Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:40:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 652887 bytes, checksum: ad4dee06ecf4d63d24b45ff4edea5ab4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aimed to evaluated the biochemical and physiological changes resulting from priming of cabbage seeds with different vigor levels, obtained after to exposure of seeds to different times of accelerated aging. The seeds were subjected to priming in a polyethylene glicol aerated solution (PEG) 6000 in concentration of 284 g L-1, corresponding to the osmotic potential of -1.0 MPa, for six days. After priming the seeds were dried until reaching the initial water content. The control consisted of unprimed seeds. The seeds of each treatment were tested for germination, first count germination, seedling emergence, controlled deterioration test, speed germination index, germination rate index in substrate, germination speed, radicle length and total dry matter. Besides, were performed the germination curves for each level of force. Also were performed, analysis for lipid, carbohydrate, protein and starch content. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications in a 4x2 factorial (aged seeds for 24, 33 and 42 hours and not aged seeds) with and without priming. The data were submeted to Analysis of variance and differences between means were performed using Tukey and F tests, respectively, both at p <0.05. Were observed beneficial priming effects effectively minimizing the damage caused by artificial againg longer on seeds (33 and 48 hours). Superior results were found in tests of vigor, seedling dry weight and reserve compounds when compared to the control unconditioned. In seeds with lower physiological unprimed the imbibition time for root protrusion was greater. Lower times of germination were recorded for seeds primed, which showed higher protein content and lower content of total soluble and reducing sugars, high germination percentage and vigor when compared to unpriming seeds. Therefore, it can be concluded that priming may be an alternative to improve the physiological quality of less vigorous seeds subjected to stress from high temperature and humidity. / O objetivo foi avaliar as alterações bioquímicas e fisiológicas decorrentes do osmocondicionamento de sementes de repolho com diferentes níveis de vigor, obtidos após exposição a diferentes tempos de envelhecimento acelerado. As sementes foram submetidas ao condicionamento osmótico em solução aerada de polietileno glicol (PEG) 6000 na concentração de 284 g L-1, correspondendo ao potencial osmótico de -1,0 MPa, por seis dias. Após o condicionamento, as sementes foram secas até o atingirem o teor de água inicial. A testemunha consistiu de sementes não condicionadas. As sementes de cada tratamento foram submetidas aos testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, emergência das plântulas, teste de deterioração controlada, índice de velocidade de germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência em substrato, velocidade de germinação, comprimento da radícula e matéria seca total. Além disso, foram realizadas as curvas de germinação para cada nível de vigor. Também foram realizados análises de teor de lipídeos, carboidratos, proteínas e amido. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições em esquema fatorial 4x2, (sementes envelhecidas durante 24, 33 e 42 horas e não envelhecidas) sem e com condicionamento osmótico. A análise de variância e a comparação de médias foram realizadas através do teste F e Tukey, respectivamente, ao nível de p>0,05. Foram observados os efeitos benéficos do osmocondicionamento minimizando eficientemente os danos causados pelo maior tempo de envelhecimento artificial das sementes (33 e 48 horas). Resultados superiores foram encontrados nos testes de vigor, massa seca de plântulas e compostos de reserva quando comparados às testemunhas não condicionadas. Em sementes com menor potencial fisiológico não osmocondicionadas o tempo de embebição para a protrusão da raiz foi maior. Menores tempos de germinação foram registrados para as sementes osmocondicionadas, as quais apresentaram maiores conteúdos de proteínas e menor teor de açúcares solúveis totais e redutores, maiores porcentagens de germinação e maior vigor, quando comparadas com sementes sem osmocondicionamento. Portanto pode-se concluir que o osmocondicionamento pode ser uma alternativa para melhorar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de menor vigor submetidas a estresse por alta temperatura e umidade.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-10T18:02:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Alexsandro Martins da Silva.pdf: 297395 bytes, checksum: 65d3b63d699f4425cb634f0012fb96c4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-16T17:08:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Alexsandro Martins da Silva.pdf: 297395 bytes, checksum: 65d3b63d699f4425cb634f0012fb96c4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-16T17:17:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Alexsandro Martins da Silva.pdf: 297395 bytes, checksum: 65d3b63d699f4425cb634f0012fb96c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-16T17:18:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Alexsandro Martins da Silva.pdf: 297395 bytes, checksum: 65d3b63d699f4425cb634f0012fb96c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-03 / Para oferecer aos agricultores sementes de soja com qualidade e na quantidade demandada, as empresas sementeiras devem implementar eficientes processos de controle interno de qualidade, visando aferir a constantemente a germinação e o vigor das sementes. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo averiguar o processo de controle de qualidade interno na Sementes São Francisco Rio Verde, Goiás. O trabalho foi realizado em laboratório de empresa sementeira na cidade de Rio Verde - GO. Foram utilizados 272 lotes de sementes de soja da cultivar NA 5909 RG, categoria S1, da safra 2014/2015. Os testes avaliados foram: tetrazólio précondicionado por 16 horas, envelhecimento acelerado por 72 horas, teste de germinação, teste de solo e emergência em areia. Os resultados demonstraram que os testes de envelhecimento acelerado e tetrazólio são confiáveis no controle de qualidade de lotes de soja. Conclui-se que os lotes apresentaram vigor e viabilidade satisfatórios, porém, o teste de germinação 180 dias após a colheita, demonstrou queda da viabilidade. / To provide soybean farmers with quality and quantity demanded, the seed companies should implement efficient internal quality control processes to assess the constantly germination and seed vigor. This study aimed to verify the internal quality control process in soybean seed company, in Rio Verde, Goiás. The essay was carried out in laboratory of a seed company in the Rio Verde-GO city. Were used 271 soybean seeds lots of the cultivar IN 5909 RG, category S1 cultivated in the agricultural year of 2014/2015. The tests evaluated were tetrazolium test with preconditioned for 16 hours, accelerated aging test for 72 hours, standard germination test, soil test and emergence in sand. The results showed that the accelerated aging test and tetrazolium test are reliable for use in intern quality control of soybean seeds lots. It has concluded that the lots had satisfactory vigor and viability, however, the germination test 180 days after harvested decreased in viability.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_alexandro_de_paula.pdf: 1347086 bytes, checksum: 5f7aa723fd96d4d6ee7beb8f49b68039 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-01 / The main goal of this study was to determine the best harvesting time of seed capsule so that the tobacco seed (Nicotiana tabacum L.) presents the best germination percentage and vigor, seeking a combination of maturity, vigor and germination. The study was conducted in the 2010/2011 crop season, at the Agronomic Center of Universal Leaf Tobacco Company, in Rio Pardo, RS, using the hybrid seed of Virginia type ULT 163,. Five sampling periods were established as treatment in a field of commercial production of tobacco seeds (T1 - 30% dry capsules and green sepals, T2 - 90% dry capsules and green sepals; T3 - dried capsules and dried sepals; T4 - 50 % dry stalk; T5 - 100% dry stalk) with eight replicates each treatment. There were germination and vigor, first germination and accelerated aging. It was found that the tobacco harvest seeds from hybrid cultivar ULT 163 may be performed without significant changes in germination and vigor among treatments T3 to T5 consisting of sepals and capsule brown in color until the total drying peduncle. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar qual o melhor momento de colheita da cápsula de sementes de modo que a semente de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) apresente o maior vigor e a maior porcentagem de germinação, buscando uma combinação entre maturidade, vigor e germinação. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Centro Agronômico da empresa Universal Leaf Tabacos LTDA., em Rio Pardo, RS, utilizando o híbrido de semente tipo Virgínia ULT 163, na safra 2010/2011. Estabeleceram-se cinco momentos de colheita como tratamentos em uma lavoura para produção comercial de sementes de tabaco (T1 30% das capsulas secas e sépalas verdes; T2 90% das capsulas secas e sépalas verdes; T3 capsulas secas e sépalas secas; T4 50% pedúnculo seco; T5 100% pedúnculo seco), com oito repetições cada. Realizaram-se testes de germinação e de vigor - primeira contagem de germinação e envelhecimento acelerado. Verificou-se que a colheita das sementes de tabaco da cultivar híbrida ULT 163 pode ser realizada sem alterações significativas na germinação e no vigor entre os tratamentos T3 a T5 que consiste da cápsula e sépalas na cor marrom até a secagem total do pedúnculo.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_leticia_holbig_harter.pdf: 494529 bytes, checksum: 679ab443e38c4c8302f52216ebfab4dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-20 / The Mogango (Cucurbita pepo L.) belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. Propagtion of the mogango is done by seeds that can be sown directly in the place of cultivation or in trays with individual cells for later transplantation, being necessary the use of seeds with high vigor. The final quality of a vegetable crop depends among other factors, in obtain a proper and uniform population of plants in the field. Vigor tests provide more sensitive indexes of physiological quality that germination test, so any event that precedes the loss of germination can serve as a basis for evaluating the vigor force. The aim of this study was to evaluate methodologies of controlled deterioration test and accelerated aging test, for vigor expression in seeds of mogango, and compare the most promising results of tests to assess the performance of vigor with in lots during storage. Seeds of mogango cultivar Sul Mineiro, represented by six lots of three different seed companies. The seeds were characterized for quality through testing moisture, germination, first count, cold test, shoot length, root length, seedling emergence, speed of emergence and root length in greenhouse ; accelerated aging tests were conducted using the following methodologies: traditional, brine - 40g NaCl.100mL-1 water and brine unsaturated - 11gNaCl.100mL-1 of water at 41 °C for periods of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. And the controlled deterioration test, adjusting the water content of seeds to 15%, 20% and 25% at 41 °C for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Assessments were performed every 60 days. The test was conducted in a completely randomized, the means were compared with the Tukey test at a probability level of 5% and compared by linear correlation. It was found that to stratify seed lots of mogango by vigor the traditional accelerating test methodology recommended was using an aging period of 24 hours and 41 ºC; and the vigor of seed lots of mogango by controlled deterioration test indicates the us of the initial water content of 15% and periods of stress for 24 hours at 41 °C. / O mogango (Cucurbita pepo L.) pertence à família Cucurbitácea. A propagação do mogango é realizada por sementes que podem ser semeadas diretamente no local de cultivo ou em bandejas com células individuais para posterior transplantio, sendo indispensável a utilização de sementes com elevada qualidade. A qualidade final de um produto olerícola depende, entre outros fatores, da obtenção de uma população adequada e uniforme de plantas no campo. Os testes de vigor fornecem aspectos mais sensíveis da qualidade fisiológica que o teste de germinação, por isso qualquer evento que precede a perda do poder germinativo pode servir como base para a avaliação do vigor. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as metodologias dos testes de deterioração controlada e envelhecimento acelerado para determinação do vigor em sementes de mogango e comparar os resultados mais promissores dos referidos testes na avaliação do desempenho dos lotes durante o armazenamento. Foram utilizadas sementes de mogango, cultivar Sul Mineiro, representadas por seis lotes de três diferentes empresas produtoras de sementes. As sementes foram caracterizadas quanto à qualidade, por meio dos testes de umidade, germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, teste de frio, comprimento de parte aérea, comprimento radicular, emergência de plântulas, índice de velocidade de emergência e comprimento radicular em casa de vegetação. Foram conduzidos testes de envelhecimento acelerado nas metodologias: tradicional, solução salina saturada 40g de NaCl.100mL-1 de água e solução salina não saturada 11g de NaCl.100mL-1 de água, a 41 ºC, por períodos de 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas. O teste de deterioração controlada, com ajuste do teor de água das sementes para 15%, 20% e 25%, a 41 ºC, foi conduzido durante 24, 48 e 72 horas. Foram realizadas avaliações aos zero, 60 e 120 dias. O ensaio foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, as médias obtidas por lote, em cada avaliação, foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey em nível de probabilidade de 5% e foi realizada análise de correlação linear. Para avaliação do vigor de lotes de sementes de mogango pelo teste de envelhecimento acelerado tradicional, recomenda-se a utilização de períodos de envelhecimento de 24 horas e temperatura de 41 ºC, e para o teste de deterioração controlada, indica-se a utilização de teor de água inicial de 15% e períods de estresse de 24 horas, a 41 ºC.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_caroline_costa.pdf: 410037 bytes, checksum: 70221bc02297589fd9d80d107be7a2aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-22 / The present work had the objective of to study biochemical and physiological alterations in function of pea seed pre hydration with e phasis in the electrolyte leakage and in the expression of different isoenzymatic systems,trying to contribute for the i provement of the pre hydration methods of seeds to be submitted to tests for evaluation of its physiological potential.Seeds lots of cvs.Axé and Maria, characterized for the water content,germination,first ger mination counting,accelerated aging,electrical conductivity and seedling emergence in the field,were used.The seeds of each lot were pre hydrated in saturated atmosphere and hum idified substratu until they reach 10,12 and 14%of water content.After the pre hydration,the seeds were submitted to the tests of electrical conductivity,accelerated aging and leakage of calcium ,potassium and magnesium and characterized for the expression pattern of the isoenzymatic systems Malate Dehydrogenase,Acid Phosphatase,Glutamate Dehydrogenase and Glutamate Oxalacetate Transaminase.The pre hydration of the seeds using saturated atmosphere or humidified substratum see s to affect the process of restructuring the seed cellular e branes system differently,being reflected in alterations in the pattern of electrolyte leakage and Acid Phosphatase isoenzymatic expression.Discrepancies take place a ong results obtained by the test of electrical conductivity for evaluation of the physiological potential of pea seeds,depending on the proceeding adopted to pre hydrate the seeds. / O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar alterações bioquímicas e fisiológicas decorrentes da pré hidratação de sementes de ervilha,com ênfase na lixiviação de eletrólitos e na expressão de diferentes sistemas isoenzim áticos,procurando contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento dos métodos de pré hidratação de sementes a serem submetidas a testes para avaliação do seu potencial fisiológico.Foram utilizados lotes de sementes de ervilha das cultivares Axé e Maria,caracterizados quanto ao teor de água,germinação, primeira contagem de germinação,envelhecimento acelerado,condutividade elétrica e emergência de plântulas e campo.As sementes de cada lote fora pré hidratadas e pregando atmosfera saturada e substrato umedecido,até atingirem teores de água de 10, 12 e 14%.Após a pré hidratação,as sementes foram avaliadas pelos testes de condutividade elétrica,envelhecimento acelerado,lixiviação de cálcio,potássio e magnésio e caracterizadas quanto ao padrão de expressão dos sistemas isoenzimáticos Malato Desidrogenase,Fosfatase Ácida,Glutamato Desidrogenase e Glutamato Oxalacetato Transaminase.A pré hidratação de sementes de ervilha e pregando atmosfera saturada ou substrato umedecido afeta diferentemente o processo de reestruturação do sistema de e branas celulares das sem entes,refletindo se e alterações no padrão de lixiviação de eletrólitos e na expressão do sistema isoezimático Fosfatase Ácida.Ocorre discrepâncias entre resultados obtidos pelo teste de condutividade elétrica para avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de ervilha,dependendo do procedim ento adotado para a pré hidratação das sementes.

Basic knowledge of photovoltaic energy transformation, devices and materials, used in photovoltaics are summarized in this master’s thesis. Sort of degradation factors and its consequences of the photovoltaic panels are described there. Detail reviews of degradation tests are processed at the end of theoretical part. The main purpose of this research is selected covering materials dielectric properties change monitoring. These covering materials were influenced of accelerated thermal aging and increased humidity.

Dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat, nous présentons la conception et la réalisation d’un banc dédié à l’étude de la fiabilité de structures piézoélectriques et plus précisément des micro-dispositifs de récupération d'énergie destinés aux implants médicaux autonomes actifs (stimulateurs cardiaques de nouvelle génération). Les structure étudiées se présentent sous la forme d’un bimorphe piézoélectrique encastré-libre comportant une masse sismique à leur extrémité. Une bonne compréhension du vieillissement des matériaux et des modes de défaillance mécanique et électrique est essentielle pour ce type de système où la vie du patient au sein duquel est implanté le dispositif est directement mise en jeu. Pour étudier la fiabilité et la durabilité de la partie active du récupérateur, nous proposons d'établir une nouvelle méthodologie de vieillissement accélérée via un banc d'essai dédié où l'environnement et les stimuli peuvent être contrôlés avec précision sur une large période de temps. Une caractérisation électromécanique des structures est périodiquement réalisée via l’extraction d’une série d’indicateurs (force de blocage, raideur, tension en régime harmonique) au sein même du banc tout au long du vieillissement. Il est donc ainsi possible d'identifier les différents modes de défaillance potentiels et d’étudier leurs impacts sur le bon fonctionnement du système. / Within the framework of this PhD we present the design and realization of a bench dedicated to the study of the reliability of piezoelectric structures and more precisely micro-devices of energy harvesting for the new generation of active and autonomous medical implants. The structures studied are in the form of a free-clamped piezoelectric bimorph having a seismic mass at their tip. A good understanding of the aging of the materials and of the mechanical and electrical failure modes is essential for this type of system where the life of the patient implanted by this device is directly involved. To study the reliability and durability of the active part of the harvester, we propose to establish a new accelerated aging methodology via a dedicated test bench where the environment and stimuli can be controlled accurately over a large period of time. An electromechanical characterization of the structures is periodically carried out by the extraction of a series of indicators (blocking force, stiffness, tension in harmonic regime) within the bench throughout the aging process. Therefore it is possible to identify the different potential failure modes and to study their impact on the proper functioning of the system.

Für derzeitige, industriell hergestellte Solarmodule werden Leistungsgarantien von 20 bis 25 Jahren gegeben. Das hat hohen Ansprüchen bezüglich ihrer Zuverlässigkeit, welche sich über ihre Effizienzabnahme pro Jahr definiert, zur Folge. Die Einführung neuer Technologien, wie z.B. die der PERC- (passivated emitter and rear cell) als Ersatz für die bislang dominierende BSF-Technologie (back surface field) hat eine umfangreiche Änderung der Metallisierung der Solarzellen nach sich gezogen, wodurch neue Degradationseffekte auftreten können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die einzelnen Komponenten der Solarzellenmetallisierung und –verschaltung in Bezug auf ihren Beitrag zur Degradation untersucht. Die dafür notwendige beschleunigte Alterung erfolgte mittels Temperaturwechselbelastung zwischen -40 °C und +85 °C. Unterstützt durch die numerische Simulation konnte die Degradation der Rückseitenmetallisierung und Zellverschaltung im Detail charakterisiert und Lösungen zur Reduktion der Leistungsabnahme abgeleitet werden. Erstmals wurde dabei der Einfluss der AgAl-Legierung und des Druckkontaktwiderstandes auf den Serienwiderstand der Solarmodule untersucht.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Untersuchung der Langzeitstabilität organischer Solarzellen. Die Solarzellen als Gegenstand dieser Untersuchungen sind dabei aus Materialien aufgebaut, die mittels thermischer Gasphasenabscheidung im Vakuum hergestellt werden. Das unterscheidet diese von vielen in der Literatur vorgestellten Alterungsstudien, die Polymersolarzellen behandeln. Als Standardsystem werden einfache pii-Bauelemente ausgewählt, die in ZnPc und C60 zwei gut untersuchte Materialien in der aktiven Donor-Akzeptor-Schicht nutzen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit sind dabei in drei Kapiteln zusammengefasst. In Kapitel 5 wird untersucht, wie sich verschiedene Faktoren auf die Lebensdauer der Solarzellen auswirken. Für verkapselte Solarzellen mit MeO-TPD in der Lochtransportschicht wird die thermische Beschleunigung der Degradation mit einem Arrhenius’schen Verhalten beschrieben und eine Aktivierungsenergie EA=712 meV gefunden. Aus dieser Beschreibung wird für verkapselte Solarzelle bei 100 mW cm-2 und 45°C eine Lebensdauer von 62.000 h extrapoliert, die experimentell nicht verifiziert werden kann. Auch der Einfluss der Beleuchtungsintensität auf die Degradationsgeschwindigkeit wird untersucht und kann systematisch erklärt werden: Die Beschleunigung, die sich aus einer Erhöhung der Intensität weißen Lichtes ergibt, kann beschrieben werden, indem man die Anzahl extrahierter Ladungsträger berechnet. Bei Alterungen unter verschiedene Intensitäten ist diese Zahl identisch, wenn man die Messung bei gleichem Grad der Degradation betrachtet. Diese Modell kann auch auf monochromatische Beleuchtung ausgedehnt werden und es zeigt sich bei einem Vergleich über alle untersuchten Wellenlängen, dass der Anstieg der fallenden Kurven umso steiler wird, je höher die kürzeste Wellenlänge des jeweiligen Spektrums ist. Der zweite Teil dieses Kapitels ist der Degradation unverkapselter Solarzellen mit BF-DPB als Lochtransportmaterial gewidmet. Durch Variation von Temperatur und relativer Luftfeuchte konnten beide Einflussfaktoren in einem kombinierten Modell, dem Peck-Modell, zusammengefasst werden. Dieses wurde bisher nicht zur Beschreibung des Degradationsverhaltens von Solarzellen verwendet. Eine Vorhersage der Lebensdauer bei beliebigen Werten für beide Parameter ist somit möglich. Deutlich sticht in diesem Experiment hervor, dass die Anwesenheit von Wasser die Degradation klar dominiert. Darauf folgen Messungen, bei denen die Wasserpermeationsrate (WVTR) der Verkapselung variiert wird. Dabei stellt sich heraus, dass diese besser als 10-3 g m-2 d-1 sein muss, um die Stabilität zu verbessern. Durch eine Trennung der WVTR der äußeren Barriere und jener der Aluminiumelektrode ist es möglich, den Wert WVTR(Al) zu ermitteln. Dieser beträgt 8 x10-4 g m-2 d-1. Zusätzlich kann die Wassermenge, die benötigt wird, um die untersuch-ten Solarzelle auf 50% des Startwertes zu degradieren, zu 10 mg m2 bestimmt werden. Kapitel 6 zeigt eine umfassende Charakterisierung von an Luft degradierten Solarzellen. Mit den chemischen Analysemethoden TOF-SIMS und LDI-TOF-MS können mehrere Reaktionen der verwendeten Materialien mit Luft identifiziert werden. Dabei sticht die Oxidation der BPhen-Aluminium-Grenzschicht, die zur Bildung von Al2O3 führt, hervor. Weitere Reaktionsprodukte, vor allem in Verbindung mit Fluor, welches aus der Zersetzung von C60F36 stammt, werden gezeigt. Die Oxidation der Organik-Aluminium-Grenzschicht kann mit Hilfe von Elektrolumineszenzmessungen untersucht werden. Bei diesen zeigt sich, dass die Abnahme der aktiven Fläche in vollem Umfang Ursache für die Reduktion der Kurzschlussstromdichte ist. Als Eintrittskanäle für Sauerstoff und Wasser werden neben pinholes auch die Seitenkanten der Solarzelle identifiziert. Hinweise für die flächige Diffusion von Wasser werden zusätzlich erbracht. Erster Ansatz zur Verbesserung der Langzeitstabilität ist der Austausch von BPhen durch ein dotiertes Elektronen-transportmaterial. Eine Variation von fünf Materialien zeigt, dass ein Zusammenhang zwischen Rauigkeit dieses Materials und der Lebensdauer besteht: So werden die besten Stabilität für Materialien wie C60 und Bis-HFl-NTCDI gezeigt, die mit einer geringen Rauigkeit aufwachsen. Die Lebensdauer beträgt am Beispiel von Bis-HFl-NTCDI bei [T=65°C; rH=2,2%] T50=762 h und ist damit etwa viermal so groß wie bei Verwendung von BPhen. Weitere Optimierungsversuche, zum Beispiel durch Variation der Elektrode, des p-Dotanden, oder der Invertierung der Struktur zeigen zwar zusätzliche Degradationspfade auf, führen aber zu keiner Verbesserung der Stabilität. Auf Basis zuvor durchgeführter Überlegungen zu Redoxreaktionen (organischer) Materialien mit Wasser und Sauerstoff wird zum Abschluss der Arbeit ein möglicher Aufbau für luftstabile organische Solarzellen vorgeschlagen.:1 Einleitung 2 Grundlagen 2.1 Organische Halbleiter 2.2 Grundlagen der Photovoltaik 2.3 Quasi-Fermi-Niveaus & Würfel-Modell 2.4 Organische Solarzellen 3 Grundlagen zu Langzeitmessungen 3.1 Anforderungen an organische Solarzellen 3.2 Materialien 4 Experimentelle Grundlagen 4.1 Herstellung der Solarzellen und Ca-Tests 4.2 Verkapselung 4.3 Charakterisierungsmethoden 4.4 Alterungsmessungen 4.5 Verwendeter Probenaufbau 5 Variation der Alterungsbedingungen 5.1 Alterung in Inertatmosphäre 5.2 Alterung in Anwesenheit von Luft 5.3 Korrelation von Laborbewitterung und Außenmessung 5.4 Zusammenfassung 6 Charakterisierung gealterter Solarzellen 6.1 TOF-SIMS 6.2 UI-Kennlinien, EQE und Absorption 6.3 Elektrolumineszenzmessungen 6.4 Elektrische Simulation 6.5 LDI-TOF-MS 6.6 Zusammenfassung 7 Optimierung der Lebensdauer 7.1 Variation der Elektronentransportschicht in pin-Solarzellen 7.1.5.2 Rauigkeit 7.1.6 Zusammenfassung 7.2 Invertierte Struktur: pin vs. nip 7.3 Variation des Deckkontaktes 7.4 Variationen in der Lochtransportschicht 7.5 Zusammenfassung: Optimierung der Lebensdauer 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 8.1 Zusammenfassung 8.2 Ausblick

This paper reviews the effects of accelerated aging with increased humidity and temperature on cellulose-based composites. The composites consist of a matrix of plastic reinforced with cellulose fibers. The company Biofiber Tech Sweden AB provided four different composites and a conventional polyolefin as reference. The aim was to examine changes in mechanical properties, chemical composition and appearance after aging, as well as variations between materials. Two different climate conditions were tested, 85% RH and &lt;10% RH, both in 90℃. A climate chamber and an oven were used to create the extreme environmental conditions. To analyze the results, tensile testing and FTIR were performed, and color intensity and density were measured. All samples decreased in color intensity throughout aging, and dark irregularities appeared on some of the samples exposed to high humidity, which may be due to fungal formation. The tensile testing showed a general difference between high and low RH and the toughness showed a tendency to decline with aging in high humidity for many samples. The FTIR measurements also did not show any general trend. To improve the study, it would be desirable to age the material for a longer time and at a higher temperature. Overall, more samples and measurements within each characterisation technique would be needed to achieve more reliable results. Nevertheless, this study hopes to be a starting point for further research on the long-term durability of Biofiber Tech’s composites.