in english For their positive influence on mechanical and physical properties of the material, methods of severe plastic deformation are popular for quite some time today. Rotary swaging is one of them. With its simplicity and productivity, it has the potential for industrial use. It is a radial swaging of rods or tubes, which results in decreasing of their diameter. Influence of this method is researched on extruded rods made of magnesium alloy AZ31. Experiments are made on five samples of different degree of swaging (different diameter). This allows to research gradual evolution of properties during the swaging. Results show significant positive influence on grain size (and microstructure in general) of originally extruded rod. During swaging there is an evolution of material texture and increase in strength.

The hot forming-quenching (HFQ) process has introduced grains and subgrain growth, accompanied with modification of the intermetallic particle distribution in AZ31 magnesium alloys. Each region of the HFQ component represents significant grain structure variation and surface conditions that contributed to the corrosion susceptibility. The homogeneous grain structure significantly ruled the corrosion propagation features by filiform-like corrosion. Immersion of AZ31 alloys in 3.5 wt.% NaCl indicated higher corrosion rate of HFQ TRC (corrosion rate: 10.129 mm/year), a factor of 10 times, higher than the rolled alloy (corrosion rate: 0.853 mm/year) and a factor of 2 times, higher than the corrosion rate of MCTRC alloy (corrosion rate: 5.956 mm/year). Much lower corrosion rate was indicated in the as-cast TRC and MCTRC alloys, compared to the alloys after HFQ process that revealed the contribution of network or continuous distribution of β-Mg17Al12 phase particles to reduce the corrosion driven in chloride solution. In contrast, discontinuous distribution of cathodic β-Mg17Al12 phase particles increases the corrosion rate of HFQ TRC alloy by promoting the cathodic reaction and intense filament propagation resembling the coarse interdendritic and grain boundaries attack. The presence of high population densities of cathodic Al8Mn5 particles in HFQ rolled AZ31B-H24 alloy significantly reduced the corrosion driven for intense corrosion attack on the rolled alloy. The surface preparation by mechanical grinding process induced MgO and Zn-enrichment layer, accompanied with near surface deformed layer that consisted of nanograins in the range size of 40 to 250 nm. The grinding process refined the surface by removing the cutting damage and marks that formed during the thermomechanical process and led to stable potential of the HFQ AZ31 alloys, in the range of -1.59 to -1.57 V, during open circuit potential (OCP) measurement. The surface regularity with grinding path causing the filament to propagate following the grinding direction. The as-received surface contained many cutting damages and deep scratch marks from the rolling and casting processes that could introduce many corrosion initiation sites. The absence of the grinding direction on the as-received surface could control intense corrosion susceptibility, due to the non-linear filament propagation. The surface irregularity on chromic acid cleaned surface of HFQ rolled AZ31B-H24 alloy also contributed to low corrosion potential of the rolled alloy during OCP and potentiodynamic polarization measurement.

Additive friction stir deposition (AFSD) of AZ31B magnesium alloy was conducted to examine evolution of grain structure, phases, and crystallographic texture. AFSD was carried out using a hollow tool made from tool steel at a constant rotational velocity of 400 rpm on the AZ31B base plate. Bar stock of AZ31B was utilized as a feed material. The linear velocity of the tool was varied in the range of 4.2-6.3 mm/s. The feed rate of the material had to be maintained at a half value compared to the corresponding linear velocity for the successful deposition. The layer thickness and length of the deposits were kept constant at 1 mm and 50 mm respectively. The tool torque and actuator force values were recorded during the process and for calculation of the average input energy for each processing condition. Temperature during the AFSD experiments was monitored using a type k thermocouple located 4 mm beneath the deposition surface at the center of the deposition track. The average input energy values showed a decreasing trend with increasing tool linear velocity. The temperature values during deposition were ∼0.7 times the liquidus of the alloy. The deposited material then was examined by laser microscope and profilometer, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron back scatter diffraction (EBSC), contact angle measurement and micro hardness tests. The AFSD AZ31B samples showed reduction in areal surface roughness with an increase in the tool linear velocity. The X-ray spectra revealed increase in the intensity of prismatic planes of α-Mg phase with increase in tool linear velocity. AFSD of AZ31B Mg alloy resulted in shifting of the grain size from a broader and courser distribution within the feed material to a tighter distribution. Moreover, EBSD observations confirmed the refinement in grain size distribution as well as the presence of predominantly prismatic texture for the AFSD samples when compared to the feed material. There was a marginal improvement in the hardness for the AFSD samples compared to the feed material. However, there was no significant change in the contact angle measurements in simulated body fluid for the AFSD samples compared to the feed material. The current work demonstrated ability of AFSD technique for the additive fabrication of magnesium-based alloys and provided a methodology for examining various process attributes influencing the processing-structure-property relationship.

No description available.

The present study focuses on the evolving microstructure of Mg alloy AZ31. The material is subjected to channel die compression at room temperature to simulate a reduction stage in the rolling process. Samples are annealed to provoke recovery, static recrystallization, and grain growth. Annealing is carried out at three temperatures for times ranging from 10s to 10,000s. The material’s response is exhibited through the use of data collection methods such as microhardness, optical microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Methodology behind experimentation and data collection techniques are documented in detail. Conclusions are made about the effects of the compression and annealing processes on the material’s microstructure. The Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) model is introduced, and a simple recrystallization kinetics plot is attempted.

The application of high resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD) techniques has been used in order to study the evolution of geometrically necessary dislocation (GND). The tested materials were taken from AZ31 magnesium sheet which had strong basal texture. Because of low symmetry of the magnesium crystal lattice, the von Mises criteria cannot be satisfied by the three independent, easily activated, basal slips. The strain along the c-axis of the crystal must be accommodated by either twinning and/or slip systems. HR-EBSD data was taken in order to investigate these phenomena. The HR-EBSD results were post processed in order to resolve total GND density onto the observed possible slip systems. The first chapter of the investigation focused on the correlation between resolved GNDs with tensile twin nucleation, and the subsequent propagation path in the microstructure. For this purpose, 2.5 % strain was applied in a uniaxial compression test along the transverse direction (TD). Several fine scan were done at the boundaries where twin formed. The results show that in order for a twin to nucleate spontaneously at the grain boundaries, two criteria should generally be met: high angle grain boundaries (35-45°) and pile ups of basal slip system in neighboring grain at the other side of the boundary. Furthermore, once nucleation has initiated, twin propagation can occur through low angle grain boundaries (15-25°); if a twin reaches a high angle boundary, it will generally terminate at the boundary at low strain levels. A twin may pass through high angle boundaries with further deformation. In the second chapter, deformation of the AZ31 magnesium alloy was study for different strain paths. For this purpose, compression and tension in-situ tests were done and the texture and GND evolutions were investigated. The results show that the load paths, compression and tension, evolve the microstructure in different ways. Massive twin fractions were formed in compression, and higher GND contents were observed in tension tests. It was observed that at higher strain levels GND contents are roughly independent of the initial texture but the activation of slip systems at low strain strongly depends on initial structure. If the samples were loaded along RD, GND density increased sharply at low strain. In contrast, for the samples loaded along TD, GND increased moderately. A small amount of repetition is apparent in the two parts of the thesis due to them being formatted for individual publication as journal papers.

Parsing the effect of slip-twin interactions on the strain rate and thermal sensitivities of Magnesium (Mg) alloys has been a challenging endeavor for scientists preoccupied with the mechanical behavior of hexagonal close-packed alloys, especially those with great latent economic potential such as Mg. One of the main barriers is the travail entailed in fitting the various stress-strain behaviors at different temperatures, strain rates, loading directions applied to different starting textures. Taking on this task for two different Mg alloys presenting different textures and as such various levels of slip-twin interactions were modeled using VPSC code. A recently developed routine that captures dislocation transmutation by twinning interfaces on strain hardening within the twin lamellae was employed. While the strong texture was exemplified by traditional rolled AZ31 Mg alloys, the weak texture was represented by ZEK100 Mg alloy sheets. The transmutation model casted within a dislocation density based hardening model showed tremendous flexibility in predicting the complex strain rate and thermal sensitive behavior of Mg textures’ response to various mechanical loadings schemes.

No / The transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy to a Mg-AZ31 alloy was performed using an electrodeposited Ni coating containing a dispersion of Ni and Cu nanoparticles. Bond formation was attributed to two mechanisms; first, solid-state diffusion of Ni and Mg, followed by liquid eutectic formation at the Mg-AZ31 interface. Second, the solid-state diffusion of Ni and Ti at the Ti-6Al-4V interface resulted in a metallurgical joint. The joint interface was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Microhardness and shear strength tests were used to investigate the mechanical properties of the bonds. The use of Cu nanoparticles as a dispersion produced the maximum joint shear strength of 69 MPa. This shear strength value corresponded to a 15 % enhancement in joint strength compared to TLP bonds made without the use of nanoparticles dispersion. / The authors would like to acknowledge The German Jordanian University (GJU), and NSERC Canada for the financial support for this research.

Dans ce projet, le matériau est l'alliage de magnésium AZ31-O en tôle. L'épaisseur de tôles est de 1,2 mm. Les essais de traction à chaud sont réalisés afin d'étudier la ductilité de l'alliage de magnésium AZ31-O, la température et l'influence la vitesse de déformation sont incluses dans tous les tests. Le résultat d'analyse montre que la ductilité est renforcée avec une température croissante et une vitesse de déformation décroissante, le phénomène d'adoucissement est évident à la température élevée. La propriété anisotrope n'est pas considérée dans ce projet. Les essais Nakazima à chaud avec le poinçon d'hémisphère sont réalisés pour étudier la formabilité de l'alliage de magnésium AZ31-O. Enfin, la FLD (Forming Limit Diagram) est identifiée et les comparaisons montrent que la formabilité est préférable à une température plus élevée. En outre, les prédictions des limites de formage sont effectuées dans le modèle M-K. La comparaison montre clairement avec la prédiction théorique ne convient pas avec l'expérience. Les simulations des éléments finis sont effectuées pour un emboutissage par poinçon hémisphérique et un emboutissage en croix. Tout d'abord, les simulations d'emboutissage de poinçon hémisphérique sont réalisés sur FORGE® et sur ABAQUS®. Les résultats des simulations de FORGE et de ABAQUS sont comparés afin d'étudier la différence de divers codes de simulation des éléments finis. Deuxièmement, le comportement de d'endommagent est étudié dans FORGE par modèle d'endommagement Lemaitre. Enfin, la simulation d'emboutissage en croix qui est un benchmark de la conférence 2011 NUMISHEET est réalisée avec FORGE. La charge de poinçon, l'épaisseur et la distribution de température sont obtenues et comparées pour chaque simulation. En outre, ces résultats de la simulation de benchmark (FORGE) sont également comparés à d'autres logiciels de simulation en conférence. Les résultats des analyses détaillées sont présentés dans cette thèse. / In this project, the material is AZ31-O magnesium alloy sheet. The sheet thickness is 1.2mm. Warm tensile tests are performed to study ductility of AZ31-O magnesium alloy, the temperature and strain rate influence are included in all tests. The analysis result shows the ductility is enhanced with temperature increasing and strain rate decreasing, and the softening phenomenon is obvious at high temperature. The anisotropic property is not considered in this project. Warm Nakazima tests with hemisphere punch are performed to study formability of AZ31-O magnesium alloy. Finally, the FLD (Forming Limit Diagram) is identified and the comparisons distinctly show that the formability is better at higher temperature. Moreover, the forming limits predictions are performed in M-K model. The comparison clearly shows the theoretical prediction do not fit well with experiment. Finite element simulations are performed for a hemisphere punch deep drawing and a cross-shaped deep drawing. Firstly, the hemisphere punch deep drawing simulations are performed in FORGE® and ABAQUS®. The simulation result from FORGE and ABAQUS are compared in order to study the difference of various finite element simulation codes. Secondly, the damage behavior is studied in FORGE by Lemaitre damage model. Finally, the cross-shaped deep drawing simulation which is a benchmark of NUMISHEET 2011 conference is performed with FORGE. The punch load, thickness and temperature distribution are obtained and compared for each simulation. Furthermore, this benchmark simulation results (FORGE) are also compared with other various simulation software in conference. The detailed analysis results are presented in this thesis.

Dans ce projet, le matériau est l'alliage de magnésium AZ31-O en tôle. L'épaisseur de tôles est de 1,2 mm. Les essais de traction à chaud sont réalisés afin d'étudier la ductilité de l'alliage de magnésium AZ31-O, la température et l'influence la vitesse de déformation sont incluses dans tous les tests. Le résultat d'analyse montre que la ductilité est renforcée avec une température croissante et une vitesse de déformation décroissante, le phénomène d'adoucissement est évident à la température élevée. La propriété anisotrope n'est pas considérée dans ce projet. Les essais Nakazima à chaud avec le poinçon d'hémisphère sont réalisés pour étudier la formabilité de l'alliage de magnésium AZ31-O. Enfin, la FLD (Forming Limit Diagram) est identifiée et les comparaisons montrent que la formabilité est préférable à une température plus élevée. En outre, les prédictions des limites de formage sont effectuées dans le modèle M-K. La comparaison montre clairement avec la prédiction théorique ne convient pas avec l'expérience. Les simulations des éléments finis sont effectuées pour un emboutissage par poinçon hémisphérique et un emboutissage en croix. Tout d'abord, les simulations d'emboutissage de poinçon hémisphérique sont réalisés sur FORGE® et sur ABAQUS®. Les résultats des simulations de FORGE et de ABAQUS sont comparés afin d'étudier la différence de divers codes de simulation des éléments finis. Deuxièmement, le comportement de d'endommagent est étudié dans FORGE par modèle d'endommagement Lemaitre. Enfin, la simulation d'emboutissage en croix qui est un benchmark de la conférence 2011 NUMISHEET est réalisée avec FORGE. La charge de poinçon, l'épaisseur et la distribution de température sont obtenues et comparées pour chaque simulation. En outre, ces résultats de la simulation de benchmark (FORGE) sont également comparés à d'autres logiciels de simulation en conférence. Les résultats des analyses détaillées sont présentés dans cette thèse.