This work describes the synthesis and functionalization of azoles employing different methodologies, based on organometallic catalysis or not. Firstly, we disclose the synthesis tetra-substituted 5-trifluoromethyl pyrazoles via sequential halogenation of 5-trifluoromethyl pyrazoles and palladium-catalyzed carbon–carbon and carbon–nitrogen cross-coupling reactions employing organozinc reagents and amines as coupling partners, respectively. This work allowed to achieve new pyrazolic systems in moderated to good yields. Posteriorly, we show the synthesis of 1,3-di(hetero)aryl indazoles exploring the complementary catalytic activity of nickel and copper complexes. We commenced this study evaluating different nickel pre-catalysts to perform the intramolecular amination of unprotected 2-chlorophenyl hydrazones. In a second moment, we described the N-(hetero)arylation of the in situ generated NH indazoles, using a simple catalytic system based on copper/DMEDA. This sequential one-pot fashion procedure allowed the achievement of several 1,3-di(hetero)aryl indazoles in moderate to good yields. Lastly, we disclose the formation of pyrazolo[1,5-a]quinoxalin-4(5H)-ones by the reaction between ethyl 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate and primary amines. The one-pot methodology undergoes by two sequential reactional pathways: i) amidation of the ester moiety attached to the pyrazole ring, and ii) intramolecular cyclization via nucleophilic aromatic substitution. This synthetic approach proved to be efficient only for primary aliphatic amines, allowing to achieve molecules with different substitution patterns in moderate to good yields. Key-words: Azoles, quinoxalinones, Negishi cross-coupling, Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling. / Este trabalho descreve a síntese e a funcionalização de azóis através de diferentes metodologias, ancoradas ou não na catálise organometálica. Primeiramente, descrevemos a síntese de 5-trifluormetil pirazóis tetrassubtituídos através de reações de acoplamento cruzado catalisadas por complexos de paládio entre 5-trifluormetil-4-halo pirazóis, reagentes organozinco e aminas. Este trabalho permitiu a obtenção de novos sistemas pirazólicos com rendimentos moderados a bons. Posteriormente realizamos a síntese de 1,3-di(hetero)aril indazóis explorando as atividades catalíticas complementares de complexos de níquel e cobre. Primeiramente avaliamos diferentes pré-catalisadores de níquel para realizar a aminação intramolecular de diferentes 2-clorofenil hidrazonas não protegidas. Em um segundo momento, realizamos a N-(hetero)arilação dos NH indazóis gerados in situ, através do emprego de um sistema catalítico baseado em cobre/DMEDA. A metodologia permitiu a obtenção de diferentes indazóis 1,3-di(hetero)aril substituídos, com rendimentos moderados a bons. Por fim, demonstramos a síntese de pirazolo[1,5-a]quinoxalin-4(5H)-onas a partir da reação entre 1-(2-clorofenil)-1H-pirazolo-5-carboxilatos de etila e aminas primárias. A metodologia one-pot envolve duas etapas sequenciais; i) amidação da função éster do pirazol e ii) ciclização intramolecular via substituição nucleofílica aromática. Esta abordagem sintética provou ser eficiente ao se empregar aminas alquílicas primárias, permitindo a obtenção de diferentes padrões de substituição com rendimentos moderados a bons.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O monitoramento da sensibilidade antifÃngica em espÃcies de Candida de origem veterinÃria à uma prÃtica recente e os mecanismos envolvidos ainda nÃo foram completamente elucidados. Considerando que o arsenal de drogas antifÃngicas à limitado e que o fenÃmeno de resistÃncia tem se tornado mais freqÃente, a compreensÃo deste fenÃmeno e a busca por alternativas terapÃuticas se fazem necessÃrias. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo monitorar a sensibilidade in vitro de Candida spp. oriundas de animais, com Ãnfase na resistÃncia aos azÃlicos mediada por bombas de efluxo e na avaliaÃÃo da atividade do imidazÃlico levamisol sobre o crescimento destas leveduras. Para tanto, em um primeiro momento, foram avaliados 126 isolados de Candida, sendo 19 C. albicans, 17 C. famata, 5 C. guilliermondii, 8 C. krusei, 29 C. parapsilosis, 48 C. tropicalis, dos quais 22 foram isolados de rapinantes, 32 de periquitos do sertÃo, 56 de papagaios, 7 de araras canindà e 3 de um ouriÃo-cacheiro. Todas as cepas foram submetidas ao teste de microdiluiÃÃo em caldo, ante a anfotericina B, itraconazol, fluconazol, segundo metodologia padronizada pelo Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (documento M27-A3). As concentraÃÃes inibitÃrias mÃnimas (CIMs) variaram de 0,03125 a 2 Âg/mL, 0,125 a 250 Âg/mL e de 0,03125 a 125 Âg/mL para anfotericina B, fluconazol e itraconazol, respectivamente. Dos 126 isolados avaliados por microdiluiÃÃo, 33 (26,2%) foram resistentes aos azÃlicos, sendo 7 (5,6%) resistentes somente a fluconazol, 1 (0.8%) resistente somente ao itraconazol e 24 (19%) resistentes a ambas as drogas. Em um segundo momento, todas estas cepas resistentes aos derivados azÃlicos, mais 20 C. albicans e 3 C. tropicalis resgatadas da nossa coleÃÃo de leveduras resistentes de origem veterinÃria, foram submetidas ao teste de inibiÃÃo de bomba de efluxo com prometazina, perfazendo um total de 56 cepas resistentes a azÃlicos. Dessa forma, as CIMs de fluconazol e itraconazol sofreram reduÃÃes significativas de 2 a 250 e de 16 a 4000 vezes, respectivamente. Investigou-se, ainda, a atividade antifÃngica do levamisol contra 12 C. albicans, 12 C. krusei, 12 C. parapsilosis e 12 C. tropicalis, sendo obtidas CIMs e concentraÃÃes fungicidas mÃnimas que variaram de 0,58 a 2,34 mg/mL e de 2,34 a 9,37 mg/mL, respectivamente. Paralelamente, foi demonstrado que o levamisol inibe a formaÃÃo do biofilme de C. albicans e C. tropicalis, bem como interfere na manutenÃÃo do biofilme maduro. Os dados apontam que a resistÃncia aos derivados azÃlicos Ã, pelo menos em parte, mediada por bombas de efluxo, bem como demonstram o potencial antifÃngico do imidazÃlico levamisol e sua capacidade de inibir o biofilme de cepas de Candida spp. oriundas de animais. / Monitoring of the antifungal susceptibility of Candida species from veterinary sources is a recent practice and the mechanisms involved in antifungal resistance have not been completely elucidated. Considering that the antifungal arsenal is limited and that antifungal resistance has become more frequent, the comprehension of this phenomenon and the pursuit for therapeutic alternatives are necessary. Thus, the present work aimed at monitoring the in vitro susceptibility of Candida spp. isolated from animals, with emphasis on efflux pump-mediated azole resistance and on the evaluation of the effect of the imidazole levamisole on the growth of these yeasts. For such, in a first approach, 126 Candida isolates (19 C. albicans, 17 C. famata, 5 C. guilliermondii, 8 C. krusei, 29 C. parapsilosis, 48 C. tropicalis), out of which 22 were recovered from raptors, 32 from cactus parakeets, 56 from Amazon parrots, 7 from blue-and-gold macaws and 3 from a Brazilian porcupine. All isolates were submitted to broth microdilution test against amphotericin B, itraconazole and fluconazole, according to the methodology recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (document M27-A3). The MICs ranged from 0.03125 to 2 Âg/mL, 0.125 to 250 Âg/mL and 0.03125 to 125 Âg/mL for amphotericin B, fluconazole and itraconazole, respectively. Out of 126 evaluated isolates, 33 (26.2%) were resistant to azoles, with 7 (5.6%) isolates resistant to fluconazole, 1 (0.8%) isolate resistant to itraconazole and 24 (19%) resistant to both drugs. In a second approach, all these azole resistant isolates, plus 20 C. albicans and 3 C. tropicalis that were recovered from our collection of resistant yeasts from veterinary sources, were submitted to the efflux pump inhibition assay with promethazine, with a total of 56 azole resistant isolates. Thus, MICs for fluconazole and itraconazole significantly reduced from 2 to 250 times for fluconazole and from 16 to 4000 times for itraconazole. The antifungal activity of levamisole against 12 C. albicans, 12 C. krusei, 12 C. parapsilosis and 12 C. tropicalis, was also evaluated, and MICs and minimum fungicidal concentrations varying from 0.58 to 2.34 mg/mL and from 2.34 to 9.37 mg/mL were obtained, respectively. Parallelly, it was demonstrated that levamisole significantly inhibits biofilm formation and interferes with the maintenance of mature biofilms. These data show that azole resistance is partially mediated by efflux-pumps and demonstrate the antifungal potential of the imidazole levamisole and its capacity of inhibiting the biofilm of strains of Candida spp. from animals.

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 25 septembre 2023) / Les infections causées par des pathogènes fongiques sont un problème de santé publique inquiétant. Le taux de mortalité des patients avec une infection fongique invasive dépasse souvent 50%, et ce, même s'ils sont traités. Des études ont estimé que plus de décès sont causés chaque année par les maladies fongiques que par la tuberculose et la malaria. Malgré cela, les infections fongiques ont été très peu étudiées comparativement aux autres types de maladies infectieuses. Les antifongiques tels que les azoles sont essentiels pour traiter les mycoses. Cependant, l'évolution de la résistance met en péril notre capacité à traiter les patients infectés. Plusieurs mutations dans la cible moléculaire des azoles, Erg11, sont connues pour conférer la résistance. Pourtant, nos connaissances actuelles ne sont pas suffisantes pour être utilisées en clinique afin d'assister le choix de traitement et pour aider à développer de nouveaux médicaments. Nous avons construit un système pour étudier des variants d'ERG11 de pathogènes fongiques comme Candida albicans dans la levure modèle Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nous avons remplacé le promoteur natif d'ERG11 de S. cerevisiae (ScERG11) avec un promoteur répressible à la doxycycline afin de supprimer l'expression du gène. Nous avons confirmé qu'ERG11 de C. albicans (CaERG11) complémente la fonction de ScERG11. Nous montrons également que des mutations de résistance telles que G464S dans CaERG11 peuvent être reconstituées dans notre système. De plus, en utilisant une approche de type Deep Mutational Scanning, nous avons construit une librairie exhaustive de CaERG11 comprenant presque 8000 mutants. Finalement, nous avons utilisé notre système pour caractériser des mutations dans CaERG11. Nous avons découvert de nouvelles mutations de résistance au fluconazole tout en décrivant des mutations déjà reportées dans la littérature. Ultimement, nous caractériserons systématiquement les mutations dans CaERG11 qui confèrent la résistance aux azoles et évaluerons leur impact sur la fonction de la protéine. / Infections caused by fungal pathogens are a concerning public health problem. The mortality rate of patients with an invasive fungal infection often exceeds 50%, even when they are treated. Studies estimated that more than 1.7 million deaths are caused by fungal disease each year, which is more than tuberculosis or malaria. Despite this, fungal infections have been understudied in comparison to other types of infectious diseases. Antifungals such as azoles are crucial medications to treat mycosis. However, the evolution of resistance to these molecules jeopardizes our ability to treat infected patients. Many mutations in the azole target Erg11 are known to confer resistance. Yet, our current knowledge is not sufficient to be used in clinics to assist the choice of treatment and to help in the development of new drugs. We built a system to study ERG11 variants of fungal pathogens like Candida albicans in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We replaced the native ERG11 promoter of S. cerevisiae (ScERG11) with a doxycycline repressible promoter to suppress the expression of the gene. We confirmed that ERG11 of C. albicans (CaERG11) complements the function of ScERG11. We also show that the resistance phenotypes due to mutations such as G464S in CaERG11 can be reconstituted in our system. Furthermore, using a Deep Mutational Scanning approach, we constructed an exhaustive library of nearly 8000 variants in CaERG11 and validated its completeness by high throughput sequencing. Finally, we confirmed that our system can be used to characterize azole resistance mutations. We screened the CaERG11 library with fluconazole and isolated resistant variants. We discovered new resistance mutations while describing mutants already reported in the literature. Ultimately, our system will be used to systematically characterize azole resistance mutations in ERG11 and to evaluate the impact of mutations on the protein function.

In the first part of this dissertation, copper bimetallic corrosion and its inhibition in cleaning processes involved in interconnect fabrication is explored. In microelectronics fabrication, post chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) cleaning is required to remove organic contaminants and particles left on copper interconnects after the CMP process. Use of cleaning solutions, however, causes serious reliability issues due to corrosion and recession of the interconnects. In this study, different azole compounds are explored and pyrazole is found out to be a potentially superior Cu corrosion inhibitor, compared to the most widely used benzotriazole (BTA), for tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH)-based post CMP cleaning solutions at pH 14. Micropattern corrosion screening results and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed that 1 mM Pyrazole in 8 wt% TMAH solution inhibits Cu corrosion more effectively than 10 mM benzotriazole (BTA) under same conditions. Moreover, water contact angle measurement results also showed that Pyrazole-treated Cu surfaces are relatively hydrophilic compared to those treated with BTA/TMAH. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis supports Cu-Pyrazole complex formation on the Cu surface. Overall Cu corrosion rate in TMAH-based highly alkaline post CMP cleaning solution is shown to be considerably reduced to less than 1Å/min by addition of 1 mM Pyrazole. In the second part, a novel technique built in-house called multiple internal Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy (MIR-IR) was explored as a characterization tool for characterization of different low-k structures.In leading edge integrated circuit manufacturing, reduction of RC time delay by incorporation of porous ultra low-k interlayer dielectrics into Cu interconnect nanostructure continues to pose major integration challenges. The main challenge is that porous structure renders interlayer dielectrics mechanically weak, chemically unstable and more susceptible to the RIE plasma etching damages. Besides the challenge of handling weak porous ultra low-k materials, a lack of sensitive metrology to guide systematic development of plasma etching, restoration and cleaning processes is the major stumbling block. We explored Multiple Internal Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy and associated IR techniques as a sensitive (sub-5 nm) characterization tool to investigate chemical bonding modification across fluorocarbon etch residues and low-k dielectric interface after plasma etching, ashing, UV curing and post-etch cleaning. The new insights on chemical bonding transformation mapping can effectively guide the development of clean-friendly plasma etch for creating ultra low-k dielectric nanostructures with minimal dielectric damages.

Malaria is one of the deadliest diseases known to mankind. In 2010, 219 million cases were reported, and 666,000 deaths were attributed to this disease. In the past, pyrethroid-treated mosquito nets have shown efficacy in reducing malaria transmission in many malaria endemic regions. However, an upsurge in the mosquito population that is resistant to pyrethroids threatens to compromise the efficacy of pyrethroid-treated bed nets. In an effort to develop another class of insecticide with a different mode of action, we have explored three classes of five membered heterocyclic carbamates (isoxazol-3-yl, pyrazol-5-yl, and pyrazol-4-yl), and 3-oxoisoxazole- 2(3H)-carboxamide as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChE) targeting wild type (G3) and resistant (Akron) malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae (Ag). Isoxazole carboxamide and carbamates were obtained regioselectively through judicious use of two different protocols. The final products were characterized and identified using ¹H and ¹³C NMR, and mass spectroscopy. In addition, the carboxamide structure was confirmed using X-ray diffraction. Several of the novel carbamates and carboxamides evaluated exhibited excellent toxicity towards susceptible G3 and resistant Akron strain An. gambiae (48f LC₅₀ G3 = 41 μg/mL, LC₅₀ Akron = 58 μg/mL, and 47i LC₅₀ G3 = 38 μg/mL, LC₅₀ Akron = 40 μg/mL). Hence, achieving the resistance- breaking goal. On the contrary, the commercial aryl methylcarbamates currently approved for indoor residual sprays (IRS) showed no potency towards the resistant strain An. gambiae (LC₅₀ G3 = 16-42 μg/mL, and LC₅₀ Akron >5,000 μg/mL). Further, we observed low toxicological cross-resistance ratios (RR) for the toxic isoxazol-3-yl and pyrazol-4-yl carbamates, and 3- oxoisoxazole-2(3H)-carboxamides (RR = 0.5-2.0). Amongst the commercial AChE inhibitors approved for IRS, only aldicarb exhibited such low RR (RR = 0.5), whereas the RR for commercial aryl methylcarbamates exceed 130-fold. The low RR observed for these novel heterocyclic inhibitors would certainly be favorable for a new anticholinesterase-based mosquitocide targeting both the susceptible and resistant strain mosquitoes. Although the overall selectivity (Ag vs human) did not exceed 24-fold, the heterocyclic carbamates and carboxamides synthesized by the author showed appreciable inhibition of resistant AChE (G119S) in comparison to commercial aryl carbamates, which showed no inhibition at all. During the course of this project, the isoxazol-3-yl and pyrazol-5-yl methylcarbamates proved to be unstable, and thus could not be isolated. The synthesis of pyrazol-4-yl methylcarbamates using N-methylcarbamoyl chloride proved particularly challenging due to the formation of by-products called allophanates. The similar Rf of the by-product and the desired final product made the isolation laborious and time-consuming. We have successfully overcome this problem by employing a new protocol, where triphosgene served as the carbonylating agent and N-methylamine in THF was used as the amine source. In addition, we have also developed another one-pot protocol for a safer synthesis of pyrazol-4-yl methylcarbamates utilizing 1,1- carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), and N-methylamine hydrogen chloride salt. With the pyrazol-4-yl core, apart from achieving excellent toxicity towards both strains of An. gambiae, we have also achieved excellent AgAChE vs hAChE selectivity (Ag vs h >100-fold). Due to our continued interest in developing this core, we have devised a convenient, scalable, no-column approach for the synthesis an intermediate 103 that can be utilized to synthesize these compounds more efficiently. / Ph. D.

Les azoles sont des fongicides présents dans les milieux aquatiques et connus pour inhiber des activités enzymatiques de cytochromes P450 (CYP). L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de caractériser le mécanisme d'action d'un fongicide pharmaceutique, le clotrimazole sur la stéroïdogenèse testiculaire chez le poisson zèbre au travers l'étude d'un réseau de gènes fonctionnels le long de l'axe cerveau-hypophyse-gonade, et d'évaluer la capacité du clotrimazole à perturber la spermatogenèse. Nous montrons que le clotrimazole est capable d'affecter la stéroïdogenèse de manière différente in vitro et in vivo (i) des expositions d'explants testiculaires in vitro conduisent à l'inhibition de la synthèse de 11-kétotestostérone (11-KT), montrant une action directe de la molécule sur le testicule et (ii) l'exposition in vivo provoque une augmentation de l'expression de gènes impliqués dans le processus de la stéroïdogenèse. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence un système de compensation biologique au niveau de l'organisme, avec un rôle prépondérant de la voie Fsh/FshR dans la médiation des effets du clotrimazole. Enfin, des effets sur la spermatogenèse ont été observés in vivo suite à une exposition chronique au clotrimazole, avec notamment une augmentation de la masse gonadique et du nombre de cellules de Leydig. Les effets tissulaires observés sont cohérents avec des effets mesurés au niveau moléculaire. L'ensemble de ces données montre l'intérêt de la démarche expérimentale utilisée pour caractériser le mécanisme d'action du clotrimazole. Ce travail ouvre de nombreuses perspectives, en premier lieu sur l'étude de l'impact fonctionnel du clotrimazole sur la reproduction.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-04-08T12:18:22Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-08T12:18:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-04-08T12:18:22Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-08T12:18:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / De acordo com o conceito de sistemas de liberação controlada, o presente estudo foi baseado na utilização de polímeros hidrofílicos biocompatíveis, formadores de hidrogéis, para o desenvolvimento de matrizes na forma de filmes finos. Os polímeros utilizados para a formação das matrizes foram a quitosana proveniente das cascas de camarão, o amido de milho modificado e a poli(N-vinil-2-pirrolidona) - PVP. As matrizes foram reticuladas utilizando glutaraldeído. O fármaco escolhido para testar a capacidade de liberação dos dispositivos foi o anti-inflamatório não esteroidal (AINE) diclofenaco sódico. Para obtenção das matrizes com propriedades adequadas para essa finalidade, foram testadas misturas de quitosana-amido e quitosana-PVP. Após a triagem qualitativa, os dispositivos foram avaliados quanto à citotoxidade, intumescimento máximo, fração gel, parâmetros cinéticos associados à absorção de vapor de água e à capacidade de liberação de diclofenaco sódico in vitro. As formulações de quitosana-PVP foram as que apresentaram melhores propriedades para a aplicação proposta nesse estudo, se destacando a formulação A3, com alto percentual de liberação, boas propriedades de manuseio, poucos componentes na formulação diminuindo o potencial alergênico e aprovação no teste de citotoxicidade em células de camundongo (NCTC) pelo método de incorporação do vermelho neutro. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The present work reports the synthesis of homoallylic alcohols derived from trihaloacetyl/trifluormethyl substituted azoles employing a simple methodology, with excellent cost benefit and able to furnish the desired products with satisfactory yields. The synthetic approach involved the increase of the scope of a previous work of the research group NUQUIMHE, where three new pyrazoles containing a dimethyl acetal aldehyde function bonded to the carbon 3 of the heterocycle (5a-c) were synthetized from cyclocondensation reactions between methyl, phenyl and tert-butyl hydrazine and the 4,6,6-trimethoxy-1,1,1-trifluorohex-3-en-2-one (3f) in alcoholic medium. The compounds were obtained like oils, with yields in the range of 89 98 %. In a next step, was performed the deprotection of the acetal moiety of the pyrazoles (5a-c), in order to obtain the corresponding aldehydes (6a-c). To this, it was employed a solution of CHCl3 and aqueous trifluoroacetic acid under reflux for a reactional time of 4 hours. This methodology allowed isolating the desired products with yields in the range of 68 87 %. These compounds were employed to optimize the reactional conditions used in the synthesis of the homoallylic alcohols described in this dissertation. The allylation reaction of pyrazoles 6a-c was performed using allylaluminum reagents generated in situ from the catalytic insertion of aluminum to allyl bromides. The methodology was effective to synthetize the allylic alcohols 7a-c, which were obtained like oils, in the range of 84 90%. Of an analogue way, were realized the allylations of trihaloacetyl substituted 1,2,3-triazoles (4a-f). These precursors, obtained from 1,3 dipolar cycloadditions between the 2,6-difluorobenzyl azide (1) and trihalomethyl substituted enones (3a-f), were reacted with allylaluminum nucleophiles derived from allyl and crotyl bromides, furnishing the corresponding homoallylic alcohols with yields in the range of 85 94 %. In view of accessible price and exquisite chemical reactivity, the employed allylaluminum reagents proved to be an excellent choice for the allylations reactions of the azole 4 and 6, furnishing the desired products in good yield (85 94%). / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a síntese de álcoois homoalílico derivados de azóis trialoacetil/trifluormetil substituídos empregando uma metodologia simples, com considerável custo benefício e capaz de fornecer rendimentos satisfatórios. A metodologia empregada envolveu a ampliação de um estudo prévio do grupo de pesquisa NUQUIMHE, onde três pirazóis inéditos contendo uma função acetal ligada ao carbono 3 do heterociclo (5a-c) foram sintetizados através de reações de ciclocondensação entre metil, fenil e tert-butil hidrazina e a 4,6,6-trimetoxi-1,1,1-trifluorhex-3-em-2-ona (3g) em meio alcoólico. Os compostos foram obtidos sob a forma de óleos, com rendimentos de 89 98 %. Em uma etapa posterior, foi realizado a desproteção da função acetal presente nos pirazóis (5a-c), visando à obtenção dos aldeídos correspondentes (6a-c). Para isto, empregou-se uma solução de CHCl3 e ácido trifluoroacético aquoso sob refluxo, por um tempo reacional de 4 horas, metodologia que possibilitou a obtenção dos produtos desejados com rendimentos na faixa de 68 87 %. Estes compostos foram empregados na otimização da metodologia reacional utilizada para a síntese dos álcoois homoalílicos descritos nesta dissertação. As alilações dos pirazóis 6a-c foram realizadas empregando reagentes alilalumínio gerados in situ a partir da inserção catalítica de alumínio a brometos alílicos. A metodologia mostrou-se eficiente para a obtenção dos álcoois homoalílicos 7a-c, os quais foram obtidos como óleos com rendimentos na faixa de 84 90%. De forma análoga, foram realizadas as alilações de 1,2,3-triazóis trialoacetil substituídos (4a-f). Estes precursores, obtidos a partir de cicloadições 1,3 dipolares entre a 2,6-difluorbenzil azida (1) e enonas trialometil substituídas (3a-f), foram submetidos a reação com alilalumínio derivados de brometos de alila e crotila, fornecendo os álcoois correspondentes com rendimentos de 85 94 %. Tendo em vista o preço acessível e a ótima reatividade química, os alílalumínios empregados mostraram-se uma excelente escolha para a realização das alilações dos azóis 4 e 6, fornecendo os produtos desejados em bons rendimentos (85 94%).

No description available.