Cette thèse sur travaux, composée de quatre articles, s’intéresse à la dynamique de la diffusion des connaissances entre les acteurs internes d’un pôle de compétitivité français au travers de modélisations multi-agents individu-centrées. Les trois premiers articles constituent un ensemble de réflexions théoriques sur la diffusion inter organisationnelle des connaissances et, comme prolongement, le quatrième article intègre des spécificités d’un pôle de compétitivité. L’article 1 propose une extension dynamique de l’impact de la capacité d’absorption de Sakakibara (2003) et d’Egbetokun et Savin (2012) sur le stock de connaissances d’entreprises partenaires. L’article 2 porte sur des acteurs qui essayent de minimiser le déficit causé par une perception erronée des interactions de deux projets dans lesquels ils investissent régulièrement. Nous avons travaillé sur un grand nombre de décideurs partageant de l’information avec leurs voisins les plus proches. L’article 3 effectue une extension du modèle de l’article 1 en intégrant la mauvaise perception des informations échangées entre acteurs et étudie son impact sur l’accumulation de connaissances. L’article 4, transpose le modèle précédent en y intégrant la notion de confiance et certaines spécificités des pôles de compétitivité. / This thesis, consisting of four articles, deals with the dynamics of the diffusion of knowledge among the internal stakeholders of a French competitiveness cluster through multi-agent modeling. The first three articles are a set of theoretical reflections on inter-organizational knowledge sharing and, as an extension of this, the fourth article includes the specifics of a cluster. Article number 1 provides a dynamic extension of the impact of the absorptive capacity of Sakakibara (2003) and Egbetokun and Savin (2012) on the stock of knowledge of partner companies. Article number 2 focuses on players who try to minimize the deficit caused by a misperception of interactions of two projects in which they invest regularly. It analyzes a large number of decision makers sharing information with their closest neighbors. Article number 3 carries out an extension of the model of article number 1 based on article number 2, incorporating misperception of information exchanged between stakeholders and examines its impact on the accumulation of knowledge. The last article transposes the previous model by incorporating the notion of trust and certain specificities of French competitiveness clusters.

The work deals with the connection of issues induced costs and absorption capacity. The aim of the work is to analyze the induced costs caused by the implementation of projects financed from the EU funds and their impact on the absorption capacity. The main methods used in practical part are the questionnaire survey, structured interviews and content analysis of data.

This thesis mainly analyses the change in the enlargement strategy of the European Union (EU) especially in the case of Turkey. Although the Union has always sought ways to enlarge, it has been rather reluctant as far as accepting Turkey as a full member into the EU is concerned. In 2004, the EU enlarged so as to include the Central and East European countries (CEECs), but Romania and Bulgaria were left behind since they did not fulfill the membership criteria at the time. However, these two countries became members on January 1, 2007 and Turkey is still waiting in the line to become a member. Therefore, the writer has chosen Turkey and Bulgaria in order to analyze the change in the enlargement strategy of the Union. The medium to arrive at conclusions as regards the strategy is mainly the environmental aid as the two countries display noticeable differences. Furthermore, the enlargement strategy papers prepared by the European Commission have also been analyzed in order to see the changing attitude of the EU especially by re-introducing the concept of absorption capacity. Even though the Union states it keeps its open door to new members, the new enlargement strategy proves that it will be rather difficult for the candidate states and especially Turkey to enter into the EU.

El objetivo del estudio fue explicar el estado del arte en sus diferentes posturas, las mismas que guardan relación con la implementación de la innovación abierta en las pymes. Numerosas investigaciones afirman que las prácticas de innovación abierta, ya es una tendencia, de modo que, es imperativo que las pymes no solo hagan uso esta implementación, sino que, por ser numerosas en el país, motiven al crecimiento empresarial. La presente investigación contempla las diversas posturas de innovación con estudios realizados desde el 2014 hacia el presente. Asimismo, la investigación muestra resultados beneficiosos en un cierto porcentaje de pymes, siendo estas contrarias para otros investigadores, donde muestran resultados no favorables y contrapuestos. Consecuentemente, ya que existe una controversia en la implementación de la innovación abierta para las pymes, no existe un protocolo establecido para implementar la innovación abierta en una organización, de modo que, da lugar a que otras empresas puedan imitar o improvisar procesos de adopción de empresas. / The objective of the study was to explain the state of the art in its different positions, which are related to the implementation of open innovation in SMEs. Numerous researches affirms that open innovation practices are already a trend, so it is imperative that SMEs not only make use of this implementation, but because they are numerous in the country, they motivate business growth. The present investigation contemplates the diverse positions of innovation with studies realized from the 2014 towards the present. Likewise, the research shows beneficial results in a certain percentage of SMEs, these being contrary to other researchers, where they show unfavorable and conflicting results. Consequently, since there is a controversy in the implementation of open innovation for SMEs, there is no established protocol to implement open innovation in an organization, so that it results in other companies being able to imitate or improvise processes of adoption of Business.

This research project has been undertaken to produce and characterize the behavior of High Strength Cementitious Mix (HSCM), which has considerably higher compressive strength compared to conventional concrete. Components of HSCM are cement, silica fume, sand, water, and high range water reducer. The material is tested for compressive strength and impact energy absorption capacity while the amount of above mentioned components are varied parametrically. The effect of these parameters are extensively studied and trends are reported. Finally, this research projects attempts to find correlations among compressive strength, compressive toughness, and impact toughness. Limitations of the experimental program are discussed and future direction for improvement and expansion of the research program is suggested.

L’objet de cette thèse est l’analyse des caractéristiques des pays en développement face à l’économie de la connaissance. Ce travail aborde des questions à la fois théoriques et épistémologiques ayant trait à l’économie de la connaissance. Nous procédons dans une première partie à l’analyse des théories existantes sur la question de l’économie de la connaissance en combinant des références aux interprétations diverses, tout en mettant en illustration l’idée selon laquelle l’accumulation des connaissances est aujourd'hui plus que jamais un puissant levier de la croissance économique des économies développées. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l’étude des pays en développement, particulièrement celle des pays les moins avancés. Cette étude fait ressortir des trajectoires technologiques divergentes au sein de ces économies et permet l’identification des modalités d’acquisition du savoir dans les pays les moins avancés par la mise en place d’un système national d’innovation. / The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the characteristics of developing countries to the knowledge economy. This work addresses issues on both theoretical and epistemological related to the knowledge economy. We proceed in a first part the analysis of existing theories on the issue of the knowledge economy by combining references to various interpretations, while putting in illustration the idea that the accumulation of knowledge is now more than ever a powerful lever for economic growth in developed economies. The second part is devoted to the study of developing countries, particularly the least developed countries. This study highlights the differing technological trajectories within these economies and allows the identification of ways of acquiring knowledge in the least developed by the establishment of a national innovation system countries.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo propor um método para analisar a capacidade de absorção de uma região para um cluster industrial naval e um método para avaliação da intensidade da terceirização na indústria de construção e reparos navais (ICRN), assim como aplicá-lo para a região Norte do Brasil. Para tal, foi necessário caracterizar a cadeia de fornecimento de um cluster industrial naval, por meio da análise de similaridade com clusters de sucesso que apresentem características semelhantes a empresas que atuam na construção e no reparo naval da região norte do Brasil e também a empresas especializadas na construção de embarcações fluviais de carga. Na caracterização da cadeia de fornecimento foram considerados fatores como: os tipos de embarcações construídas; o porte das embarcações; as demanda de construção e reparo; o tipo de organização; as ações do Governo; e a interação entre membros atuantes. Após a caracterização da cadeia de um cluster de sucesso, foi levantado o perfil das empresas que atuam na cadeia de fornecimento da Indústria de Construção Naval (ICN) da Região Metropolitana de Belém (RMB), para melhor entendimento da demanda local, de forma a mapear o processo interativo entre compradores (estaleiros, armadores e terceirizadas) e fornecedores (nacionais e internacionais), com base em dados primários obtidos através da aplicação de questionários. Além da caracterização, é proposto um método para análise da capacidade de absorção da região norte do Brasil para um cluster industrial naval, baseado em uma análise de viabilidade técnica da ICRN para os tipos de embarcações demandadas; uma análise de viabilidade econômica e a sua respectiva competitividade, fazendo analogia com clusters industriais marítimos bem-sucedidos. Para análise da competitividade, utilizou-se o modelo do diamante de Porter adaptado para ICRN regional, balizado pelos fatores encontrados por Moura (2011) para a competitividade da ICN, avaliadas como relevantes para o caso em análise e os elementos propostos por Pinto (2016) para a estruturação de um cluster de sucesso. Após o estudo de caso da capacidade de absorção proposta à RMB, foi realizado, por meio da proposição de um método para a análise, fundamentada em modelos consagrados na literatura, um estudo da influência da terceirização sob a ótica da subcontratação no processo de desenvolvimento industrial, levando em conta a disponibilidade; a qualidade do fornecimento; o prazo; e a comparação de custos, através da aplicação de questionários com os representantes dos principais estaleiros da região, dos seus principais fornecedores; e dos representantes dos órgãos de classe. O terceiro objetivo foi a análise da intensidade da cadeia terceirizada na RMB, por meio de uma adaptação metodológica para a ICN, assim como a análise, se a região é capaz de suportar um cluster ou simplesmente ampliar sua cadeia terceirizada. Por fim, é desenvolvido um modelo consistente através do método de tomada de decisão multicritério genérico, via abordagem integrada AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) e PROMETHEE, para a seleção de atividades a serem terceirizadas na ICN, com um estudo de caso no Estado do Pará. / This work aims to propose a method to analyze the absorption capacity of a region for a naval industrial cluster and a method to evaluate the intensity of outsourcing in the shipbuilding and ship repair industry (ICRN), as well as to apply it to the North region of Brazil. For this, it was necessary to characterize the supply chain of a naval industrial cluster, through the analysis of similarity with successful clusters that present similar characteristics to companies that works in the shipbuilding and ship repair of the northern region of Brazil, as well as specialized companies in the construction of inland waterway vessels. In the characterization of the supply chain were considered factors such as: the types of vessels built; the size of the vessels; demand for construction and repair; type of organization; Government actions; and interaction between active members. After the characterization of the chain of a successful cluster, the profile of the companies that operate in the supply chain of the Shipbuilding Industry (ICN) of the Metropolitan Region of Belém (RMB) was surveyed, in order to better understand the local demand, to mapping the interactive process between buyers (shipyards, shipowners and subcontractors) and suppliers (national and international), based on primary data obtained through the application of questionnaires. Besides the characterization is proposed a method for analyzing the absortion capacity of the northern region of Brazil to a naval industrial cluster, where it was based on a technical feasibility analysis of the shipbuilding and repair market industry demanded of vessels; an economic feasibility analysis and their respective competitiveness, making analogy with successful maritime industrial clusters. In order to analyze competitiveness, the Porter diamond model adapted to regional ICRN was used, based on the factors found by Moura (2011) for the competitiveness of the ICN, evaluated as relevant for the case under analysis and the elements proposed by Pinto (2016) for structuring a successful cluster. After the case study of the absorptive capacity proposed to the RMB, a study of the outsourcing influence from the point of view of subcontracting in the process of industrial development was carried out by proposing a method for the analysis, based on models established in the literature, taking into account availability; quality of supply; the deadline; and the comparison of costs, through the application of questionnaires with the representatives of the main shipyards in the region, of its main suppliers; and representatives of the class organs. The third objective was the analysis of the intensity of the outsourced chain in the RMB, through a methodological adaptation to the ICN, as well as the analysis, if the region is able to support a cluster or simply extend its outsourced chain. A model is then developed through the generic multicriteria decision-making method, through an integrated AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and PROMETHEE approach, for the selection of activities to be outsourced at ICN, with a case study in the State of Pará.

創新是廠商生存於快速全球化及競爭激烈的環境中的關鍵。而廠商創新績效的影響因素可以分為外部因素與內部因素進行探討。就外部因素而言，本研究同時從經濟地理學門的區域聚集效果與社會學門的研發網絡關係探討外部環境對廠商創新績效的影響。並探討地區產業聚集現象是否會增加區域內廠商形成研發網絡的可能性。而除了廠商外部環境會影響廠商創新績效外，管理學門提出廠商的內部吸收能力也同樣重要。吸收能力定義為廠商對外部知識的認識、吸收和應用的能力。吸收能力除了會對創新績效產生直接影響之外，也會對由網絡中所獲得的外部知識的認知、吸收和利用產生調節效果。 本研究以台灣的ICT產業為研究對象，而空間單位劃分則依據工業區分布情形與天然及人為界線分佈，將台灣劃分為39個空間分析單元，以供實證分析所需。研究結果發現，廠商所處地區之聚集效果確實會對廠商研發網絡的形成產生影響，進而影響廠商所能吸收的外部知識流的多寡，最終造成不同區域的廠商創新績效的不同。廠商的研發網絡會隨群聚內的社會經濟狀況、產業組成和多樣性等不同而有所不同。此外，本研究同時從廠商外部環境的聚集效果、研發網絡關係以及廠商內部的吸收能力探討對廠商創新績效的影響，以期更全面地了解創新績效的影響因素。本研究的實證結果證實了聚集效果、研發網絡與廠商內部吸收能力確實對廠商創新績效產生影響，而內部吸收能力確實會對經由研發網絡所獲取的外部知識和創新績效產生調節效果。 / Innovation is the key of the firm to survive in a rapidly globalizing and competitive environment. The factors affecting firms’ innovation performance can be divided into external and internal factor. For the external factors, this studies use the view of regional agglomeration effects and R&D networks to study the impact of external environment on innovation performance. In the same time, we also discuss whether the regional agglomeration effects affect the firms’ R&D networks. Aside from the external environment, the internal absorption capacity is also important for innovation performance. Absorption capacity is defined as the capacity of firm to recognize, absorb and apply external knowledge. Absorption capacity has not only direct impact on innovation, but also adjusted effects between the knowledge acquired from R&D networks and innovation performance. The object of this study is the ICT industry in Taiwan, and Taiwan was divided into 39 spatial units for empirical analysis. The empirical results indicate that the regional agglomeration effects of firms indeed influence the firms’ R&D network ,and then affect the amount of the external knowledge that the firm can absorb, ultimately result in different innovation performance. Firms’ R&D networks will vary depends on the cluster’s socio-economic conditions, industry composition and diversity. Besides, this study also discusses the impact factor of firms’ innovation performance from the external agglomeration effects, R&D networks, and internal absorption capacity to have a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between those factors and the innovation performance. The empirical results indicate that agglomeration effects, R&D networks, absorption capacity do affect the firms’ innovation performance, and the internal absorption capacity do have adjusted effects between the knowledge acquired from R&D networks and innovation performance.

Literature search was processed , which were generally described concepts relating to soil complex, but also various soil types, with a focus on cambisol South Bohemia. Additionally the general explained concepts regarding acidification and ion-exchange complex soils. In the practical part of the work was determined by measurement of exchangeable soil acidity. Based on this measurement Soils were evaluated as slightly acidic. It was also calculated the need for healing liming locations. It was also determined the maximum sorption capacity. Soil collected on site has been categorized soils with moderate capacity ion-exchange sorption complex.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-06-07T18:27:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Gama e Guimaro Moura.pdf: 1111500 bytes, checksum: 9e73c13bf78bf215a1ba4e48e4b65d10 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-07T18:27:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Gama e Guimaro Moura.pdf: 1111500 bytes, checksum: 9e73c13bf78bf215a1ba4e48e4b65d10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-25 / The objective of the research is to identify and evaluate if the relationship between companies of an industrial low-tech cluster (footwear) and their individual characteristics can act on the absorption capacity of companies inside the cluster. The research was conducted inside the footwear cluster in Biriguí/SP. Absorption capacity is recognized as essential input to innovation and a prerequisite for identifying opportunities in your environment that will create and sustain competitive advantages. Companies with greater absorption capacity levels are more proactive and then get more dynamic movements towards the exploration of opportunities. It addresses the type of cluster, relationships and characteristics of the companies that compose it. As relevant methodological approach to collecting and processing data, we opted for the research development in two phases. The first one carried out through interviews with major producers and research works that tell the story of the studied cluster, which has resulted in the description and characterization of the research object: the footwear cluster in Biriguí/SP. The second one evaluates the absorption capacity in the cluster by collecting data and information for the dependent and independent variables and statistical calculations. To obtain data, we used an instrument classified as survey in 80 companies of various sizes (large, medium, small and micro), in order to identify their characteristics, the intra-cluster relationship and how it affects the absorption ability of cluster companies. The survey development has showed that business characteristics and how they relate among them intra-cluster affecting the absorption capacity of companies inside the cluster. The study has limitations such as the number and distribution of respondents, composition of the unbalanced answers in relation to the actual composition of the cluster companies and the difficulty of collecting data that made not possible to measure the performance variable which verify the absorption capacity in relation to this variable. As a contribution, it has a better understanding of the characteristics of the company in relation to the absorption capacity in low technology clusters and regarding the relationship with the type of cluster. It also enables the orientation of executives in the category governance clusters and public policy related to incentives to increase competitiveness of these companies. / O objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar e avaliar se a relação entre empresas de um cluster industrial de baixa tecnologia (calçados) e suas características individuais influenciam a capacidade de absorção das empresas do aglomerado. A capacidade de absorção é reconhecida como insumo indispensável à inovação e um pré-requisito para a identificação, no seu ambiente, de oportunidades que levarão à criação e sustentação de vantagens competitivas. Empresas com maiores níveis de capacidade de absorção são mais proativas, o que as conduz a movimentos mais dinâmicos na exploração de oportunidades. Aborda-se o tipo de cluster, bem como os relacionamentos e características das empresas que o compõem. Como procedimento metodológico pertinente à coleta e tratamento dos dados, optou-se pelo desenvolvimento da pesquisa em duas fases. A primeira, realizada por meio de entrevistas com os maiores produtores e pesquisa em obras que contam a história do cluster pesquisado, resultou na descrição e caracterização do objeto de pesquisa: o cluster de calçados de Birigui/SP. A segunda, que envolveu a coleta de dados e informações para as variáveis dependentes e independentes e cálculos estatísticos, avaliou a capacidade de absorção no cluster de calçados de Birigui/SP. Para a obtenção de dados, foi utilizado um instrumento classificado como survey em 80 empresas de vários portes (grande, média, pequena e micro), com o objetivo de identificar as características destas, do relacionamento intracluster e como isso afeta a capacidade de absorção das empresas do cluster. O desenvolvimento desta pesquisa mostrou que as características das empresas e a forma como se relacionam intracluster afetam a capacidade de absorção das empresas do aglomerado. O estudo apresenta algumas limitações: quantidade e distribuição dos respondentes; composição das respostas desbalanceada em relação à composição real das empresas do cluster; não mensuração de nenhuma variável de desempenho para verificar a capacidade de absorção em relação a essa variável (decorrente da dificuldade para a coleta de dados). Como contribuições, apresenta uma melhor compreensão das características da empresa em relação à capacidade de absorção em clusters de baixa intensidade tecnológica e dessa relação com o tipo de cluster. Além disso, possibilita a orientação de executivos no quesito governança de clusters e na articulação de políticas públicas, relacionada a incentivos que aumentem as condições de competitividade dessas empresas.