Impacts from mining waste deposits on groundwater resources have been recognized invarious parts of the world; though varied in scale depending on the composition of mineralsbeing mined, the level of technology employed and environmental commitment of thedevelopers. Mining activities usually involve milling, concentrating, and processing of oreswhich will result in a huge amount of waste, called tailings, usually deposited inimpoundments as a slurry, composed of fine grained geological material (uneconomicalminerals), chemicals utilized in the processs, and water. Oxidation of these deposits, usuallycontaining sulphide minerals, may result in generation of an acidic, metal laden leachate,callled Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), which may have a devastating impact on thesurrounding groundwater resources. In this study, the stochastic LaSAR-PHREEQC reactive transport modeling approach is usedin order to evaluate the coupled effect of geochemical reactions and physical heterogeneity ofthe subsurface in the breakthrough of acidity and metal downstream of the source while theAMD transported in the water saturated zone of an impoundment. The tailings depositcalled Impoundment 1 at the Kristineberg mining site at the Skellefteå field, in northernSweden, is used as a case study to simulate pH buffering processes and attenuation of Zn.The objectives of the study are 1) to evaluate the relevance of different possible geochemicalprocesses in pH buffering and Zn attenuation; 2) to evaluate the effect of spatial variability ofthe physical processes of the groundwater system on the breakthrough of contaminants; and3) to evaluate the effect of the location and distribution of the source zone in terms of thedistance from the impoundment boundary. Simulation results of the presented model revealed that pH buffering from calcite andchlorite are important processes capable of counteracting the acidification from AMD.Dissolution of secondary Al(OH)3(s) is another important process capable of buffering pH.Precipitation of smithsonite, ZnCO3, is an important process for attenuation of Zn2+.Moreover, sorption of Zn2+ on ferric iron surfaces is found to be an important process forattenuation of the metal, depending on the available sorption surface sites. Flow variabilityhighly affects the breakthrough of the contaminants such that with increasing subsurfaceheterogeneity, earlier breakthrough of contaminants occurs. Moreover, increased variabilityresults in decreased peak loads, but longer duration of the load. / www.ima.kth.se

In the manufacturing process of mineral wool insulation plates, defects arise, such as unmelted base minerals and uncured binder which gets embedded within the plates. To be able to sort out these defective plates from a manufacturing line, a reliable quality assessment is needed. The aim is to find an ultrasonic non-destructive testing method that can identify the embedded defects. This was achieved through experiments on defective insulation plates using three different ultrasonic non-destructive testing methods that were of interest. These methods were higher harmonics, pulse-echo and through transmission. Of these three, the through transmission method showed the most promising results in finding the defects that were sought after. The through transmission method utilizes two aligned transducers, one acting as a transmitter and one as a receiver. When the defective area passes through the sound beam between the transducers the intensity of the beam drops, indicating that a defect is present. The weakened intensity is due to the signal attenuation, mainly caused by the higher density of the defects compared to the base material in the surrounding insulation plate. The method is well suited for being implemented in a production line since it’s a fast method and, therefore, suited for moving objects. More measurements are needed to establish a reliable reference value to consistently distinguish the defects from the surrounding plate. The method was only evaluated in a small scale experimental environment so further experiments on a larger scale are needed to mimic and evaluate the reliability in the real case scenario of the production lines. / I tillverkningsprocessen av isolerskivor i stenull uppstår inneboende defekter i isolerskivorna, dessa defekter består av osmälta basmineraler och ohärdat bindemedel. För att kunna sortera bort dessa skadade skivor från tillverkningslinjen behövs en pålitlig metod för kvalitetsbedömning. Avsikten med det här arbetet är att hitta en oförstörande provningsmetod baserad på ultraljud som kan identifiera de inneboende defekterna. Detta genomfördes genom experiment på defekta isolerskivor med tre olika oförstörande provningsmetoder baserade på ultraljud. Dessa metoderna var, higher harmonics, pitch-echo och through transmission. Through transmission visade lovande resultat i att identifiera de båda typerna av skador. Metoden är baserad på att en sändare sänder ut ultraljud till en mottagare placerad i linje med sändaren. När ett defekt område passerar ultraljudsvågen mellan sändaren och mottagaren försvagas intensiteten av signalen. Försvagningen av signalen beror mestadels på att densiteten är högre hos defekterna än hos basmaterialet i isolerskivan. Denna försvagning indikerar att en defekt befinner sig i mätområdet. Metoden är väl implementerbar i en tillverkningslinje, då det är en snabb metod vilket den behöver vara då objektet är i rörelse. Mer mätningar behövs för att fastställa ett pålitligt referensvärde för att konsekvent kunna sortera ut de defekta isolerskivorna. Metoden är endast utvärderad i en småskalig laborationsmiljö och det behövs fler tester i en större skala undersöka pålitligheten i det verkliga scenariot med tillverkningslinjen.

Contexte: Les limites du traitement chirurgical des tumeurs du foie sont définies par la réserve hépatique fonctionnelle qui est déterminée par le volume et la qualité du foie non tumoral restant. L’hépatopathie sous-jacente détermine non seulement la place de la chirurgie mais aussi le risque de récidive pour les tumeurs hépatiques primitives. Dans les cas des métastases hépatiques, la chimiothérapie précède très souvent la chirurgie et l’hépatotoxicité de cette chimiothérapie est un risque important des complications post opératoires. Dans le contexte particulier de la transplantation hépatique (TH) pour le carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC), l’hypertension portale est un risque de progression tumorale pendant la période d’attente et la sortie de la liste. Le foie non tumoral est donc est un facteur important dans la prise en charge des patients avec des tumeurs du foie. FibroScan® qui mesure l'élasticité du foie pourrait être utilisé pour évaluer le foie et prédire les suites post opératoires et la risque de progression de CHC dans la liste de TH. Méthodes: Les patients consécutifs qui ont été programmés pour subir une hépatectomie ou une transplantation ont été inclus dans l'étude après un consentement éclairé. L'élastométrie (LS) et le paramètre d'atténuation contrôlée (CAP) du foie non tumorale ont été estimés en pré opératoire par l’élastographie transitoire avec le dispositif FibroScan® 502 Touch en utilisant des sondes M ou XL. Résultats: Les nomogrammes basés sur LS qui ont été développés et validés dans cette étude ont pu hépatectomie pour les maladies hépatobiliaires. Chez les patients atteints de CHC, LS a joué un rôle plus important car il prédit non seulement les résultats de 90 jours, mais aussi la décompensation hépatique persistante au-delà de la période post-opératoire. En plus, LS ≥30 kPa et CAP <240 dB/m ont été associés à un mauvais pronostic oncologique après l’hépatectomie et peuvent ainsi être un marqueur de substitution pour la nature agressive du CHC. La performance de LS pour diagnostiquer la fibrose hépatique avancée (AUROC: 0.95) et la cirrhose (AUROC: 0.97) a été validée dans cette recherche et CAP a eu une performance satisfaisante pour détecter la stéatose hépatique significatif (AUROC: 0.70). Un modèle à base de LS appelé score HVPG10 a été développé et validé pour diagnostiquer une hypertension portale significative chez les patients atteints d'une maladie chronique du foie. Avec un seuil de 15, le score HVPG10 était précis pour exclure une hypertension portale importante dans >95% des patients et éviter des investigations supplémentaires et inutiles. Conclusion: L'exploration des patients prévus pour l'hépatectomie permet d'prévoir des complications sévères et la mortalité après l’hépatectomie. LS ≥30 kPa élevé est un facteur de risque important la récidive après la résection et de progression de CHC en attente de TH. Par conséquent, TH devrait être le traitement en première intention avec les patients avec LS ≥30 kPa. / Background: The major determinant of the results of surgical resection for liver tumors is the volume and quality of the future liver remnant. The hepatopathy of the non-tumoral liver not only limits the type of surgery but also the risk of recurrence in primary liver tumors. With respect to liver metastasis, pre-operative chemotherapy is the usual treatment strategy and the hepatotoxicity of prolonged chemotherapy is an important risk factor for post-operative morbi-mortality. In patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) waiting for liver transplantation (LT), clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH) is a risk for tumor progression and dropout of the waiting list for LT. Overall, degree of liver fibrosis and portal hypertension in the non-tumoral liver are important factors in the management of patients with liver tumors as they determine the prognosis of patients after hepatectomy. FibroScan®, which estimate the degree of liver fibrosis and steatosis, could utilized to evaluate the non-tumoral liver and predict the post-operative outcomes and the risk of dropout from the list of LT in HCC patients waiting for LT. Methods: Consecutive patients programmed to undergo hepatectomy or LT were included in the present study prospectively after an informed consent. Liver stiffness (LS) and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) were measured pre-operatively by transient elastography using FibroScan® 502 Touch Standard device with M or XL probes. Results: LS-based nomograms that were developed and valided in this study were accurate to predict 90-day severe morbidity and 90-day mortality after hepatectomy for various hepatobiliary diseases. In patients with HCC undergoing hepatectomy, elevated LS ≥22 kPa was a risk factor for persistent hepatic decompensation beyond the 90-day post-operative period. Moreover, LS ≥30 kPa and CAP <240 dB/m were associated with poor oncological outcomes after resection and thus could be a surrogate biomarker of more aggressive HCC. The discriminatory ability of LS to diagnose advanced liver fibrosis (AUROC: 0.95) and cirrhosis (AUROC: 0.97) was validated in the present study. Further, CAP had a satisfactory performance to screen significant hepatic steatosis (S≥2) with AUROC of 0.70. A new LS-based model called HVPG10 score was developed and validated to diagnose CSPH. With a cut-off of 15, it was capable of accurately ruling out CSPH in >95% of the patients with chronic liver disease and would avoid further unnecessary investigations. Conclusion: Pre-operative evaluation of patients with transient elastography would enable surgeons to predict major complications and mortality after hepatectomy with LS-based nomograms. In patients with HCC, LS ≥30 kPa was an important risk factor of incomplete surgical resection, early recurrence after hepatectomy and for tumor progression and dropout while waiting for LT. Therefore, LT must be the primary treatment in HCC patients with LS ≥30 kPa.

Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company- SKB has conducted measurement campaigns at the Swedish central interim storage facility for spent nuclear fuel- CLAB over the years, extending from year 2003 to 2019 where the gamma energy escape was acquired. At CLAB the spent nuclear fuel assembly is inserted into the calorimeter; device intended to measure temperature increase due to decay heat from the fuel assembly. The calorimetric construction is surrounded by water the medium in which the temperature deviations occur and thus are also measured by the calorimeter. However, there is some leakage of gamma energy from the calorimetric construction and does not contribute to the heating of the water. Therefore, only considering the calorimetric measurements is not enough to estimate the total decay heat in the fuel assembly since these measurements fail to account for the gamma escape. Measurements of gamma energy escape acquired over the years at CLAB were observed to have some tendencies that where questionable, mainly some stochastic behavior indicating that their uncertainty was profound. In the scope of the thesis a computational method was developed to calculate the gamma energy escape and thus assist in determining which measurements to discard. Combination of two programs were used one being Spent Nuclear fuel- SNF and the second Monte Carlo N particle Simulator- MCNP, to obtain the computational gamma energy escape for different fuel assemblies and cooling times- CTs. It was established that the escape had a range between 1-3,5% and that it had a dependency on CT, fuel assembly type and operational history. Calculated radial exponential decay coefficient for fuel assemblies of the medium; water had also a clear dependency on CT where values of the coefficient increased over CT. Normalized gamma energy distribution over a rotation around the fuel assembly was calculated and it showed that the assembly tended to have the highest radiation coming from its corner rods. The verification of the computational gamma escape results with corresponding measurements yielded that the agreement was quite good for the earlier measurement campaigns. However, deviation became evident after the 2007 campaign where the calculated values were underestimated compared to the measured.

The main subject of this diploma thesis is to make a proposal to improve the optical access network for the transmission of Triple play services. I would here to the reader clarify method of proposal of optical network. There are described the kinds of optical access networks with parameters, for which we must look by their construction. There are described the modern methods of construction optical network too. In the theoretical part are discussed used architecture of networks too. I met here known standards, which I compared for big importance by their choice. A reason of construction of optical network are services known like Triple play. These services together with their problems and parameters are here discussed too. At the end of theoretical part I listed here measuring method for getting negative attribute distorting the led signal. In practical part the locality witch use the optical signal as the source of information is ordered. These network use unfit connections and has less possibilities than usual and this is the reason, why is the network not able to supply Triple play in requested quality. At first the analysis of ordered network was needed. Situation was complicated by the fact, that it has been prohibited entrance to me. The structure of network and network parts was known and documented by me. I made the proposals to improve this network in practical part. By the first proposal remained original kind of access network FTTB, but used new parts with higher performance. By the second proposal I made the network FTTH, by which it was possible to use the last haul optical cables with treatment and using new elements. It was needed to create solution by flat units. The resulting proposals are here evaluated, compared and cost evaluated. For rejection of access to optical network I did not make measuring, so I made simulation for variant FTTH for getting some parameters negative acting transmission.

This doctoral thesis deals with present trend to turn up the bit rate of the optical fibres making use of wavelenght multiplex systems. There are new theoretical and practical problems caused by the new technologies. Except the known modal dispersion there exist problems caused by chromatical and polarization mode dispersion. In the opening of the thesis the known effects, which influence the payload signal, are introduced. The polarization mode dispersion has the main attention. Within the scope of this thesis there has been programmed the statistical calculator which can analyses the measured values of differential group delay by Monte Carlo calculation. Next meaningful output is the designating application of the optical routes. It is possible to mathematicaly unambiguously define the polarization mode dispersion by Jones, Stokes and Poynting vectors. This complicated calculations are mechanized and in the simulation application make possible to simulate the signification of the PMD influence at different input parameters. The thesis includes the study of the PMD modulation format impact with the results of simulations and confrontation with other scientists results. The significant output are the final practical results examinations, which can be implemented thanks to the possibility of using the FTB-5500B measuring device.

This dissertation thesis deals with elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) of surfaces with real roughness. Systematic study of surface harmonic components behaviour, during their passage of the EHL contact, by other authors led to retrieval of a uniform principle according which individual harmonic components deform inside the contact. Although the amplitude attenuation model can provide rapid tool for more accurate surface assessment in design process it has not been validated on real surfaces till now. The thesis represents pioneering work on quantitative analysis of real surfaces EHD measurements. It contains original and new results with real and model roughness features that in many cases confirm theoretical expectations. Deeper understanding of surface roughness behaviour inside EHL contact, which is typical for machine parts like bearings, gears, cams etc., can help to improve design process of the components and ultimately enable machines and equipment to work with lower energy requirements and higher durability.

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Es wurde eine Arsenkontamination von Boden und Grundwasser im Bereich einer Zellstofffabrik untersucht, die auf Ablagerungen von Eisenoxidschlacken (Rückstände aus der Pyritröstung) mit hohem Gehalt an verschiedenen Spurenelementen zurückzuführen ist. Der Standort ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass über viele Jahre Lösungen aus der Celluloseproduktion („Sulfitablauge“) versickerten. Hierdurch gelangten größere Mengen an Sulfat und organischen Stoffen in den Untergrund. Infolgedessen weist das Grundwasser einen stark reduzierten, sulfidischen Chemismus auf. Ein Großteil der Spurenelemente wurde aus der Schlacke im Oberboden in den darunter liegenden wassergesättigten Bereich transportiert und dort in Form von sulfidischen Niederschlägen festgelegt. Eine Ausnahme bildet Arsen, das unter den spezifischen Milieubedingungen im Schadenzentrum lösliche schwefelhaltige Verbindungen bildet (max. 4 mg As/L). Diese Arsen-Schwefel-Spezies wurden erstmals mit einer neu entwickelten IC-ICP/MS- Methode in einem Grundwasser nachgewiesen. Die Grundwasser- und Bodenuntersuchungen sowie begleitende hydrogeologische Messungen ergaben, dass die Arsen-Schwefel-Spezies innerhalb einer Fließstrecke von 30-80 m im Abstrom des Schadenzentrums vollständig immobilisiert werden. Bei der Festlegung von Arsen spielt die biologische Sulfatreduktion, die durch versickerte Sulfitablauge ermöglicht wurde, eine entscheidende Rolle. Anhand dieser Erkenntnisse wurde im Jahr 2000 ein natural attenuation-Konzept zur Sicherung des Standortes ausgearbeitet. Nach Auswertung der Ergebnisse der Standortuntersuchungen aus den Jahren 1999-2005 sowie einer Literaturrecherche zur Arsen-Schwefel-Chemie wurden die Struktur und das Verhalten der unbekannten Arsen-Schwefel-Spezies sowie die Vorgänge bei der Festlegung von Arsen im Boden genauer untersucht. Das wesentlichste Ergebnis der Arbeiten ist, dass in sulfidischen Systemen, z.B. in Grundwässern unter Sulfat reduzierenden Bedingungen, Thioarsenate gebildet werden. In Lehrbüchern und Fachpublikationen aus den vergangenen Jahrzehnten wurde bislang ausschließlich die Existenz von Thioarseniten vermutet. Ursache für die Bildung von Thioarsenaten ist eine hohe Affinität zwischen Arsen und Schwefel, die eine Oxidation von As(III) durch Anlagerung eines Schwefelatoms an dessen freiem Elektronenpaar „erzwingt“. In sulfidhaltigen Lösungen wird hierzu ein Teil des As(III) zu elementarem Arsen reduziert. Das zunächst gebildete Monothioarsenat wird weiter zu den schwefelhaltigeren Thioarsenaten sulfidiert. In sulfidischen Grundwässern bestimmen deshalb die Anionen von Oxomonothioarsenat, Oxodithioarsenat, Oxotrithioarsenat und Tetrathioarsenat das Verhalten von Arsen. Wesentlich für das Verständnis der Arsen-Schwefel-Chemie ist auch die Instabilität der As-SH-Gruppen, die entsprechend dem Dissoziationsverhalten der jeweiligen Arsen-Schwefel-Spezies gebildet werden. Dies erfolgt bei pH-Werten im Bereich von ca. 7-8,5, wobei die monomeren Anionen unter Abspaltung von Schwefelwasserstoff kondensieren. Infolgedessen muss in Grundwässern auch mit polymeren Thioarsenaten gerechnet werden. In saurer Lösung zerfallen die Thioarsenate in arsenige Säure und Schwefel bzw. fallen als Arsenpentasulfid aus. Arsen wird in sulfidischen Aquiferen als Sulfid (z.B. As4S4), als Arsenpyrit (FeAsS) oder durch Einbau von Arsen als Schwefelsubstituent in das Kristallgitter von Mackinawite bzw. Pyrit (FeS, FeS2) festgelegt. Die ermittelten Prozesse können ggf. zur Sanierung bzw. Sicherung von Standorten mit arsenhaltigen Rückständen im Boden bzw. von arsenbelasteten Grundwässern eingesetzt werden. Dabei ist auch von Bedeutung, dass Thioarsenate nach derzeitigem Kenntnisstand relativ gering toxisch sind. Im Umgang mit Thioarsenaten, z.B. auch bei der Analyse von Arsen in sulfidischen Proben, ist jedoch deren Umwandlung in arsenige Säure bei einer pH-Absenkung und auch bei Sauerstoffzutritt zu berücksichtigen. Die biologische Sulfatreduktion spielt eine wesentlich größere Rolle für die Mobilität von Arsen in Grundwässern als bisher angenommen. Im Hinblick auf die weltweit große gesundheitliche Relevanz von Arsen im Trinkwasser und auf mögliche Sanierungsverfahren sollten die Umsetzungen von Arsen unter Sulfat reduzierenden Bedingungen eingehender untersucht werden. / The motivation for the thesis was a project at an industrial site conducted in 1999 to define a remediation concept for soil and groundwater contaminated with arsenic. The contamination resulted from the deposition of residuals from pyrite burning (iron oxides containing different trace elements) in the upper soil many years ago. Because of long-term pollution with process waters rich in organic substances and sulfate, the aquifer is strongly reduced (sulfidic). Most of the arsenic was transferred out of the contaminated soil into the saturated zone in a depth of 7-10 m. There it is partly immobilized as sulfide precipitations, but part of it is solved in the groundwater in form of arsenic-sulfur-complexes (up to 4 ppm). These complexes were detected for the first time in a groundwater by means of an improved IC-ICP-MS method. It was also found that approx. 80 m downstream of the contaminated spot the concentrations of arsenic in soil and groundwater were not increased. On this basis a natural attenuation concept was proposed in 2000. The data from the investigated site was evaluated and specific laboratory tests were carried out in order to identify the unknown arsenic species as well as the processes which lead to their immobilization in the aquifer. The key role of the soluble arsenic-sulfur complexes for the mobility and toxicity of arsenic in sulfate-reducing environments is commonly accepted. In the past, thioarsenites were assumed to be the existing species in sulfidic systems. In this study, however, thioarsenates were identified in solutions spiked with in arsenite and hydrogen sulfide as well as in the contaminated groundwater. The unexpected finding of an oxidation of arsenite to thioarsenates in strongly reducing systems can be explained by the high affinity between As(III) and sulfur. In sulfide containing solutions without any oxidant, arsenite therefore undergoes disproportionation to thioarsenates and elemental arsenic. This was already found out in the 19th century, but has been neglected in publications from the last decades. According to the results of this study the anions of oxomonothioarsenate, oxodithioarsenate, oxotrithioarsenate und tetrathioarsenate are the dominating arsenic species in sulfidic waters. The partitioning of the four species is governed mainly by the sulfide concentration. Beside the high affinity between arsenic and sulfur, the instability of the As-SH group is essential to understand the reactions in the arsenic-sulfur system. As soon as the arsenic-sulfur complexes form As-SH groups (according to their dissociation characteristics) they condensate in separating hydrogen sulfide. Thioarsenates form polymers in the pH range of approx. 7-8.5. Therefore beside the mentioned monomers, thioarsenate polymers can also be important in natural environments. In more acidic solutions they decay into arsenite and sulfur or precipitate as arsenic-pentasulfide. When analyzing arsenic in sulfide containing solutions, it has always to be taken into account that thioarsenates are highly sensitive to oxygen and pH. Therefore, e.g. arsenic speciation by means of HG-AAS is not suitable for sulfidic waters and can wrongly indicate a mixture of arsenite and arsenate. It has previously been supposed that the mobility as well as the toxicity of arsenic increase if the redox state decreases. For sulfidic waters the opposite is probably the case owing to the formation of thioarsenates. The toxicity of arsenite is due to the high reactivity of the As(III) towards sulfohydroxyl groups in proteins. Without a free electron pair and sulfur already incorporated, thioarsenates should be less toxic compared to arsenite. Arsenic can be mobilized out of contaminated soils in form of thioarsenates via infiltration of sulfide solutions or by input of sulfate and biodegradable organic matter. In the presence of iron, thioarsenates can be fixated in sulfidic aquifers as a minor substitute in mackinawite and biogenic pyrite or as arsenic pyrite. Bacterial sulfate reduction is a crucial factor for the mobilization and immobilization of arsenic in reduced aquifers. Considering the negative health impacts of arsenic for millions of people worldwide, as well as the implementation of the mentioned remediation strategies the arsenic-sulfur chemistry deserves closer attention.

Positronemissionstomografi är en väl använd modalitet som kan hjälpa till att ge information om olika organs tillstånd. Ett problem som kan uppstå när man utför undersökningar är att patientrörelser, i synnerhet andning, förvränger de resulterande bilderna. Detta är ett vanligt problem och kan leda till komplikationer som inkorrekt diagnos och i sin tur felbehandling. Om rörelsen är för kraftig kan det till och med göra bilden värdelös, vilket tvingar patienten att genomgå en ny examination som är kostsam både för patientens hälsa och för sjukhuset som utför undersökningen. För att förhindra att detta inträffar har flera studier gjorts för att anpassa bilderna så att även om patienten rör sig skulle undersökningen fortfarande ge acceptabla bilder. Detta projekt är en fortsättning på det arbete som gjorts av en annan student på CBH-skolan vid KTH, som för sin masteruppsats tränade en djupinlärningsmodell att korrigera för patientrörelser. Denna modell tränades uteslutande på PET-fantomer och inte attenuerad data som genererats i simuleringar. I detta projekt prövades och implementerades tre olika metoder för att ta fram attenueringsmappar med hjälp av modellen för att utföra både rörelse- och attenueringskorrektion. Resultaten visade att metoden som direkt tillämpade deformationen mellan attenueringskarta och respektive PET-gate var överlägsen de andra, men den kunde fortfarande inte återge korrigerade bilder där lesionerna som fanns på fantomen är tydligt synliga. / Positron emission tomography is a widely used modality that can help provide information about how various parts of the body are functioning. An issue that can occur when performing these examinations is patient movement, usually breathing, distorting the resulting images. This is a common issue and can lead to complications such as misdiagnosis and in turn mistreatment. If the movement is too significant it can even render the scan useless, forcing the patient to undergo a new scan which is costly both for the patient’s health and for the hospital performing the examination. To prevent this from happening several methods have been tried to adapt the images so that even if the patient moved the scan would still produce acceptable images.  This project is a continuation of the work done by another student on the CBH-school at KTH who, for his master’s thesis, trained a deep-learning model to correct for patient movement. This model was trained exclusively on PET phantoms and not attenuated data generated in simulations. In this project three different methods were tested and implemented to acquire attenuation maps that could be used to perform movement- and attenuation correction. The results showed that the method that directly applied the deformation between attenuation map and respective PET-gate was superior to the others, but it could still not reconstruct corrected images with the lesions that were originally visible on the phantom.