<p>Sverige har under många år varit ledande i e-förvaltningsarbetet och har utformat ett flertal handlingsplaner för införandet. E-förvaltningsarbetet har drabbats av svårigheter och problem under åren och år 2008 startades e-förvaltningsarbetet om med en ny handlingsplan. Även denna handlingsplan har utsatts för kritik såsom att det bara en vision som saknar riktlinjer hur e-förvaltningsarbetet skall realiseras. Ledande personer inom forskningsämnet anser att handlingsplanen inte är tillräcklig för att stödja och leda kommunerna i e-förvaltningsarbetet. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur handlingsplanen omvandlas till styrning och strategier i offentliga förvaltningar. Vi gick ut med en kvalitativ ansats och intervjuade respondenter på kommunal nivå. Empirin och analysen lyfter fram att förvaltningarna vill införa e-tjänster och till viss del arbetar mot e-förvaltning. Däremot är inte handlingsplanen förankrad i verksamheterna. Resultatet av studien visar sig att det inte sker någon omvandling av handlingsplanen till styrning och strategier på förvaltningarna. Däremot visar resultatet att förvaltningarna indirekt arbetar mot e-förvaltning men har inga egna riktlinjer för arbetet. Studien avslutas med riktlinjer som regeringen och förvaltningarna bör beakta för att e-förvaltningsarbetet skall ta fart.</p> / <p>Sweden has for many years been a leader in e<strong>-</strong>government work and has developed several action plans for the implementation. E-Government efforts have suffered from difficulties and problems over the years and in year 2008 the swedish government launched a new action plan for the e-government work. Although this action plan has been criticized as it is only a vision with no guidance of how e-government work should be realized. Leading researchers also criticized that the action plan is not sufficient enough to support and encourage municipalities in the work to become e-governments. The study aims to examine how the action plan translates into management and strategies in public administrations. We had a qualitative approach and interviewed respondents at the municipal level. Empirical data and analysis highlights that the municipalities want to implement e-services and they are working towards e-government. However, the action plan is not rooted in the municipalities. The results of this study show that there is no transformation or translation of the action plan to management and strategies in the public administration. However, the results show that public administrations indirect work towards becoming e-government but has no proper guidelines for that work. The study concludes with guidelines for the government and the municipalities which they should take in account so that e-government work picks up pace.</p>

Sverige har under många år varit ledande i e-förvaltningsarbetet och har utformat ett flertal handlingsplaner för införandet. E-förvaltningsarbetet har drabbats av svårigheter och problem under åren och år 2008 startades e-förvaltningsarbetet om med en ny handlingsplan. Även denna handlingsplan har utsatts för kritik såsom att det bara en vision som saknar riktlinjer hur e-förvaltningsarbetet skall realiseras. Ledande personer inom forskningsämnet anser att handlingsplanen inte är tillräcklig för att stödja och leda kommunerna i e-förvaltningsarbetet. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur handlingsplanen omvandlas till styrning och strategier i offentliga förvaltningar. Vi gick ut med en kvalitativ ansats och intervjuade respondenter på kommunal nivå. Empirin och analysen lyfter fram att förvaltningarna vill införa e-tjänster och till viss del arbetar mot e-förvaltning. Däremot är inte handlingsplanen förankrad i verksamheterna. Resultatet av studien visar sig att det inte sker någon omvandling av handlingsplanen till styrning och strategier på förvaltningarna. Däremot visar resultatet att förvaltningarna indirekt arbetar mot e-förvaltning men har inga egna riktlinjer för arbetet. Studien avslutas med riktlinjer som regeringen och förvaltningarna bör beakta för att e-förvaltningsarbetet skall ta fart. / Sweden has for many years been a leader in e-government work and has developed several action plans for the implementation. E-Government efforts have suffered from difficulties and problems over the years and in year 2008 the swedish government launched a new action plan for the e-government work. Although this action plan has been criticized as it is only a vision with no guidance of how e-government work should be realized. Leading researchers also criticized that the action plan is not sufficient enough to support and encourage municipalities in the work to become e-governments. The study aims to examine how the action plan translates into management and strategies in public administrations. We had a qualitative approach and interviewed respondents at the municipal level. Empirical data and analysis highlights that the municipalities want to implement e-services and they are working towards e-government. However, the action plan is not rooted in the municipalities. The results of this study show that there is no transformation or translation of the action plan to management and strategies in the public administration. However, the results show that public administrations indirect work towards becoming e-government but has no proper guidelines for that work. The study concludes with guidelines for the government and the municipalities which they should take in account so that e-government work picks up pace.

The aim of this study was to examine what judicial and profession related obstacles and difficulties that arise due to the role that social services have in preventing radicalization and violent extremism and what views social service workers and managers have regarding their involvement in this work. Specifically, the aim of the paper was to explore the understanding social services professionals have about the phenomenon that is radicalization and violent extremism and how this impacts the service they provide to individuals. Furthermore, the study wanted to investigate what methods and actions are carried out in order to detect and prevent individuals from becoming radicalized. Six separate semi-structured interviews were carried out consisting of four social services workers and two managers. The participants were selected from four different municipalities. After conducting the interviews four main themes regarding radicalization and violent extremism were identified, namely; understanding and reasoning, preventive and active measures, obstacles and difficulties, social services in a changing world. New institutionalism theory was applied to the result in order to improve the understanding of the role social services have regarding this issue. The studies main findings were that social workers and managers view radicalization as a process. This process can be carried out alone or as a member of a group. Radicalized individuals are hard to detect and therefore social services struggle to identify them. Fieldwork officers working together with school personnel have the best chance of detecting radicalization at an early stage. There is no method especially adapted to radicalization and violent extremism being used by the social services. Many participants describe being uncertain as to what their role should be with directives and regulations leaving room for interpretation and misunderstanding.

This essay focuses on the following issues:• What are the effects of Stockholm's Action Plan on both decision-makers and social security officers in the field?• How is the outcome of the Action Plan and the work environment affected by methods, organisation and control systems?• Why are conflicts between stakeholders and the organization handled in the way they are done? The overall purpose of the essay is to a critically study of New Public Management, the ongoing personnel crisis in services for children and young people.  Where yhe crisis is resulting in significant staff turnover and high health statistic. What is being done and can be done within the local Action Plan to address this, and whether or not the Stockholm City Action Plan to improve the working situation of the Social Security Officer and Assistant Handler, or is it the organization itself and how is it managed in that case? The paper is supported by Michel Foucault's theories on power and by Christopher Hood's work on New Public Management. In addition, I interviewed four Social Security Officers working in children and young peoples' services, along with four decision-makers (including politicians, managers and union representatives) and have incorporated information gained from those interviews in this essay. The main result in the essay is that: There are common expectations of the action plan's output and that in the long term it will lead to a better working environment, but the decision-makers had more confidence about what can actually be resolved.  However, there is a concern that changes should have been implemented earlier. The crucial challenges are clearly linked to the economy and today's management systems, such as New Public Management (NPM).  NPM has changed over time and within different welfare areas.  There are also clear links between NPM and deficiencies in the working environment in Social Services. The essay addresses a number of these shortcomings and the strategies that Social Security Officers use to address the situation. However, more and more require other reforms, but at present there is no legitimate alternative, although this is being studied at state level in Sweden and Denmark. Conflicts between stakeholders revolve around the power that the organisation has produces; the organisation disciplines its employees as well as the clients, who are the same as society's residents. This has resulted in a culture of silence, where staff are focused on doing and reporting the right things, rather than looking at long-term results. The Action Plan challenges and balances these structures.

Trafficking in persons is a serious crime and a serious violation of human rights. Every year, thousands of men, women and children fall into the hands of traffickers, in their own countries and abroad. Trafficking in human beings (THB) can be about forced labour, sexual slavery and/or commercial sexual exploitation, but this this paper focuses on the latter category. One country in Eastern Europe with an exceptionally high proportion of women and children trafficked into Sweden each year is Romania. The purpose of the following study is therefore to investigate what moral responsibility – if any – Sweden has to protect the female part of the victims from Romania being trafficked for sexual purposes in Sweden. They are not Swedish citizens, and that makes it a complicated question. In making an effort to come up with answers, we will have a look at what Sweden is doing for these people today, and what the options look like going forward, if indeed the responsibilty is ours. This is an academic thesis with one normative and one empirical aspect. Normative theoretical principles of global justice, ethics and human dignity from American philosopher Martha Nussbaum are tested on an empirical problem; a case study about the situation for Romanian trafficking victims in Sweden and Norway. Apart from the theory and case study, I have exclusively used applied ethics, secondary sources and an analytical tool to analyze and dissect the problem, reaching the conclusion that Sweden does have a moral responsibility, and that we therefore should continue to work in these people´s favour. However, more so that now by assisting solution solving in Romania, where the biggest problems exist and the best solutions can be expected, if handled intelligently and with ethics in mind.

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / In elke samelewing kan die jeug as 'n opsigselfstaande groep geldentifiseer word. Die unieke eienskappe van die jeugfase lei tot die ontstaan· van konstruktiewe of subkulturele jeuggroeperinge en destruktiewe of kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge. Sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge oefen 'n direkte invloed op die onderwys en opvoeding van die jeug uit. 'n Ondersoek na die faktore wat aanleiding gee tot die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge is in die lig daarvan van dwingende belang. 'n Analise van die stambegrippe kultuur, subkultuur en kontrakultuur is 'n voorvereiste vir die begryp en verstaan van die tema ter sprake. Kultuur is die somtotaal van menslike betrokkenheid in sy materiele en nie-materiele wereld. Hierdie betrokkenheid lei tot kultuurvorming. Die vorming, oordrag en verandering van kultuur bet 'n bepaalde gesindheidsverandering by individue tot gevolg. Die nie-konfonnering met kultuurverandering het die fonnulering van 'n altematiewe of subkulturele stel waardes en nonne tot gevolg. 'n Subkultuur kan beskryf word as enige segment van die dominante kultuur waarvan die waarde en normstruktuur van die dominante kultuur verskil, maar nie in konflik daarmee is nie. Die algehele afwysing of pogings tot die omverwerp van dominante waardes en nonne het kontrakulturele waardes en norme tot gevolg. Sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge is eiesoortig van aard. Subkulturele jeuggroeperinge funksioneer met gemak in die dominante kultuur. Kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge word deur die dominante kultuur as 'n bedreiging beskou. Die faktore wat tot die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge in Suid-Afrika aanleiding gee, kan kortliks saamgevat word as: politieke omstandighede, ideologiese invloede, ekonomiese, demografiese, sosiale (waaronder 'n gedepriveerde sosiale omgewing en huislike faktore, gesinsgrootte, enkelouergesinne, gesagskrisis, generasiekonflik en religieuse faktore), kulturele vervreemding en onderwyskundige faktore. Kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge wat op geweld uitloop, bet 'n destruktiewe invloed op die fisiese en psigiese omgewing van die skool, die medeleerlinge, die gesagsdraers en die leeromgewing. Desnieteenstaande staan die skool in 'n ideate posisie ten opsigte van die identifisering, rehabilitering en akkommodering van kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge en die onderrig van lewensvaardighede waardeur anti-normatiewe gedrag afgewys kan word. / In every society the youth can be identified as a separate group. The unique characteristics of the youth phase results in constructive or subcultural youth groupings, as well as destructive or countercultural youth groupings. Sub- and countercultural groupings exert a direct influence on the instruction and education of the youth. An investigation of the factors giving rise to the development of sub- and countercultural youth groupings is therefore imperative. An analysis of the key concepts of culture, subculture and counterculture is a prerequisite for the comprehension of the theme at issue. Culture is the sum total of people's involvement in their material and nonmaterial world. This involvement generates culture. Culture, and the forming, transmission and change of culture results in a change of mindset in individuals. Nonconformity with cultural change results in the formulation of an alternative or subcultural set of values and norms. A subculture can be defined as any segment of the dominant culture that subscribes to a set of values and norms that differ from, but are not in conflict with, those of the dominant culture. Complete rejection of, or attempts to overthrow dominant values and norms result in the formation of countercultural values and norms. Sub- and countercultural youth groupings are unique. Subcultural youth groupings function with ease in the context of the dominant culture. Countercultural youth groupings are perceived as a threat by the dominant culture. The factors leading to the origin and development of sub- and countercultural youth groupings in South Africa can be briefly summarised as: political circumstances, ideological influences, economic, demographic and social influences (including a deprived social environment and domestic factors, family size, single-parent families, authority crises, generation conflict and religious factors), cultural alienation and educational factors. Countercultural youth groupings that resort to violence have a destructive influence on the physical and psychic school environment, on fellow pupils, on office-bearers and on the learning environment. Despite all this, however, the school is ideally placed to identify, rehabilitate and accommodate countercultural youth groupings and to provide instruction in life skills with a view to expelling antinormative behaviour. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Historiese Opvoedkunde)

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / In elke samelewing kan die jeug as 'n opsigselfstaande groep geldentifiseer word. Die unieke eienskappe van die jeugfase lei tot die ontstaan· van konstruktiewe of subkulturele jeuggroeperinge en destruktiewe of kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge. Sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge oefen 'n direkte invloed op die onderwys en opvoeding van die jeug uit. 'n Ondersoek na die faktore wat aanleiding gee tot die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge is in die lig daarvan van dwingende belang. 'n Analise van die stambegrippe kultuur, subkultuur en kontrakultuur is 'n voorvereiste vir die begryp en verstaan van die tema ter sprake. Kultuur is die somtotaal van menslike betrokkenheid in sy materiele en nie-materiele wereld. Hierdie betrokkenheid lei tot kultuurvorming. Die vorming, oordrag en verandering van kultuur bet 'n bepaalde gesindheidsverandering by individue tot gevolg. Die nie-konfonnering met kultuurverandering het die fonnulering van 'n altematiewe of subkulturele stel waardes en nonne tot gevolg. 'n Subkultuur kan beskryf word as enige segment van die dominante kultuur waarvan die waarde en normstruktuur van die dominante kultuur verskil, maar nie in konflik daarmee is nie. Die algehele afwysing of pogings tot die omverwerp van dominante waardes en nonne het kontrakulturele waardes en norme tot gevolg. Sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge is eiesoortig van aard. Subkulturele jeuggroeperinge funksioneer met gemak in die dominante kultuur. Kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge word deur die dominante kultuur as 'n bedreiging beskou. Die faktore wat tot die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge in Suid-Afrika aanleiding gee, kan kortliks saamgevat word as: politieke omstandighede, ideologiese invloede, ekonomiese, demografiese, sosiale (waaronder 'n gedepriveerde sosiale omgewing en huislike faktore, gesinsgrootte, enkelouergesinne, gesagskrisis, generasiekonflik en religieuse faktore), kulturele vervreemding en onderwyskundige faktore. Kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge wat op geweld uitloop, bet 'n destruktiewe invloed op die fisiese en psigiese omgewing van die skool, die medeleerlinge, die gesagsdraers en die leeromgewing. Desnieteenstaande staan die skool in 'n ideate posisie ten opsigte van die identifisering, rehabilitering en akkommodering van kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge en die onderrig van lewensvaardighede waardeur anti-normatiewe gedrag afgewys kan word. / In every society the youth can be identified as a separate group. The unique characteristics of the youth phase results in constructive or subcultural youth groupings, as well as destructive or countercultural youth groupings. Sub- and countercultural groupings exert a direct influence on the instruction and education of the youth. An investigation of the factors giving rise to the development of sub- and countercultural youth groupings is therefore imperative. An analysis of the key concepts of culture, subculture and counterculture is a prerequisite for the comprehension of the theme at issue. Culture is the sum total of people's involvement in their material and nonmaterial world. This involvement generates culture. Culture, and the forming, transmission and change of culture results in a change of mindset in individuals. Nonconformity with cultural change results in the formulation of an alternative or subcultural set of values and norms. A subculture can be defined as any segment of the dominant culture that subscribes to a set of values and norms that differ from, but are not in conflict with, those of the dominant culture. Complete rejection of, or attempts to overthrow dominant values and norms result in the formation of countercultural values and norms. Sub- and countercultural youth groupings are unique. Subcultural youth groupings function with ease in the context of the dominant culture. Countercultural youth groupings are perceived as a threat by the dominant culture. The factors leading to the origin and development of sub- and countercultural youth groupings in South Africa can be briefly summarised as: political circumstances, ideological influences, economic, demographic and social influences (including a deprived social environment and domestic factors, family size, single-parent families, authority crises, generation conflict and religious factors), cultural alienation and educational factors. Countercultural youth groupings that resort to violence have a destructive influence on the physical and psychic school environment, on fellow pupils, on office-bearers and on the learning environment. Despite all this, however, the school is ideally placed to identify, rehabilitate and accommodate countercultural youth groupings and to provide instruction in life skills with a view to expelling antinormative behaviour. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Historiese Opvoedkunde)