The first part of the master’s thesis deals with sandwich materials. Starting with composition of parts which the sandwich panel is made of. The thesis continues with loading distribution and testing of entire sandwich panel. The impact of environment is considered as well. The second part is its goal – determine degradation of the properties of sandwich panels with metal sheets and core after 15 years aging in the common atmosphere and aging in moistheat and salt environment by experiment.

It is common practice to perform accelerated aging with 60 Hz ac to determine the lifetime characteristics of insulation used in the machine. Comparable breakdown measurements are performed at different voltage levels and temperatures for the polyimide insulated machine winding under normal operating conditions of 60 Hz ac. The result shows that the time to failure can be represented by the inverse power law and the Arrhenius equation with respect to test voltage and temperature respectively. However, the use of power electronic devices causes harmonics, and spikes that electrically degrade the machine winding insulation. Applied high frequency pulse voltages can be used to study the impact of electrical degradation of the machine winding insulation that exists in electrical machines. Evaluation of change in dielectric strength, partial discharge and breakdown voltage is monitored versus aging caused by high frequency pulse voltage at 90% of operating temperature.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-02-29T15:46:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jeferson Alcantara Alves Sentena_.pdf: 9477344 bytes, checksum: b6b4ffd8def394ec6203badce4e2dd85 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-29T15:46:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jeferson Alcantara Alves Sentena_.pdf: 9477344 bytes, checksum: b6b4ffd8def394ec6203badce4e2dd85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-28 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / FAPERGS – Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / A construção civil tem apresentado um grande crescimento nesta última década. Junto à construção, cresce a demanda por matéria prima e há um aumento da geração de resíduos nos canteiros de obras e em indústrias ligadas ao setor. Segundo o Ministério de Minas e Energias (MME) no ano de 2008, a estimativa de produção de areia chegou a 279 milhões de toneladas e estima-se que em 2030 possa chegar a 1,276 bilhões de toneladas. O uso de resíduos de construção e demolição para a produção de argamassas de revestimento pode trazer benefícios econômicos e ambientais, no entanto, sua utilização somente é possível se o revestimento for durável, suportando as ações ambientais. O presente estudo consiste no desenvolvimento, aplicação e comparação entre dois métodos de ensaio de ciclagem térmica. O primeiro se baseia na NBR 15575-4:2013, que estabelece um método para a avaliação da durabilidade de componentes de vedação em edifícios, utilizando caixas térmicas irradiantes, que consiste na exposição unilateral da alvenaria revestida a ciclos de aquecimento e resfriamento simultâneo à molhagem do revestimento. Utilizando-se esse método, também foram submetidos a exposição térmica prismas de cada argamassa, nas dimensões de 40x40x160 mm. No segundo método, o sistema revestido é totalmente exposto a variações de temperaturas, permanecendo em uma câmara climática que executa repetidos ciclos de aquecimento e resfriamento. As argamassas utilizadas foram produzidas no traço 1:1:6 em volume (cimento, cal e areia) utilizando-se cimento CP II F-32, cal CH-I em pasta, areia de rio e fíler produzido a partir de agregado reciclado de concreto (ARC), adicionado nos teores de 2; 4,5; 7 e 9,5% em relação à massa da areia, e aplicadas sobre substrato de cerâmica vermelha. A primeira atividade do programa experimental consistiu no desenvolvimento dos métodos para a realização da ciclagem térmica e em sua avaliação. Posteriormente, foram produzidas as argamassas e revestimentos, e realizadas as ciclagens térmicas. O método que utiliza uma câmara climática para a ciclagem térmica demonstrou menor potencial de degradação das argamassas; o método das caixas térmicas demonstrou maior eficiência no envelhecimento acelerado dos revestimentos e prismas de argamassas. A exposição à ciclagem térmica resultou em expressiva perda das propriedades das argamassas testadas na forma de prisma, em todos os teores de adição de fíler de ARC. A ciclagem dos revestimentos de argamassa aplicados sobre substrato cerâmico apresentou menor degradação que os prismas, sendo que os dois revestimentos com baixo teor de adição (2 e 4,5% de fíler) apresentaram maior degradação nas argamassas e os demais revestimentos (com 7 e 9,5% de fíler) apresentaram as menores resistências de aderência à tração. / Construction industry has shown a significant growth this past decade. With it, grows the demand for raw materials and there is a generation of waste at construction sites and in industries linked to the sector. According to the Ministery of Mines and Energy (MME) in 2008, sand production reached an estimated 279 million tonnes and it is estimated that in 2030 its production can reach 1.276 billion tons. The use of construction and demolition waste for the production of coating mortars can bring economic and environmental benefits, but its use is only possible if the coating is durable, supporting environmental actions. This study is the development, application and comparison between two thermal cycling test methods. The first method is based on the NBR 15575-4:2013 standard, uses radiant boxes and consists in unilateral exposure of masonry coated to simultaneous cycles of heating and cooling under wetting. This method were also underwent to thermal exposure 3 prisms of each mortar, in the dimensions of 40x40x160 mm. In the second method, the coated system is fully exposed to temperature variations and remains in a climatic chamber that performs repeated heating and cooling cycles. The mortars used and applied to ceramic substrates have been produced in a proportion of 1: 1: 6 by volume (cement, lime and sand) using Brazilian cement CP II F-32, CH-I lime putty, river sand and filler produced from recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), in compositions with varying content (2, 4.5; 7 and 9.5%) relative to the mass of sand. The first activity of the experimental program was the development of the methods for performing thermal cycling and in their assessment. Mortars and coatings were produced, and then was performed thermal cycling. The method using a climatic chamber for thermal cycling has showed lower efficiency for the degradation of mortar; the method that uses radiant thermal boxes has demonstrated greater efficiency in the accelerated aging of the coatings. The thermal cycling exposure resulted in a significant loss of properties of the prisms, in all addition levels of ARC’s filler. The thermal cycling in mortar applied on the ceramic substrate showed less degradation than the prisms, and the two coatings with a low content of filler (2% and 4.5%) showed higher degradation in mortars while other coatings (with 7 and 9.5% of filler) had the lowest coating bond strength.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-03-29T13:15:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_vania_marques_gehling.pdf: 823705 bytes, checksum: bb9a04c4074928df8353da917cbc35a4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-05T17:44:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_vania_marques_gehling.pdf: 823705 bytes, checksum: bb9a04c4074928df8353da917cbc35a4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-05T17:45:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_vania_marques_gehling.pdf: 823705 bytes, checksum: bb9a04c4074928df8353da917cbc35a4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-05T17:45:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_vania_marques_gehling.pdf: 823705 bytes, checksum: bb9a04c4074928df8353da917cbc35a4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-03 / Sem bolsa / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho fisiológico de sementes e plântulas de pimenta e de tomateiro sob influência de diferentes temperaturas. Foram conduzidos, separadamente, dois experimentos no Laboratório Didático de Análise de Sementes – FAEM - UFPel. No primeiro experimento foram utilizadas sementes de pimenta Cayenne Long Slim®, e no segundo experimento foram empregadas sementes de tomateiro Gaúcho®. Em ambos os experimentos, os tratamentos consistiram de temperaturas constantes, sendo: 18; 20; 22; 24 e 26ºC. Para a determinação do desempenho fisiológico das sementes e plântulas foram empregadas as avaliações de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, teste de frio, comprimento de parte aérea e de raiz primária, massa da matéria seca de parte aérea e de raízes, emergência de plântulas aos 14 e 21 dias após a semeadura e índice de velocidade de emergência. Os resultados demonstraram que a germinação de sementes de pimenta não é afetada de maneira marcante pelas temperaturas de 18 a 24oC, assim como sementes de tomateiro sob temperatura de 18 a 26oC, que não apresentaram diferença significativa na germinação. A primeira contagem de germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação e os valores de envelhecimento acelerado foram incrementados linearmente com o aumento da temperatura, em pimenta e tomateiro. Todavia, o teste de frio e de emergência, tanto aos 14 como aos 21 dias após a semeadura, foram influenciados positivamente, até a temperatura aproximada de 22ºC, para ambas as culturas. Deste modo, a expressão do vigor de sementes, de ambas as espécies, é afetada negativamente pela redução da temperatura de desenvolvimento, sendo resultados marcantes obtidos nas temperaturas de 18 e 20oC. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological performance of seeds and pepper and tomato seedlings under the influence of different temperatures. They were conducted separately in two experiments in the Didactic Laboratory of Seed Analysis - FAEM - UFPel. In the first experiment pepper seeds were used Cayenne Long Slim®, and in the second experiment Gaúcho® tomato seeds were employed. In both experiments, the treatments consisted of constant temperatures, as follows: 18; 20; 22; 24 and 26ºC. To determine the physiological performance of the seeds and seedlings were employed germination assessments, first count, germination speed index, accelerated aging, cold test, shoot length and primary root mass of dry matter air and root, seedling emergence at 14 and 21 days after sowing and emergence speed index. The results show that the pepper seed germination is not affected markedly by the temperature from 18 to 24ºC, as well as tomato seeds at a temperature of 18 to 26ºC, which showed no significant difference in germination. The first count, germination speed index and the accelerated aging values were increased linearly with increasing temperature in pepper and tomato. However, the cold test and emergency, both at 14 and at 21 days after sowing, were influenced positively to the approximate temperature of 22°C, for both crops. Thus, the expression of seed vigor of both species is adversely affected by reducing the growth temperature, with remarkable results obtained at temperatures of 18 to 20ºC.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-04-04T13:47:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_keli_kehl.pdf: 377109 bytes, checksum: 4c9ede2edb3e4d816f669d43f5214d29 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-07T18:59:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_keli_kehl.pdf: 377109 bytes, checksum: 4c9ede2edb3e4d816f669d43f5214d29 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-07T19:01:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_keli_kehl.pdf: 377109 bytes, checksum: 4c9ede2edb3e4d816f669d43f5214d29 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-07T19:01:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_keli_kehl.pdf: 377109 bytes, checksum: 4c9ede2edb3e4d816f669d43f5214d29 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-21 / Sem bolsa / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho fisiológico de sementes de trigo originadas de plantas submetidas à dessecação pré-colheita com diferentes herbicidas e umidades das sementes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 3 (herbicidas e ausência de aplicação x umidade da semente) com quatro repetições. As avaliações realizadas foram massa de mil sementes, germinação e primeira contagem, índice de velocidade de germinação, emergência e índice de velocidade de emergência de plântulas, envelhecimento acelerado e condutividade elétrica de sementes. A dessecação pré-colheita em plantas de trigo, quando realizada em umidade elevada, reduz a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. A utilização de herbicidas para dessecação de plantas de trigo na pré-colheita, acima de 30% de umidade da semente, reduz a massa de mil sementes. O vigor das sementes produzidas é reduzido pela ação de herbicidas aplicados na umidade de 40%, sendo dependente do princípio ativo. A germinação e o vigor de sementes de trigo provenientes de plantas submetidas à aplicação de herbicidas, em diferentes umidades das sementes, apresentam similaridade quando avaliados antes da semeadura e após o armazenamento. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological seed performance originated of wheat plants subjected to pre-harvest desiccation with different herbicides and seed moisture. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a factorial 4 x 3 (herbicides and no application x seed moisture) with four replications. The evaluations were mass of a thousand seeds, germination and first count, germination speed index, emergency and speed index of seedling emergence, accelerated aging and electrical conductivity of seeds. The pre-harvest desiccation in wheat plants, when performed in high humidity reduces the physiological quality of seeds. A use of herbicides for wheat plants in pre-harvest desiccation, over 30% of seed moisture, reduces the mass a thousand seeds. The vigor of the seeds produced is reduced by the action of herbicides applied in humidity of 40%, being dependent on the active ingredient. The germination and wheat seed vigor from plants subjected to herbicide application at different humidities of seeds have similarity when evaluated before sowing and after storage.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-12T20:41:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Juliana de Oliveira Lopes.pdf: 1518311 bytes, checksum: 21fc297e17199bf911f4cf85812c2694 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T20:41:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Juliana de Oliveira Lopes.pdf: 1518311 bytes, checksum: 21fc297e17199bf911f4cf85812c2694 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-26 / CAPES / The teak wood (Tectona grandis L. f.) from young plantations (12 years old) has some undesirable characteristics in terms of color uniformity as well as presenting a high proportion of sapwood, which is distinguished from heartwood by the lower durability and light color. In addition, teak wood has color change when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which depreciates the product over time. Heat treatments can be applied to change, standardize and stabilise the color of the wood, thus adding more value to the final product. In this context, the objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the effect of spacing between trees on the physical properties (density and moisture content) and the original color of wood, (2) to determine the color change of wood after heat treatments, (3) to evaluate the color uniformity of the wood (pieces containing heartwood and sapwood) after heat treatments and (4) to evaluate the color stability of heat-treated wood after UV radiation in accelerated aging conditions. Nine trees from three different levels of spacing (4 x 2 m, 5 x 2 m and 6 x 2 m) were used, with three trees per spacing. Samples of 150 x 75 x 20 mm were produced and divided into three groups: I: samples with a predominance of heartwood (? 75% heartwood in relation to sapwood), II: samples with 100% of sapwood and III: samples with approximately 50% heartwood and 50% sapwood. The groups I and II were used to determine the physical properties, wood color changes before and after heat treatments and color stability after exposure to UV radiation, whereas those of group III were used to determine the color uniformity after heat treatments. Heat treatments were performed in a laboratorial electric oven from Linn Elektro Therm under two temperatures: 180 and 200?C. Color measurements were performed using the portable spectrophotometer CM 2600d in the CIE-L*a*b* space. The accelerated aging test was performed in a QUV/Spray from Q-Lab chamber. The total cycle of exposure to UV radiation was 168 hours, and color measurements were taken to every 42 hours. The spacing affected the physical properties and the original color of wood. The heat treatment affected more the density of heartwood than sapwood. Heartwood and sapwood presented an average decrease of the 52% in equilibrium moisture content after heat treatments. Heartwood and sapwood had the same lightness pattern at the different spacings. After the heat treatment, wood had a loss of lightness, becoming darker, and this was more pronounced in the treatment at 200?C. Heartwood and sapwood presented different behavior for the coordinates a* and b* depending of spacing, before and after heat treatments. There was a greater formation of red hue and loss on yellow hue of heartwood and sapwood treated at 200?C. Heat treatments caused a higher color change on sapwood than heartwood, which provided greater uniformity to the pieces of wood with heartwood and sapwood. The color of sapwood heat-treated at 180oC woods had higher stability at UV radiation, thus demonstrating the potential of heat treatment to obtain products of higher added value. / A madeira de teca (Tectona grandis L. f.) proveniente de plantios jovens (12 anos de idade) apresenta algumas caracter?sticas indesej?veis em termos de uniformidade de cor al?m de apresentar alta propor??o de alburno, o qual distingue-se do cerne pela menor durabilidade e cor clara. Al?m disso, a madeira de teca apresenta altera??o de cor quando exposta ? radia??o ultravioleta (UV), o que acaba depreciando o material ao longo do tempo. Tratamentos termorretificadores podem ser aplicados para alterar, uniformizar e estabilizar a cor da madeira, agregando assim maior valor ao produto final. Neste contexto, os objetivos deste estudo foram: (1) determinar o efeito do espa?amento entre ?rvores nas propriedades f?sicas (densidade e teor de umidade) e na cor original da madeira, (2) determinar a altera??o da cor da madeira ap?s a termorretifica??o, (3) avaliar a uniformidade da cor da madeira (pe?as contendo cerne e alburno) ap?s os tratamentos termorretificadores e (4) avaliar a estabilidade da cor da madeira termorretificada ? radia??o UV em condi??es de envelhecimento acelerado. Foram utilizadas nove ?rvores de teca provenientes de tr?s espa?amentos (4 x 2 m, 5 x 2 m e 6 x 2 m), sendo 3 ?rvores para cada espa?amento. Amostras de 150 x 75 x 20 mm foram produzidas e divididas em tr?s grupos: I: amostras com predomin?ncia de madeira do cerne (? 75% de cerne em rela??o ao alburno), II: amostras com 100% de alburno e III: amostras com aproximadamente 50% de cerne e 50% de alburno. Os grupos I e II foram utilizados para determinar as propriedades f?sicas, a varia??o da cor da madeira antes e ap?s a termorretifica??o e a estabilidade da cor ap?s ? radia??o UV, enquanto que o grupo III foi utilizado para determinar a uniformidade da cor ap?s a termorretifica??o. A termorretifica??o foi realizada em um forno mufla el?trico laboratorial Linn Elektro Therm sob duas temperaturas: 180 e 200?C. As medi??es de cor foram realizadas atrav?s do espectrofot?metro port?til CM 2600d no espa?o CIE-L*a*b*. O ensaio de envelhecimento acelerado foi realizado em uma c?mara QUV/Spray da Q-Lab. O ciclo total de exposi??o ? radia??o UV foi de 168 horas, sendo realizadas medi??es de cor ? cada 42 horas. O espa?amento afetou as propriedades f?sicas e a cor original da madeira. A termorretifica??o afetou mais a densidade do cerne que do alburno. As madeiras de cerne e alburno apresentaram uma redu??o m?dia de 52% no teor de umidade de equil?brio ap?s a termorretifica??o. O cerne e o alburno apresentaram o mesmo padr?o de luminosidade nos diferentes espa?amentos. Ap?s a termorretifica??o, a madeira teve perda de luminosidade, tornado-se mais escura, sendo isso mais acentuado para o tratamento ? 200?C. As madeiras de cerne e alburno apresentaram comportamentos diferentes para as coordenadas a* e b* dependendo do espa?amento, antes e ap?s a termorretifica??o. Ocorreu uma maior forma??o de pigmento vermelho e perda de pigmento amarelo nas madeiras de cerne e alburno tratadas ? 200?C. A termorretifica??o proporcionou uma maior altera??o ? cor do alburno, o que resultou em uma maior uniformidade ?s pe?as de madeira contendo cerne e alburno. A cor da madeira de alburno termorretificada ? 180?C apresentou maior estabilidade ? radia??o UV, mostrando assim o potencial da termorretifica??o para obten??o de produtos de maior valor agregado.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Untersuchung der Langzeitstabilität organischer Solarzellen. Die Solarzellen als Gegenstand dieser Untersuchungen sind dabei aus Materialien aufgebaut, die mittels thermischer Gasphasenabscheidung im Vakuum hergestellt werden. Das unterscheidet diese von vielen in der Literatur vorgestellten Alterungsstudien, die Polymersolarzellen behandeln. Als Standardsystem werden einfache pii-Bauelemente ausgewählt, die in ZnPc und C60 zwei gut untersuchte Materialien in der aktiven Donor-Akzeptor-Schicht nutzen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit sind dabei in drei Kapiteln zusammengefasst. In Kapitel 5 wird untersucht, wie sich verschiedene Faktoren auf die Lebensdauer der Solarzellen auswirken. Für verkapselte Solarzellen mit MeO-TPD in der Lochtransportschicht wird die thermische Beschleunigung der Degradation mit einem Arrhenius’schen Verhalten beschrieben und eine Aktivierungsenergie EA=712 meV gefunden. Aus dieser Beschreibung wird für verkapselte Solarzelle bei 100 mW cm-2 und 45°C eine Lebensdauer von 62.000 h extrapoliert, die experimentell nicht verifiziert werden kann. Auch der Einfluss der Beleuchtungsintensität auf die Degradationsgeschwindigkeit wird untersucht und kann systematisch erklärt werden: Die Beschleunigung, die sich aus einer Erhöhung der Intensität weißen Lichtes ergibt, kann beschrieben werden, indem man die Anzahl extrahierter Ladungsträger berechnet. Bei Alterungen unter verschiedene Intensitäten ist diese Zahl identisch, wenn man die Messung bei gleichem Grad der Degradation betrachtet. Diese Modell kann auch auf monochromatische Beleuchtung ausgedehnt werden und es zeigt sich bei einem Vergleich über alle untersuchten Wellenlängen, dass der Anstieg der fallenden Kurven umso steiler wird, je höher die kürzeste Wellenlänge des jeweiligen Spektrums ist. Der zweite Teil dieses Kapitels ist der Degradation unverkapselter Solarzellen mit BF-DPB als Lochtransportmaterial gewidmet. Durch Variation von Temperatur und relativer Luftfeuchte konnten beide Einflussfaktoren in einem kombinierten Modell, dem Peck-Modell, zusammengefasst werden. Dieses wurde bisher nicht zur Beschreibung des Degradationsverhaltens von Solarzellen verwendet. Eine Vorhersage der Lebensdauer bei beliebigen Werten für beide Parameter ist somit möglich. Deutlich sticht in diesem Experiment hervor, dass die Anwesenheit von Wasser die Degradation klar dominiert. Darauf folgen Messungen, bei denen die Wasserpermeationsrate (WVTR) der Verkapselung variiert wird. Dabei stellt sich heraus, dass diese besser als 10-3 g m-2 d-1 sein muss, um die Stabilität zu verbessern. Durch eine Trennung der WVTR der äußeren Barriere und jener der Aluminiumelektrode ist es möglich, den Wert WVTR(Al) zu ermitteln. Dieser beträgt 8 x10-4 g m-2 d-1. Zusätzlich kann die Wassermenge, die benötigt wird, um die untersuch-ten Solarzelle auf 50% des Startwertes zu degradieren, zu 10 mg m2 bestimmt werden. Kapitel 6 zeigt eine umfassende Charakterisierung von an Luft degradierten Solarzellen. Mit den chemischen Analysemethoden TOF-SIMS und LDI-TOF-MS können mehrere Reaktionen der verwendeten Materialien mit Luft identifiziert werden. Dabei sticht die Oxidation der BPhen-Aluminium-Grenzschicht, die zur Bildung von Al2O3 führt, hervor. Weitere Reaktionsprodukte, vor allem in Verbindung mit Fluor, welches aus der Zersetzung von C60F36 stammt, werden gezeigt. Die Oxidation der Organik-Aluminium-Grenzschicht kann mit Hilfe von Elektrolumineszenzmessungen untersucht werden. Bei diesen zeigt sich, dass die Abnahme der aktiven Fläche in vollem Umfang Ursache für die Reduktion der Kurzschlussstromdichte ist. Als Eintrittskanäle für Sauerstoff und Wasser werden neben pinholes auch die Seitenkanten der Solarzelle identifiziert. Hinweise für die flächige Diffusion von Wasser werden zusätzlich erbracht. Erster Ansatz zur Verbesserung der Langzeitstabilität ist der Austausch von BPhen durch ein dotiertes Elektronen-transportmaterial. Eine Variation von fünf Materialien zeigt, dass ein Zusammenhang zwischen Rauigkeit dieses Materials und der Lebensdauer besteht: So werden die besten Stabilität für Materialien wie C60 und Bis-HFl-NTCDI gezeigt, die mit einer geringen Rauigkeit aufwachsen. Die Lebensdauer beträgt am Beispiel von Bis-HFl-NTCDI bei [T=65°C; rH=2,2%] T50=762 h und ist damit etwa viermal so groß wie bei Verwendung von BPhen. Weitere Optimierungsversuche, zum Beispiel durch Variation der Elektrode, des p-Dotanden, oder der Invertierung der Struktur zeigen zwar zusätzliche Degradationspfade auf, führen aber zu keiner Verbesserung der Stabilität. Auf Basis zuvor durchgeführter Überlegungen zu Redoxreaktionen (organischer) Materialien mit Wasser und Sauerstoff wird zum Abschluss der Arbeit ein möglicher Aufbau für luftstabile organische Solarzellen vorgeschlagen.

Cette thèse explore le vieillissement des modules photovoltaïques (PV) à base de silicium cristallin via une approche multi-matériaux. L’objectif premier est de déterminer les mécanismes de dégradation mis en jeu durant l’exploitation des modules PV et ainsi d’être à même de proposer des solutions technologiques améliorant leur durabilité. Pour cela, des tests de vieillissement accéléré ont été réalisés sur le verre, la cellule PV au silicium cristallin et le mini-module PV composé du verre, d’un polymère encapsulant et de la cellule silicium.Leurs propriétés fonctionnelles sont systématiquement évaluées et le suivi dans le temps de ces indicateurs permet de définir des lois de vieillissement. En parallèle, des caractérisations physico-chimiques sont réalisées pour définir les mécanismes de dégradations des différents constituants du module. L‘étude de la chaleur humide sur le verre a permis de mettre en évidence une dégradation de surface via un processus d’hydratation du réseau vitreux et un phénomène de lixiviation du sodium qui engendre une augmentation de la transmittance du verre. La cellule PV présente des performances électriques et une réflectance dégradées suite à l’exposition aux radiations UV dues à un processus de photo-oxydation de la couche antireflet SiNx. Il a également été établit qu’une puissance UV élevée peut aussi favoriser un phénomène de régénération des performances électriques. Le vieillissement du mini-module sous UV a montré du phénomène de dégradation photo-induite (LID) engendrant une légère diminution des performances électriques dès la première exposition alors que l’impact de la chaleur humide sur les performances électriques est nul après 2000 heures d’exposition / This thesis investigates the aging of photovoltaic (PV) modules based on crystalline silicon technology via a multi-material approach. The first objective is to determine the degradation mechanisms involved during the operation of the PV modules and thus to be able to propose technological solutions improving their durability. For this purpose, accelerated aging tests were carried out on the glass, the crystalline silicon PV cell and the PV mini-module composed of glass, a polymeric encapsulant and the silicon cell.Their functional properties are systematically evaluated and the follow-up of these indicators allows to define aging laws. In parallel, physicochemical characterizations are carried out to determine the degradation mechanisms of the different components of the module. The study of damp heat on glass throws into evidence a surface degradation with a hydration process of the silica network and a leaching phenomenon of the sodium which involves an increase of the glass transmittance. The PV cell exhibits a deterioration of the electrical performance and reflectance after UV radiation exposure due to a photo-oxidation process of the SiNx antireflection layer. It has also been established that high UV power can also promote a regeneration phenomenon of electrical performances. The aging of the mini-module under UV shows the phenomenon of photo-induced degradation (LID) generating a slight decrease in the electrical performance from the first exposure whereas the impact of damp heat on the electrical performance is null after 2000 hours

Crotalaria spectabilis Roth is a species which has been standing out in the improvement of the quality of ground and control of nematodes in some states of northeast. The objective of this work was to get given biometrics data of seeds (length, width, thickness and weight of 1000 seeds), to study the sprouting behavior in terms of the substratum, temperature and light, being considered the botanical and technological criteria of germination, to follow and to register the after-seminal development, as well as comparing different tests of vigor. For physiological potential evaluation, the seeds had been divided in five lots, being submitted to the tests: germination, first counting, electric conductivity and traditional accelerated aging. After this stage, different concentrations of 2, 3, 5 triphenil tetrazolium chloride salt had been studied in order to establish colorimetric standards in seeds with different levels of vigor obtained by the test of accelerated aging. The seeds present length, width and thickness of 4,4 mm; 3,3 mm and 1,6 mm, respectively, with the total of 62.189 seeds in one kilogram. The temperatures of 25 and 300C, using the paper substratum, in the light presence, had provided the best values of percentage and germination speed of the seeds in relation to the botanical criterion, whereas for the technological criterion, the temperature of 250C was statistically superior for these two variables in the same described conditions. The germination of the seeds of Crotalaria spectabilis is epigaea and plantules is phanerocotyledonarious. The studied tests had not exposed differences of vigor in the five studied lots, with exception of the one carried through electric conductivity with 50 ml of water. The tetrazolium test revealed promising in the identification of seeds with different levels of vigor. / A Crotalaria spectabilis Roth é uma espécie que vem se destacando na melhoria da qualidade de solos e controle de nematóides em vários estados do Nordeste. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter dados biométricos de sementes (comprimento, largura, espessura e peso de 1000 sementes), estudar o comportamento germinativo em função do substrato, temperatura e luz, considerando os critérios botânico e tecnológico de germinação, acompanhar e registrar o desenvolvimento pós-seminal, bem como comparar diferentes testes de vigor. Para avaliação do potencial fisiológico, as sementes foram divididas em cinco lotes, sendo submetidas aos testes: germinação, primeira contagem, condutividade elétrica e envelhecimento acelerado tradicional. Transcorrida esta etapa, estudou-se diferentes concentrações do sal 2, 3, 5 cloreto trifenil de tetrazólio a fim de estabelecer padrões colorimétricos em sementes com diferentes níveis de vigor obtidos pelo teste de envelhecimento acelerado. As sementes apresentam comprimento, largura e espessura de 4,4 mm; 3,3 mm e 1,6 mm, respectivamente, com total de 62.189 sementes em um quilograma. As temperaturas de 25 e 300C, utilizando o substrato papel, na presença de luz, proporcionaram os melhores valores de porcentagem e velocidade de germinação das sementes em relação ao critério botânico, enquanto que para o critério tecnológico, a temperatura de 250C foi estatisticamente superior para essas duas variáveis nas mesmas condições descritas. A germinação das sementes de Crotalaria spectabilis é epígea e as plântulas são fanerocotiledonares. Os testes estudados não revelaram diferenças de vigor nos cincos lotes estudados, com exceção da condutividade elétrica realizada com 50 ml de água. O teste de tetrazólio mostrou-se promissor na identificação de sementes com diferentes níveis de vigor.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:39:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 414160 bytes, checksum: d319d06d5743824c04822c602810376e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The use of good quality seeds in the current agricultural scenery is without a doubt an important, if not, the most important factor to obtain the success desired for any cultivated crop. Therefore, starting from this point, this research had as objectives to establish appropriate methodology to the germination test in seeds of pinhão manso, with views to its validation and inclusion in the RAS, besides trying the to adjust a methodology for the accelerated aging test for the evaluation of pinhão manso seeds vigor. For so much two experiments were conducted for 18 months in the routine laboratory in seeds of the Federal University of Viçosa seeking to reach the proposed objectives. The first experiment to be accomplished was the adjustment of the methodology for the germination test, where four lots of pinhão manso seeds obtained in different harvested times, this seeds were treated with fungicidal product and submitted to the germination in different substrates (sand and paper) and temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 20-30ºC). Daily counting of the number of normal seedlings obtained during the period of the experiment were made in order to establish the best time to carry out the first and final counting. The completely randomized design with four replicates in a subdivided plot design was adopted to carry out the experiment, comparing the means obtained with the treatments by the test of Tukey at level of 5% of probability. In the second experiment were also used four lots of seeds of pinhão manso obtained from parceled harvests, demonstrating high initial germination, where these lots were submitted to the following tests: germination, first germination count, germination at low temperature, cold test in paper towel (10ºC/7 days and 25ºC /5 days) and percentage and index of emergency, besides the accelerated aging test at 100% UR in the temperatures of 42 and 45ºC for 48, 72 and 96 hours. It can be concluded with this work that both substrates used to the germination test can be adopted to conduct the test. The temperatures that best expressed the germination potential in seeds of pinhão manso were the 25 and 30ºC, and best period to carry out the of the first and final germination count are at seven and 12 days after the begin of the test. The best combination found to conduct the accelerating aging test is conducting at 42ºC for 48 hours, and when the seeds were exposed to the temperature of 45ºC for 96 hours it caused deterioration of the seeds, making it unviable to the classification in levels of vigor. / A utilização de sementes de qualidade no atual cenário agrícola é sem dúvidas um dos principais, se não, o principal fator para obtenção do sucesso. A pesquisa teve como objetivos estabelecer metodologia adequada para a condução do teste de germinação em sementes de pinhão manso, com vistas à sua validação e inclusão nas Regras para Análise de Sementes (RAS), além de adequar a metodologia para o teste de envelhecimento acelerado. Para tanto, foram conduzidos dois experimentos no laboratório de rotina em sementes da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Primeiramente, realizou-se o experimento de adequação da metodologia para a condução do teste de germinação. Para tanto, foram utilizadas sementes de quatro lotes de pinhão manso, tratadas com produto fungicida e submetidas à germinação em diferentes substratos (areia e papel) e temperaturas (20, 25, 30 e 20-30ºC). Realizaram-se contagens diárias do número de plântulas normais obtidas para se estabelecer a época mais adequada para a realização das contagens inicial e final do teste. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcela subdivida, com quatro repetições, comparando as médias obtidas com os tratamentos pelo teste de Tukey, ao nível de 5% de significância. Para o segundo experimento, também foi utilizado quatro lotes de sementes, que foram submetidos aos seguintes testes: germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, germinação a baixa temperatura, teste de frio (10ºC/7 dias e a 25ºC/5 dias) e percentagem e índice de emergência, além do teste de envelhecimento acelerado a 100% UR nas temperaturas de 42 e 45ºC, por 48, 72 e 96 horas. Conclui-se que para a obtenção do valor máximo de germinação das sementes de pinhão manso, o teste de germinação deve ser conduzido nas temperaturas de 25 e 30ºC em ambos os substratos e que a primeira e a última contagem do teste de germinação devem ser realizadas aos sete e doze dias após o inicio do teste, respectivamente. Em relação ao segundo experimento, se concluí que o teste de envelhecimento acelerado é eficiente para a classificação dos lotes de sementes de pinhão manso em níveis de vigor, tendo, as combinações de 42 e 45ºC com 100% UR, por 48 horas, como as melhores para a condução do teste. Verificou-se também, que a temperatura de 45ºC por 96 horas ocasiona a deterioração das sementes não permitindo a sua classificação em níveis de vigor.