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Tillgänglighet för alla på Internet : En kartläggning av tillgänglighetsutvecklingen för synskadade på e-handeln utifrån webbutvecklingsföretags perspektiv / Accessibility for everyone on the InternetGråhns, Klas, Chankham, Natthaphat January 2022 (has links)
Bakgrund Tidigare studier från 2021 visar på att synskadade användare fortfarande har problem med hur väl de kan handla digitalt på egen hand. Detta förklarades vara ett resultat av kompetensbristen hos webbutvecklingsföretagen och brist av krav på tillgänglighet för synskadade. Tillgänglighetsdirektivet försöker ändra bristen på tillgänglighet i Europa genom krav för tjänster och produkter som exempelvis e-handeln. Syfte Syftet med undersökningen är att kartlägga hur tillgänglighetskompetensen och dess utveckling för synskadade på e-handeln ser ut idag. Undersökningen ska samla data från utvecklare, designers och tillgänglighetsexperter på om det finns en kompetensbrist idag och vilka förbättringsområden som finns för tillgänglighetsutvecklingen. Metod Undersökningen använde semistrukturerade intervjuer med ett bekvämlighetsurval för att samla kvalitativa. Därefter en enkätundersökning med ett självselektionsurval för att samla både kvantitativa och kvalitativa data. Resultatet från intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades med hjälp av en temaanalys för att identifiera mönster som svarar på forskningsfrågorna. Resultat Undersökningen visade att tillgänglighetsdirektivet har börjat påverka tillgänglighetsutvecklingen på den privata sektorn positivt. Resultaten visar på en kompetensbrist inom industrin idag som företag har börjat försöka motverka. Undersökningen visade på att ett av de största hindren idag med varför webbutvecklingsföretagen inte arbetar mer tillgängligt är på grund av bristande krav på tillgänglighet från beställare. Designval som tar bort information för att se estetiskt tilltalande ut kan resultera i en negativ användarupplevelse för synskadade. Slutsatser För att utveckla hur webbutvecklingsföretagen arbetar med tillgänglighet idag bör de arbeta med tillgänglighet i börjanav projekt i stället för i slutet av dem. Kravställningen utifrån beställarens behov är den avgörande faktorn till när man fokuserar på tillgänglighet och därför är det viktigt att förklara vinsterna för beställare med tidig implementation av tillgänglighet. Det identifierades att tillgänglighetsdirektivet är ett effektivt medel för att motivera tillgänglighet för både beställare och webbutvecklingsföretagen. / Background Previous studies from 2021 have shown that visually impaired users still have issues with how well they can shop by themselves digitally. It was explained to be a result of the lack of competence web development companies has and requirements on accessibility for the visually impaired. The European Accessibility Act aims to make a difference by enforcing accessibility requirements on products and services such as e-commerce. Aim The purpose of the survey is to map the accessibility competence and development in the industry when it comes to visual impairment on e-commerce. The goal is to gather web development companies’ perspective on whether there is a lack of competence today and which areas that can be improved. Method The survey used semi-structured interviews with convenience sampling to gather qualitative data. Then a questionnaire with a self-selection sampling to gather both qualitative and quantitative data. Interviews were transcribed and analysed with the help of a thematic analysis to identify the patterns that fits the research questions. Results The survey showed that the European accessibility act has a positive effect on the development of accessibility. The results also show a lack of competence within the industry today that web development companies have begun to try to counteract. The lack of accessibility was a result of the lack of requirements based on customer needs. Design choices that remove information could result in a negative user experience for the visually impaired. Conclusions Early implementation of accessibility is needed to improve the accessibility development. Customer’s requirement on accessibility affects when it gets prioritized in a project.
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Measuring Accessibility for Pedestrians, Bicyclists, and Transit Riders to Grocery Stores in the Excelsior/Outer Mission Neighborhoods of San FranciscoLee-Gardner, Alexandra 01 June 2022 (has links) (PDF)
Grocery stores are an important amenity in neighborhoods and access to grocery stores is important for health and well-being. While grocery store accessibility is a popular topic of research, studies measuring access for pedestrians, bicyclists, and transit riders are extremely rare. When a new store opened in the Excelsior/Outer Mission districts of San Francisco on a street lacking basic infrastructure for pedestrians, bicyclists, and transit riders, the importance of this study became apparent. The Excelsior/Outer Mission neighborhood has a shocking number of collisions (over 1,100 between 2015 and 2019), elevated levels of walking, biking, and transit ridership, and minimal safe infrastructure for these modes compared to other residential areas in San Francisco. To account for the effects of these conditions on accessibility, a rating system to measure infrastructure for users was used in addition to the more traditional gravity model.
Combining results into a composite accessibility score highlights how using only a gravity model to measure accessibility may conceal some of the nuances of accessibility as perceived by pedestrians, bicyclists, and transit riders. While it appears from gravity indices that stores in the Excelsior/Outer Mission are only slightly less accessible, the sensitivity analysis shows that infrastructure can have a large effect on overall accessibility. Specifically in the Excelsior/Outer Mission neighborhood, with its rather low infrastructure scores, the higher the weight attributed to the importance of infrastructure the lower is composite accessibility.
Rather than measuring accessibility using only travel time via a gravity model or other spatial model, this study shows the importance of combining physical proximity measurements with infrastructure information to provide a more complete picture. This is particularly important for those walking, biking, or riding transit where safety is an important consideration. This study provides one such way to include the unique considerations of pedestrians, bicyclists, and transit riders by including an infrastructure scoring system. Not only does this highlight the importance of including infrastructure measures, but it provides a framework for future infrastructure improvements around stores.
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Kognitiv tillgänglighet på webbenEkelund, Amanda January 2016 (has links)
Tillgängligt innehåll på webben är uppmärksammat sedan länge inom webbutveckling. Kognitiv tillgänglighet innebär att innehållet även är tillgängligt för användare med en kognitiv funktionsnedsättning. En person med kognitiv funktionsnedsättning har nedsatt förmåga att ta in och bearbeta information. Exempel på svårigheter är koncentration, inlärning eller minnesproblem. Många människor pratar om kognitiv funktionsnedsättning i termer som ADHD och andra vanligt förekommande diagnoser i kategorin. Dock händer det inte ofta att webbutvecklare talar om kognitiv funktionsnedsättning i diskussioner om tillgänglighet på webben. Detta kan anses märkligt eftersom kognitiva funktionsnedsättningar är mer vanligt än de fysiska funktionsnedsättningar som tillgänglighet oftast syfar till. Riktlinjerna WCAG 2.0 är framtagna för att möta alla användares behov men upplevs vara otillräckliga för att möta kognitiv tillgänglighet. Denna studie lyfter fram vilka kognitiva behov som finns på webben och riktlinjerna WCAG 2.0 granskas utifrån de behov som definierats. I denna och även i tidigare studier kan vi se att användare med kognitiv funktionsnedsättning behöver rättstavningshjälp, igenkännbart innehåll, textuppläsning och att slippa se popup-rutor och blinkande eller rörligt innehåll. Riktlinjer som möter dessa behov är bland annat riktlinje 10 om förutsägbart innehåll och riktlinje 11 om inmatningsstöd. Där det saknas riktlinjer för att möta kognitiva behov finns istället utvecklade hjälpmedel som stödjer olika kognitiva behov. Exempel på ett sådant hjälpmedel är Chrome-tillägget AdBlock som blockerar popup-rutor. Resultatet i denna studie visar att riktlinjerna faktiskt är tillräckligt bra och med hjälp av befintliga hjälpmedel möter de alla kognitiva behov. / Accessible web content is a familiar concept since many years. It has a fundamental purpose of making web content useful for everyone regardless of abilities. Cognitive accessibility imply that the content is also accessible for people with cognitive disabilities. Difficulty with mental tasks such as memory, problem-solving and attention is one definition of cognitive disability. It’s common to talk about cognitive disabilities in terms of diagnosis like ADHD and others. Despite the fact that accessibility and cognitive disabilities are highlighted terms apart, the compound term cognitive accessibility is not that very highlighted among web developers while discussing web accessibility. This can be considered odd since cognitive disabilities are more frequent then other physical disabilities. Te accessibility guidelines WCAG 2.0 are produced with its purpose of describing guidelines for making web content accessible for all users. These guidelines are perceived insufficient where cognitive needs are concerned. Tis study emphasizes what cognitive needs there currently are and the guidelines WCAG 2.0 are criticized towards the emphasized cognitive needs. In this study and other studies cognitive needs have been defined such as spellchecker, recognizable content, text to speech and the need of avoiding popups and blinking or moving content. There are guidelines to answer for those needs. Two of these guidelines are Guideline 10 and 11 where Guideline 10 is about predictable content and Guideline 11 is about input support. Where cognitive needs are not answered by any guidelines, there are many tools for cognitive needs available. One tool of such quality is the Chrome extension AdBlock for user to block content such as popups or ads. According to the results of this study, the guidelines WCAG 2.0 are actually good enough and together with available tools they answer for all cognitive needs.
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Future-Proofing Accessibility in UX: Swedish Perspectives on the European Accessibility ActSöderholm, Elin January 2024 (has links)
As digital interactions become increasingly integral to our daily routines, ensuring web accessibility for all users is crucial. User experience designers play a big role in creating online environments that are not only usable, but also informative and enjoyable. The European Accessibility Act is a new directive from the European Union, stating that certain products and services must be accessible by 2025, benefiting an estimated 87 million Europeans who have disabilities or temporary impairments. Previous research on Swedish websites has found that requirements are often not fulfilled when it comes to accessibility. This thesis investigated current accessibility practices among Swedish user experience (UX) designers and evaluated their preparedness for compliance with the European Accessibility Act. The results of the interviews show that the Act provides several motivating factors for improving accessibility measures in organizations. Through expert evaluations of the design practices, a set of guidelines is presented, aimed at providing guidance for companies and designers in creating an inclusive design culture while complying with the Act.
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Leitfaden für die barrierefreie Gestaltung von Web-Angeboten in BibliothekenSchwartz, Eva-Maria, Rößner, Susanne 18 March 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Das vorliegende Handbuch gibt Bibliotheksangestellten, die sich mit der Aufbereitung und Einstellung von Webinhalten befassen, einen Einblick in die Problematik „Barrierefreiheit“. Dabei wird im Speziellen auf die Belange von Bibliotheken eingegangen und in diesem Zuge
Richtlinien und Gesetze vorgestellt, die eine wichtige Rolle spielen.
Anschließend wird auf die Barrieren eingegangen, die im Internet entstehen können. Zudem wird gezeigt, wie man diese Barrieren verhindert oder beseitigt. Das Handbuch gibt praktische Tipps, in dem es Hilfsmittel und Quellcode-Beispiel vorstellt, die zur barrierefreien
Gestaltung eingesetzt werden können.
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Leitfaden für die barrierefreie Gestaltung von Web-Angeboten in Bibliotheken: Leitfaden für die barrierefreie Gestaltung von Web-Angeboten in BibliothekenSchwartz, Eva-Maria, Rößner, Susanne 18 March 2010 (has links)
Das vorliegende Handbuch gibt Bibliotheksangestellten, die sich mit der Aufbereitung und Einstellung von Webinhalten befassen, einen Einblick in die Problematik „Barrierefreiheit“. Dabei wird im Speziellen auf die Belange von Bibliotheken eingegangen und in diesem Zuge
Richtlinien und Gesetze vorgestellt, die eine wichtige Rolle spielen.
Anschließend wird auf die Barrieren eingegangen, die im Internet entstehen können. Zudem wird gezeigt, wie man diese Barrieren verhindert oder beseitigt. Das Handbuch gibt praktische Tipps, in dem es Hilfsmittel und Quellcode-Beispiel vorstellt, die zur barrierefreien
Gestaltung eingesetzt werden können.
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Examining Usability, Accessibility, and Cognitive Load in a Higher Education Website: A Usability StudyMeasles, Sylena Marie 05 1900 (has links)
This qualitative, exploratory dissertation aimed to describe how accessibility, usability, and cognitive load experts explained and experienced the usability and accessibility aspects of the LT department's website pages, information, and digital links. A usability, accessibility, and cognitive load manual examination was conducted with four experts. The usability, accessibility, and cognitive load examination comprised WCAG 2.1 four standards and Nielsen's 10 usability heuristics. Transcripts and observational field notes were coded through an iterative process in the analysis tool Dedoose. Two groups and four main categories were discovered using emic and etic coding. The two groups were macro challenges and page with most codes. The four main categories included macro, usability, accessibility, and cognitive load. The findings for accessibility, usability, and cognitive load are discussed. Website recommendations for creating an accessible and usable site and suggestions for future research are provided.
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Vliv vysokorychlostních tratí na změny dostupnosti regionu Prahy / Impact of high-speed-rails to change the accessibility of Prague regionRandák, Jakub January 2015 (has links)
VLIV VYSOKORYCHLOSTNÍCH TRATÍ NA ZMĚNY DOSTUPNOSTI REGIONU PRAHY Abstrakt Předkládaná diplomová práce si klade za cíl diskutovat regionální dopady vysokorychlostní železnice v obecných souvislostech a dále s důrazem na změny dostupnosti. Dále si klade za cíl komplexně popsat změny dostupnosti Prahy po vybudování systému vysokorychlostní železnice v Česku s ohledem na dvě možná trasování úseku Praha - Brno. V neposlední řadě se tato práce věnuje studiu potenciální dostupnosti obcí Česka po vybudování vysokorychlostních tratí v Čechách, na Moravě a ve Slezsku. Vysokorychlostní železnice bude významnou páteří veřejné dopravy v Česku, ale umožní též kapacitní napojení české železniční sítě na zbytek Evropy. Hlavním nástrojem vlastního výzkumu jsou analýzy dostupnosti v prostředí GIS. Klíčová slova: vysokorychlostní železnice, Česko, Praha, regionální a lokální dopady, časová dostupnost, potenciální dostupnost IMPACT OF HIGH-SPEED-RAILS TO CHANGE THE ACCESSIBILITY OF PRAGUE REGION Abstract The aim of this diploma thesis is to discuss regional impacts of the high-speed railways in the general context with the emphasis on the issue of accessibility changes. Furthermore, the thesis concentrates on comprehensively description of changes in availability of Prague after the high-speed rail system in Czechia will be...
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The Effect of a Culturally Relevant Cardiovascular Health Promotion Program on Rural African AmericansUnknown Date (has links)
Health disparities among rural African Americans include disproportionately higher morbidity and mortality rates associated with cardiovascular disease. Interventions designed to decrease cardiovascular risk can potentially improve health outcomes among rural, underserved communities. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of a cardiovascular health promotion intervention among rural African Americans. An experimental study randomized by church clusters was done in two rural counties in northern Florida. A total of 229 participants, 114 in the intervention group and 115 in the control group, were recruited from twelve rural African American churches. The pretest-posttest design included instruments chosen to measure cardiovascular health habits and knowledge as well as changes in produce consumption, dietary fat intake, and exercise using the major components of the Integrated Model of Behavioral Prediction: intentions, norms, attitudes, and self-efficacy. Linear mixed model was the statistical test used to detect the program effects. Participants who received the intervention had significant increases in scores for the cardiovascular health habits (p < .01) and health knowledge (p < .01) variables compared with the control group. There were also significant group differences regarding intentions to increase produce consumption (p < .01) and reduce dietary fat intake (p < .01). The cardiovascular health program was associated with other statistically significant results including produce consumption attitudes (p = .01) and norms (p < .01), dietary fat attitudes (p = .04) and norms (p < .01), and exercise attitudes (p < .01). There were also significant results found for perceived behavioral control/self-efficacy regarding increasing produce consumption (p < .01), reducing dietary fat intake (p = .03), and increasing exercise (p = .01). Compared to the control group, the cardiovascular health promotion intervention was effective in fostering positive health effects for most of the variables measured. The findings supported the theoretical framework used for guiding the study, the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction Nurse-led health promotion interventions within church settings can be effective means for reducing overall cardiovascular risk and health disparities among rural African American populations. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection
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Hefestos: um modelo para suporte à acessibilidade ubíquaTavares, João Elison da Rosa 19 December 2011 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2011-12-19 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / FAPERGS - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Atualmente, com a ampla diversidade de dispositivos móveis disponíveis, de diversos tipos, capacidades e tecnologias, associando-se à profusão das redes de comunicação sem fio, possibilita-se a oferta de serviços em qualquer lugar e a qualquer momento. Embora, algumas áreas de pesquisa como as de educação, comércio, medicina, jogos e entretenimento tenham se desenvolvido com a adoção dessas tecnologias, a da acessibilidade ainda carece de estudos semelhantes. Por isso, esta dissertação propõe um modelo para suporte à acessibilidade chamado Hefestos que utiliza computação ubíqua para o gerenciamento de recursos para acessibilidade de Pessoas com Deficiência (PCDs) e idosos. Também são descritos nesta dissertação diversos cenários do cotidiano, onde o modelo Hefestos pode ser aplicado, e o protótipo de cadeira de rodas inteligente, chamado Hefestos Wheelchair, que foi implementado para avaliar um cenário voltado para PCDs cadeirantes. Por fim, são apresentados os resultados obtidos em experimentos práticos, com a participação de cadeirantes com diversos graus de deficiência, cujos principais objetivos foram o de avaliar a usabilidade e funcionalidade do protótipo e aceitação do modelo proposto. / Nowadays, the wide range of available mobile devices, from various types, capabilities and technologies, associated with the profusion of wireless communication networks, allows the services offer anywhere and anytime. Although some research areas such as education, business, medicine, games and entertainment have been developed with the adoption of these technologies, the accessibility area still lacks of similar studies. Therefore, this dissertation proposes a model for accessibility support called Hefestos which uses ubiquitous computing to manage resources for elderly and People with Disabilities? (PWDs) accessibility. Various scenarios of everyday life are also described in this dissertation, where the Hefestos model can be applied, and the prototype of the smart wheelchair, called Hefestos Wheelchair, which was implemented to evaluate a scenario related to wheelchair users. Ultimately, the results obtained in the practical experiment are presented, with the participation of wheelchair users with a range of disability degrees, whose main goals were to evaluate the usability and functionality of the prototype and the acceptance to the proposed model.
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