IFRS 15 trädde i kraft 1 januari 2018, och innebar en stor förändring för intäktsredovisningen. Det saknas studier genomförda i en svensk kontext som undersöker om IFRS 15 haft någon påverkan på redovisningskvaliteten. Studien visar att redovisningskvaliteten, som mäts genom graden av resultatmanipulering, har ökat sedan införandet av IFRS 15 med avseende på de intäktsrelaterade periodiseringarna. Sett till de totala periodiseringarna har ingen förbättring skett, vilket innebär att det fortfarande förekommer resultatmanipulering hos företagen noterade på Stockholmsbörsen. / IFRS 15 took effect January 1st 2018, and resulted in a major change in revenue recognition. There are no studies conducted in a Swedish setting that examine whether IFRS 15 has had any impact on the accounting quality. The study shows that the accounting quality, which is measured by the extent of earnings management, has increased since the introduction of IFRS 15 with respect to the revenue related accruals. In terms of the total accruals, no improvement has been made, which implies that there is still earnings management conducted by the companies listed at the Stockholm Stock Exchange.

The thesis processes the auditor’s role and whether it can constrain possible earnings management in smaller Swedish private corporates. The removed auditing obligation that was abolished in Sweden 2010 with the reason to reduce the administrative burden faced by smaller corporates, contributed to an important discussion regarding the auditor’s actual importance. In addition, the corporate tax in Sweden was significantly reduced from 26.3 percent to 22 percent, which gave Swedish corporates incentives to reduce their earnings before the tax reduction, and therefore pay less taxes. This phenomenon is used in the thesis as an excellent opportunity to measure earnings management since there were significantly strong incentives for corporates to manipulate their earnings at that time. The thesis aims to increase understanding among these corporates accounting, and whether the auditor can strengthen the accounting- and audit quality, and therefore constrain earnings management. Through the use of a quantitative method where statistical tests have been performed on underlying data gathered from the corporates annual reports, the thesis research question has been answered. The formulation of the research questions is “Does the degree of earnings management differ between audited and unaudited corporates?”, which has been investigated by measuring the degree of earnings management through unexpected accruals, but also through SG&A cost stickiness. Furthermore, the thesis aims to provide the research area with arguments regarding the appropriateness of the audit exemption. The result obtained in the thesis indicates that audited corporates have less negative unexpected accruals, and hence a minor degree of earnings management in comparison with unaudited corporates. However, no significance is shown in the result, at a five percent significance level, which means that it’s not possible to say with certainty that there’s a difference between these two groups in terms of negative unexpected accruals. Instead, there is evidence that there’s a significant difference between audited and unaudited corporates in terms of cost stickiness, where unaudited corporates showed more cost stickiness and thus also a higher degree of earnings management. With an additional test the thesis also demonstrates that there are corporates that don’t follow the Swedish laws regarding audit exemption. This is when it’s discovered that there are corporates that aren’t covered by the audit exemption, and thus don’t meet the required limits, but still don’t provide an auditor. These corporates also prove to have a higher degree of earnings management since the thesis received a significant result in terms of negative unexpected accruals. To sum up, the thesis highlights that the auditor’s role is of great importance in several aspects, and for this reason there are motives for legislators to review the audit exemption in Sweden.

Enforcement of financial reporting has gained new momentum in the European Union (EU) due to the so-called ‘IAS Regulation‘ (Regulation (EC) No. 1606/2002), with recital 16 requiring EU member states to take appropriate actions to ensure compliance with international accounting standards. Accordingly, several EU member states took concurrent or subsequent measures to increase the level of accounting enforcement, either by establishing new enforcement institutions, or by reforming existing ones. While these actions are designed to enhance accounting compliance by unfolding a preventive and sanctioning function of enforcement, a thorough literature review reveals that there is only scarce empirical evidence on whether this aim has been indeed achieved. Striving to shed light on the impact of recent enforcement reforms, this dissertation examines the sanctioning function in the German enforcement system by investigating shareholder reactions to error announcements. Moreover, a cross-country analysis of 20 EU member states provides novel insights on the postulated preventive function in the aftermath of enforcement reforms. In summary, this dissertation aims to improve the understanding of the economic impact of accounting enforcement in Germany and the EU.:I. Does Enforcement of Financial Reporting Matter? Empirical Evidence from Germany and Europe – Overview of the Dissertation 1 Introduction to the Research Context 2 Overview and Findings of the Manuscripts II. Enforcement of Financial Reporting – A Corporate Governance Perspective 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 3 Identification and Description of Relevant Literature 4 Critical Discussion 5 Conclusion and Limitations III. Determinants of Investor Reactions to Error Announcements – Extended Evidence from Germany 1 Introduction 2 The German Enforcement System 3 Previous Research and Hypotheses Development 4 Methodology 5 Results 6 Robustness Tests 7 Conclusion IV. Error Announcements, Auditor Turnover, and Earnings Management – Evidence from Germany 1 Introduction 2 Institutional Background: The German Enforcement System 3 Previous Research and Hypotheses Development 4 Methodology 5 Results 6 Robustness Tests 7 Conclusion V. Does Enforcement Change Earnings Management Behavior? Evidence from the EU after Mandatory IFRS Adoption 1 Introduction 2 The Development of National Enforcement Institutions in the EU 3 Related Literature and Hypothesis Development 4 Research Design and Data Description 5 Results 6 Additional Analyses and Robustness Tests 7 Conclusion

Bakgrund: Revisionsplikten avskaffades i syfte att minska den administrativa kostnaden, stärka bolagens konkurrenskraft samt tillväxtmöjligheter för små aktiebolag. Sedan år 2010 har revisionen blivit frivilligt för företag som uppfyller vissa kriterier. Följaktligen har reformen lett till att flera företag inte längre kunde upprätthålla redovisningskvalité. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om hur små aktiebolag upprätthålla en god redovisningskvalité trots att de har valt bort revisionen. Kunskapen kommer skapas genom att förklara effekten av den frivilliga revisionen på redovisningskvalitéten, för att vidare bidra med kunskap åt små aktiebolag som inte vill anlita revisorer. Metod: I studien har kvalitativ metod tillämpats genom användning av semistrukturerade intervjuer med auktoriserade och godkända revisorer. Resultat & Analys: Revisorer menade att många företag inte förstår vikten av att behålla revisionen samt ser det som en kostnadsbelastning. Vidare menar revisorer för att behålla god redovisningskvalité är det viktigt med intern kompetens och externa redovisningstjänster. Studien påvisar att små aktiebolag kan utöver revision upprätthålla en god redovisningskvalité med hjälp av redovisningskonsulter samt interna kompetens tillsammans med bokföringsprogram. Utifrån studien har det klargjorts för små aktiebolagsägare att god redovisningskvalité kan uppnås med andra externa och interna tjänster än revisionen. / Background: The audit duty was abolished with the aim of reducing administrative costs, strengthening companies' competitiveness and growth opportunities for small limited companies. Since 2010, the audit has become voluntary for companies that meet certain criteria. Consequently, the reform has led to several companies no longer being able to maintain accounting quality. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to contribute with knowledge about how small limited companies can still maintain a good accounting quality even though they have opted out of the audit. The knowledge will be created by explaining the effect of the voluntary audit on accounting quality, in order to further contribute knowledge to small limited companies that do not want to hire auditors. Method: In the study, qualitative method has been applied through the use of semi-structured interviews with authorized and approved accountants. Results & Analysis: Auditors said that many companies do not understand the importance of maintaining the audit and see it as a cost burden. Furthermore, accountants believe that in order to maintain good accounting quality, it is important to have internal competence and external accounting services. The study shows that small limited companies can, in addition to auditing, maintain a good accounting quality with the help of accounting consultants and internal competence together with accounting software. Based on the study, it has been made clear to the owners of small limited companies that good accounting quality can be achieved with external and internal services other than the audit.