship between a doctor and a patient and is propogated through the application of protocols. This thesis aims to illustrate how a doctor deals with a protocol in the face of contexts over-laden with contingency and excess which the protocol does not account for and which standardisation excludes. In other words, it explores how doctors deal with the failures and restrictions of standardised medicine. The central question this thesis aims to answer is: How do doctors on the ground deal with the standardising demands of global, as well as national, institutions in the face of highly contingent daily realities? I aim to answer this question by critically analysing the relationship between global institutions and the effects of their policies on the ground level. I argue that global organisation such as the WHO attempt to limit the particularities and contingency of local contexts in order to ensure the internal coherence of their own policies. This is made possible through ‘interpretive communities’ of experts, as well as, the relative opacity of ground level actions. However, I also illustrate how doctors applying these protocols are not merely pawns in the state’s and global health organisations schemes but rather depend upon the opacity at ground level in order to ensure the well-being of those marginalised by protocols.

HIV/AIDS is the most threatening and challenging infectious diseases of our time, with the highest increase of newly infected cases reported. This infectious disease was discovered in the early eighties under homosexual men and was later to be discovered in heterosexuals. HIV is a systemic immunosuppressive disorder which causes a depletion of CD4+ T cells and develops into the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - AIDS. Africa is the continent most affected by HIV/AIDS with the southern parts of Africa having the highest prevalence rates compared to the rest of Africa. Statistics indicate that AIDS is responsible for 3% of deaths in children worldwide - one in seven people dying of an HIV-related illness is a child under the age of 15 years. It was stated by the WHO that countries should develop improved antiretrovirals regimes for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Difficulties in administering antiretrovirals (ARVs) to patients (especially children) are the strict dosage regimes and the severe adverse reactions. These factors complicate patient adherence. The list of problems in treating patients is endless and includes the distribution, stability as well as the low efficacy of these drugs. Most of the above mentioned problems and obstacles related to ARVs and ARV treatment could be minimized or eliminated by the use of a stable and effective drug delivery system. Enhancing ARV treatment may be accomplished by the use of the Pheroid™ drug delivery system. Pheroids™ consists mainly of fatty acids and sterile nitrous oxide gassed water. Pharmacological active substances are entrapped into submicron and micron sized structures called Pheroids™. Research showed promising results and advantages in delivering drugs through oral and transdermal routes using Pheroid™ technology. The focus of this study was to test the possible enhancement of the efficacy of antiretrovirals using Pheroid™ technology. The assays used to study this possible enhancement were a modified neutral red and a modified 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay. These assays confirmed and illustrated the toxic and protective properties of the tested ARVs (stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine). An MT-2 cell line was used and infected with an HIV-1 strain, SW7-TCL. Applying Pheroid™ technology in these assays resulted in massive cell death, due to increased ARV toxic levels within the cells. Viability tests proved that Pheroids™ had no effect on the viability of cells at the concentration typically used. This confirmed the enhancing properties of Pheroids™ in the delivery of drugs into the cells. The MTT assay was further adapted from a seven day incubation period to a three day incubation period. By using a low concentration series and a three day incubation period the loss of cells through toxicity was partially overcome. One of the problems that arose form this study was the non-reproducibility of the results. Absorbance levels fluctuated at specific concentrations of the same ARV, which cause difficulties in comparing results. This result was repeatedly confirmed in this syncytium forming infection model. In conclusion, Pheroid™ technology enhanced the delivery of ARVs into the cells although it resulted in cell death. Both the neutral red and MTT assays were found to be inaccurate but further development, research and assay optimization could result in improved in vitro studies. The article format was used for this thesis, as described in the general academic rules in section A.13.7.3 of the North West University. Chapter 1 deals with HIV/AIDS related problems, statistics and treatment obstacles. Chapter 2 is a summary of the cell viability assays used in this study. Pheroid™ technology and its application to ARV treatment are dealt with in chapter 3. The proposed article for submission in the journal Cell Death and Differentiation has been included in chapter 4. Some of the results from the study are reported in the article and annexures, whilst other results are shown and discussed in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 gives a conclusion and final summary of this study. All other experimental methods and results are enclosed in the annexures, as is the "Guide for authors" for the article. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Ett pågående rum är formen på hur man kan prata om rum som breddar normativa ideér om rummets egenskaper. Det är ett rum där arkitekten inte gör ett självförverkligande, där hen snarare fungerar som en hjälpande hand än den som pekar. Det är ett rum där vi är medvetna om varandra men samtidigt kan tillåta oss vara oss själva. Det är ett rum som ställer krav, krav som ska gynna alla. Ett pågående rum är ett sätt att se på arkitektur där vi har ett cirkulärt tänkande och morgondagen lyser in genom fönstret.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine how genealogists create identity through their own research, and how they live with their ancestors in the everyday life. The questions at issue are: How do genealogists deal with concepts like “native home district”, “heritage” and “family”. Does it exist a problem in creating identity and how genealogists regard other people with a different background, for instance immigrants. This thesis consists of three parts: in the first I present my aim, questions at issue, my method with qualitative interviews, and my theoretical frame from sociology and anthropology. The second part consists of the results given from my interviews with my eleven genealogists from Uddevalla and Trollhättan. In the third and last part a discussion from the empirical and theoretical information from earlier in the thesis is made. Genealogists often “lives” close with their ancestors through their results of family history studies. I can se them as narratives in their minds. Hardly any person starts genealogical research to receive an identity. Most of them will anyhow be influenced by their studies in some way. Almost every person interviewed by me did not think that their identity had changed since they started genealogical research. / Uppsatsnivå: D

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Syftet med vår uppsats var att studera kvinnors upplevelser av vägen in i ett tungt narkotikamissbruk och beroende. Vi ville därigenom öka förståelsen och förklara deras upplevelser ur aspekterna uppväxtår och tonår. Vi har valt att utgå från den grundade teorin då vi genomfört vår studie. Vi har genomfört en intervjuundersökning med åtta kvinnor, där vi sökte närma oss kvinnornas berättelser så förutsättningslöst som möjligt. Detta för att låta kvinnornas upplevelser stå i centrum. Genom tre separata urval och analyser framkom kärnan till kvinnornas missbrukssituation;</p><p><em>Flykten från känslor. Intervjuresultatet påvisar att mönster av uppväxtproblematik hos respondenterna, med likartade uppväxtvillkor vilka bland annat utgörs av våld och missbruk i hemmet. Kärnkategorin synliggjorde den process som leder kvinnorna in i ett tungt missbruk via <em>Uppväxtförhållanden, Utanförskap, Förlust, Svek samt <em>Ensamhet. För att fördjupa förståelsen har vi relaterat vårt empiriska resultat till Stämplingsteorier enligt Becker och Goldberg, Stigma enligt Goffman samt Socialt arv enligt Jonsson. Resultatet av vår studie visar att grunden, kärnkategorin, utgörs av en flykt från känslor och att detta är vinsten av missbruket. <em></em></em></em></em></p><p>Nyckelord: Kvinnor, tungt narkotikamissbruk, Stämplingsteori, Stigma, Socialt arv, Grundad Teori</p>