Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is a special kind of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) and is a key enabling technology for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It plays an important role in the deployment of a large scale of both safety and non-safety applications. Among non-safety applications, an important and challenging area is the provision of information about roadside services advertisement and discovery. In this work, we adopted the beaconing strategy and opportunistic vehicular communications to address the problem of roadside services advertisement and discovery on the highways. Our approach offers several advantages over the traditional billboard method, e.g., low cost, targeting a large number of customers in a real time, more control over the advertisement campaign, dynamic content updating, and discovery of services far ahead of the business region. For advertising roadside services, we followed the push-based advertisement strategy and relied on Infrastructure-to-Vehicle (I2V) communications only. On the other hand, for discovering these services by the drivers, we used pull-based advertisement strategy and opportunistic Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications. In order to contribute to the advertisement campaign, we used the store-carry-and-response mechanism. Our first contribution is the Extended Opportunistic Service Discovery Protocol (EOSDP). EOSDP implements and extends the original version of Opportunistic Service Discovery Protocol (OSDP) via simulation experiments. We used Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO), Objective Modular Network Testbed in C++ (OMNET++), and Vehicles in network simulation (Veins) simulators. Our second contribution is Service Advertisement Protocol (SADP). SADP is a lightweight beaconing-based services advertisement protocol for VANETs. It does not require the Internet connection for advertising the roadside services. Moreover, SADP modeling is based on VANETs standard protocols. The performance of SADP was evaluated in a congested highway scenario with varying speed of vehicles and under different broadcast frequencies. Our last contribution is Commercial Services Discovery Protocol (CSDP). Like the previous protocol, CSDP is a lightweight beaconing-based services discovery protocol for VANETs. CSDP is infrastructureless protocol which only depends on opportunistic V2V communications for roadside services discovery. The protocol was implemented in congested highway scenario and extensive set of simulation experiments were performed to evaluate its performance under different parameters, e.g., Query Interval (QI), Query Attempts (QA), and Time to Live (TTL). / Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) é um tipo especial de Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) e é uma tecnologia chave para apoiar os Sistemas Inteligentes de Transporte (ITSs). Ela desempenha um papel importante na implantação em grande escala das aplicações do tipo safety e non-safety. Dentre as aplicações non-safety, uma área importante e desafiadora é descoberta e divulgação de informação sobre serviços. Neste trabalho, nós adotamos a estratégia de beaconing e as comunicações veiculares oportunistas para resolver o problema da descoberta e divulgação de serviços ao longo de rodovias. Nossa abordagem oferece várias vantagens em relação aos métodos tradicionais usando painéis, painéis eletrônicos digitais e outdoors, por exemplo. Baixo custo, atinge um grande número de clientes em tempo real, maior controle sobre a campanha de propaganda, atualização dinâmica de conteúdo e descoberta de serviços antes de alcançar a região de negócio são algumas delas. Para a divulgação de serviços ao longo de rodovias, seguimos a estratégia de publicidade push-based e usamos somente comunicações do tipo Infrastructure-to-Vehicle (I2V). Por outro lado, para a descoberta destes serviços pelos motoristas, utilizamos a estratégia de publicidade pull-based e comunicações oportunistas do tipo Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V). A fim de contribuir para a campanha de propagandas, foi utilizado o mecanismo store-carry-and-response. Nossa primeira contribuição é o Extended Opportunistic Service Discovery Protocol (EOSDP). O EOSDP implementa e estende a versão original do Opportunistic Service Discovery Protocol (OSDP) via experimentos por simulação. Nós utilizamos os simuladores Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO), Objective Modular Network Testbed in C++ (OMNET++) e o Vehicles in network simulation (Veins). Nossa segunda contribuição é o Service Advertisement Protocol (SADP). SADP é um protocolo leve baseado na estratégia de beaconing para divulgação de serviços em VANETs. Ele não requer conexão com a Internet para anunciar os serviços nas margens das rodovias. Além disso, a modelagem do SADP é baseada no padrão de protocolos VANETs. O desempenho do SADP foi avaliado em um cenário de rodovia congestionada, com velocidades variáveis dos veículos e sob diferentes frequências de comunicação broadcast. Por fim, apresentamos o nosso último protocolo chamado Commercial Services Discovery Protocol (CSDP). Como o protocolo anterior, o CSDP é um protocolo leve para descoberta de serviços baseado em beaconing para VANETs. O CSDP depende somente de comunicações V2V oportunistas para a descoberta de serviços ao longo de rodovias. O protocolo foi implementado no cenário de uma rodovia congestionada e avaliado com um extenso conjunto de experimentos de simulação, sob diferentes parâmetros como, por exemplo, Query Interval (QI), Query Attempts (QA) e Time to Live (TTL).

A comunicação acústica é um importante elemento do comportamento reprodutivo de muitos animais. Em anuros a comunicação que recebe o nome de canto de anúncio tem como principal função a atração de fêmeas coespecíficas. Assim, a vocalização é um mecanismo primário de isolamento reprodutivo, e mostra-se importante no trabalho de determinação de espécies, pois assegura uma diagnose confiável, principalmente em caso de espécies crípticas, como ocorre no gênero Hylodes. Esse gênero compreende 24 espécies descritas, encontradas quase em sua totalidade em ambientes de Floresta Atlântica, exceto por H. otavioi (mata rupestre), e sempre associadas a rios e riachos em terrenos acidentados, distribuídas do Espírito Santo ao Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o canto de anúncio de 9 populações e revisar a descrição da vocalização das 18 espécies descritas do grupo de H. lateristrigatus. Nós realizamos a redescrição do canto de H. lateristrigatus e H. sazimai; alteramos a distribuição de H. pipilans; e detectamos três possíveis novas espécies, que estão sob análise. / The bioacoustic communication is substantial on reproductive behaviour of many animal groups. In anurans the advertisement call is the main communication signal and its major function is conspecific female attraction. Therefore, calling is the primary reproductive isolation mechanism and it is essencial in determining species, because it guarantees a reliable diagnosis specially in cryptic species as Hylodes. This genus comprises 24 species, which occur in the Atlantic Forest, with the exception of H. otavioi (Rocky Forest). Hylodes species are always related with streams and waterfalls from Espírito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul. The purpose of this study is to analyse the advertisement call of nine populations and review the calling of 18 described species of H. lateristrigatus group. We redescribed the advertisement call of H. lateristrigatus and H. sazimai; broadened the distribution of H. pipilans; and detected three probable new species that are under study.

No Brasil, diante da proibição constitucional do trabalho antes dos 16 anos de idade e da inexistência de lei que defina limites e condições que protejam a saúde do artista mirim, alvarás judiciais têm autorizado a participação de crianças e adolescentes em produções artísticas e publicitárias, com base em norma internacional e critérios subjetivos do juiz. O objetivo do presente estudo é descrever e avaliar a atividade do artista mirim e suas possíveis repercussões no desenvolvimento infantojuvenil, a partir dos relatos das próprias crianças e adolescentes e de seus responsáveis. A pesquisa qualitativa exploratória coletou dados por meio de 25 entrevistas individuais e de 3 dias de observação dirigida. Foram ouvidos 10 artistas mirins, com idade entre 10 e 13 anos, e as respectivas mães, por meio de entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas. Também foram realizadas entrevistas na modalidade aberta com 5 profissionais adultos do segmento artístico. As observações foram feitas nos bastidores de gravação de novela com personagens infantis e em evento com caça-talentos. A análise dos dados empíricos utilizou a metodologia Análise Hermenêutico-Dialética. Os resultados mostram que os artistas mirins provêm de diversas classes socioeconômicas, que além da iniciativa da mãe para o ingresso do filho na carreira há também casos com motivação exclusiva da criança ou adolescente e que é comum haver parente próximo do artista mirim que gostaria de ter tido a experiência do trabalho artístico. Quanto aos efeitos na saúde biopsicossocial desses indivíduos, foram relatadas consequências positivas (aumento da autoestima, aprendizado de habilidades, aquisição de cultura) e negativas (baixa da autoestima, elevação da autocrítica, piora na alimentação, distúrbios no sono, impossibilidade de freqüentar compromissos familiares e escolares, prejuízo no rendimento escolar, prejuízo nas relações de amizade). O estudo dos aspectos organizacionais deste segmento evidenciou que a participação infantojuvenil tem natureza de trabalho, que inexistem cuidados especiais para adaptar o processo produtivo às necessidades do artista mirim e que as relações são estabelecidas em ambiente de pressão, competição e vaidade. As mães acompanhantes percebem a existência de riscos nessa participação. A lei com frequência é desrespeitada, seja devido à falta de alvarás judiciais, seja devido à impossibilidade dos acompanhantes permanecerem junto ao artista mirim durante a realização de testes, gravações e apresentações. Este estudo recomenda que se regulamente a matéria com regras de proteção à saúde e segurança dos artistas mirins, o que poderá embasar políticas públicas para o setor, como ações de vigilância e promoção da saúde e bem estar desta população. / In Brazil, because of the constitutional prohibition of labor before the age of 16 and the absence of law that sets limits and conditions to protect the health of the young artist, court orders have authorized the participation of children and adolescents in artistic and advertising productions, based on the international standard and the judge´s subjective criteria. The study aims to describe and analyze the activity of the young artist and its possible impact on the child´s development, according to the reports from such youth and their parents. Data has been gathered through a qualitative exploratory research by interviewing 25 individuals and three days of directed observation. This survey heard 10 young artists, between the ages of 10 and 13, and their mothers, individually interviewing them with a semistructured script. Interviews were also openly conducted with 5 other adult professionals also belonging to the artistic segment. The observations were made back stage of soap opera recording sets that had characters that were being played by children, and also at talent scouting events. The empirical data analysis was done using the Hermeneutic-Dialectic method. The results show that young artists comes from different socioeconomic classes, that besides the parent´s initiative to promote the start of the child´s artistic career, there are also cases in which the motivation comes exclusively from the child or teenager, and that is common the existence of a close relative of the young artist that would have liked to have experienced working in the artistic segment. Bio-psycho-social health effects have been reported both, positively: increased self-esteem, improved learning skills, and higher culture acquisition; and negatively: low self-esteem, elevated self-criticism, poor nutrition, sleep disorders, inability to attend family and school commitments, deficits in school performance and damages relationships.The study of the organizational aspects of this segment not only shows evidence that child participation in the artistic segment does in fact have the characteristics of labor and that there is no special care to adapt the production process to the needs of the young artist, but also that relationships are established in an atmosphere of pressure, competition and vanity, and that the accompanying mothers are aware of the presence of risks. The law is often disregarded due to lack of court permits or due to the fact that the accompanying parent is not allowed to remain in set to supervise the child artist during testing, recording or during a presentation. This study recommends that the subject should be regulated with specific rules to protect the health and safety of young artists, so that it could base public policy for this sector, as surveillance and actions to promote the health and wellness of this population.

Notre thèse interroge la notion de communication virale dans les espaces socionumériques de manière générale et plus particulièrement lorsque ce phénomène s’applique aux vidéos publicitaires en ligne. Nos recherches ont révélé un manque évident de clarté et de cohérence au niveau de sa définition et de son acception (Beauvisage et al., 2011) qu’il a fallu corriger par un travail d’harmonisation avant d’envisager la suite de nos travaux. De plus, notre revue de littérature a mis en avant la complexité du phénomène viral et de son appréhension ; complexité nourrie par le nombre et la nature des facteurs à son origine (Beauvisage et al., 2011). Afin de mettre en avant un de ces facteurs, nous émettons pour première hypothèse que les variations de qualité de la définition (haute ou standard) d’une vidéo influencent l’appréciation de la vidéo (H1). Par corollaire, nous pensons que le partage de cette vidéo est affecté par la qualité de la définition (H2). Plus précisément, nous pensons qu’une même vidéo sera plus partagée si elle est visionnée en haute définition plutôt qu’en définition standard. Pour répondre à ces hypothèses nous avons opté pour une approche expérimentale. / Our thesis examines the notion of viral communication in digital social spaces both in general and when applied to online video advertisement. Our research revealed a lack of clarity and coherence in its definition and meaning (Beauvisage et al., 2011) that necessited an effort of standardization before planning to pursue our work. Furthermore, our literature review pointed out the complexity of the viral phenomenon and its comprehension. This complexity is due to the number and different factors originating the viral phenomenon (Beauvisage et al., 2011).In order to highlight one of those factors, we make the first hypothesis that the variations in the quality of the definition (high or standard) of a video have an effect over the evaluation of the video (H1). Corollary, we think that the quality of the definition affects this video sharings (H2). More precisely, we think that a video will be more shared if it is watched in high definition rather than in standard definition. In order to meet those hypotheses, we opted for an experimental approach.

<p>Denna studie syftar till att framhålla ett perspektiv på reklambilders symboliska och ontologiska egenskaper. Studien grundar sig i tre informanters egna betraktelser av den inre varseblivning och de känslor som uppdagats då de beskådat reklambilder. Uppsatsen behandlar några av de betraktelser som gjordes av informanterna, och belyser likheter dessa emellan. Vidare sätts betraktelserna i ett nytt perspektiv genom att behandla dem utifrån ett ontologiskt närmande, vilket uppdagar reklambildernas funktion som medel för reflektion, samt för upprätthållandet av en gemensam föreställningsvärld.</p> / <p>This study is an attempt to establish a perspective on the symbolic and ontological features of advertising pictures. The study is based on three informants's own observations of the inner perceptions and emotional states which were experienced while contemplating advertising pictures. The essay contains a presentation of some of the most interesting aspects of the observations made by the informants, and illuminates the similarities between those observations. Further, the observations are put into perspective by applying an ontological approach, which reveals the functioning of advertising pictures as objects for reflection, and as means to maintain a cultural imaginary world.</p>

Title: Law of Marketing – A Descriptive Study of Marketing in Sweden and Italy with focal point on TV-commercials (Marknadsföringsrätt – En deskriptiv studie av marknadsföring I Sverig och Italien med inriktning på TV-reklam)   Number of pages: 34   Author: Astrid Lidman   Tutor: Göran Svensson   Course: Media and Communication C   Period: Fall -09   University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University   Purpose/Aim: My goal with this study is to see the differences and similarities that can be found in the Swedish and Italian Law of Marketing. I want to compare the results to see how our different laws are still able to reach the same results concerning the protecting of our public from bad advertisement.   Material/Methods: I’ve been reading laws concerning marketing. I started out my research from different commissions from EU. Then I found the equivalent laws to those commissions in both Sweden and Italy I was able to see how the two different states apply the commissions to their legal system. By doing so I also got a starting-point by getting the most important laws in both the Swedish and Italian legal system concerning marketing and commercials on TV.   Main results: Since both Sweden and Italy apply the commissions from EU to their legal system, the differences were only superficial. Due to the commissions the base, of what is consider as bad marketing, was virtually the same. And when looking at the big picture they both achieved almost the same protection to their public that I think can be considered reaching high standards. The differences lay in the protection of commercials on TV towards children, and that Sweden has a little bit more regulation during the discussions about the protection concerning sexual discrimination.   Keywords: Laws of Marketing, TV-commercials, prohibition of children’s commercials, inappropriate business methods, misleading advertisement, commissions, EU.

Denna studie syftar till att framhålla ett perspektiv på reklambilders symboliska och ontologiska egenskaper. Studien grundar sig i tre informanters egna betraktelser av den inre varseblivning och de känslor som uppdagats då de beskådat reklambilder. Uppsatsen behandlar några av de betraktelser som gjordes av informanterna, och belyser likheter dessa emellan. Vidare sätts betraktelserna i ett nytt perspektiv genom att behandla dem utifrån ett ontologiskt närmande, vilket uppdagar reklambildernas funktion som medel för reflektion, samt för upprätthållandet av en gemensam föreställningsvärld. / This study is an attempt to establish a perspective on the symbolic and ontological features of advertising pictures. The study is based on three informants's own observations of the inner perceptions and emotional states which were experienced while contemplating advertising pictures. The essay contains a presentation of some of the most interesting aspects of the observations made by the informants, and illuminates the similarities between those observations. Further, the observations are put into perspective by applying an ontological approach, which reveals the functioning of advertising pictures as objects for reflection, and as means to maintain a cultural imaginary world.

I flera år har återskapandet av fotorealistiska bilder spelat en viktig roll när det gäller användningen av 3D-CGI för visualisering och marknadsföring. Återskapandet av något som kan kallas fotorealistiskt utan att ha använt en kamera medför många fördelar och möjligheter som fotografering har svårt att uppnå. På grund av detta har flera företag börjat använda CGI som en alternativ metod för marknadsföring istället för fotografi. Det finns dock fortfarande områden där användningen av CGI är begränsad, antingen på grund av hög komplexitet vilket innebär höga kostnader. För denna studie fokuserar vi på användningen och upplevelsen av CGI-bilder av mat som används i reklam. Anledningen till detta är på grund av vår dagliga interaktion och konsumtion av mat, vilket kan medföra att vår perception av något som just mat, drastiskt kan skilja sig från vår perception av andra produkter som är skapade med hjälp av CGI. För att testa vår perception av CGI-bilder av mat formulerade vi en enkätundersökning vars syfte var att jämföra CGI-bilder med dess fotografiska motsvarighet för att döma den aptitlighet som deltagarna känner inför varje bild. Detta genomfördes genom att deltagarna betygsatte olika bilder med ett aptitlighetsvärde samt kommenterade om hur de kände inför specifika bilder och även deras generella åsikter om användningen av CGI för marknadsföring. Vår undersökning visade en ringa preferens mot CGI-bilderna jämfört med de fotografierna som vi använt. Det fanns dock flera deltagare som ogillade det "plastiga" och orealistiska utseendet av CGI-bilderna vilket ledde till mycket lägre aptitlighet. Vi hypotiserar att anledningen till en preferens för CGI-bilderna i denna studie är för att CGI-bilder kan ha en orealistisk perfektion som kan framhäva mer aptitlighet än vad produkten utseende skulle göra i verkligheten. Vilken typ av produkt som bilderna representerar kan också spela en stor del i vårt resultat. I denna studie använde vi bilder på chokladbitar, resultatet kan därför starkt vara kopplat till val av bilder och om studien skulle använt bilder av andra matkategorier, t.ex. kött, frukt eller grönsaker, skulle resultatet kunna se annorlunda ut. / For several years, the recreation of photorealistic images has had a major role within the use of 3D-CGI for visualisation and advertisement. The recreation of something that can be called photorealistic without the use of a camera provides several advantages over photography. Because of this - several companies has begun using CGI as an alternative method within advertisement. There's still however, areas where the use of CGI remains limited - either because of the complexity and thus the expense, or because of how we as human perceive something that is done with CGI. We focused this study on the use of CGI food images used for advertisement. The reason for this is that we interact and consume food everyday, which can mean that our perception of something that we see as a consumable item may be drastically different from other products created with CGI. To test the perception of CGI images of food, we created a survey which purpose was to compare images of food utilizing CGI with photographic counterparts to judge the experienced appeal felt towards each image by a group of participants. This was done by having participants rate the images with a score of appeal as well as give written feedback of their thoughts about specific images and their general opinion of the use of CGI for advertisement purposes. Our survey showed a slight preference towards the CGI rendered images compared to the photographs that we used. There were however, several participants who disliked the "plastic" and unrealistic look of the CGI images that severely lowered the amount of appeal that was experienced. We hypothesize that the reason for the preference for CGI images in this study was because the use of CGI can make an image have an unrealistic perfection to it that can provoke a stronger appeal than how the look of the product would do in actuality. The type of product that the image represents may also play an important factor. This study focuses on chocolate bars, and thus the results may vary greatly if the study was conducted with the use of other food products, such as meat, fruit or vegetables.

Postgraduate studies concluding labor, 62 pages, 20 pictures, 2 tables, 45 literary sources, 21 addendums, Lithuanian. KEYWORDS: advertisement, advertisements audience, promotional message, segment, consumer, consumer behavior. The object of research – foodstuff sacred to children advertisement. The subject of research – foodstuff advertisements to children submission form. Labour objective – established sundry advertisements forms accepted for children consumer behavior, prepared foodstuff promotional message for children creation model. Tasks: 1) to inspect foodstuff advertisements to children singularity; 2) to prepare methodology of research and to make out questionnaire; 3) to accomplish dossier data analysis; 4) to prepare foodstuff promotional message for children creation model. Methods of research – scientific materials, laws and documents analysis and synthesis, dossier poll array analysis and synthesis, logical abstracting, mathematical, statistical, graphics display, simulation, qualitative methods of research. Studying sundry countries author’s scientific works, periodicals, the Republic of Lithuania and European Union legislations and accomplished initial data analysis about sundry advertisements forms accepted for children consumer behavior, prepared foodstuff promotional message for children creation model.

The main aim of this thesis is to discuss conflicting opinions about the existence, targets and the system of advertising and to examine its effects on purchasing behaviors. Another important aim of the study is to demonstrate that advertising is an important but not the sole factor which increases the sales of a product. The study focuses on the relationship between the capitalist industry and consumers&amp / #8217 / purchasing decisions. It discusses the effects of marketing strategies on consumer behaviors and purchasing preferences. The interaction between the symbolic representations of commodities&amp / #8217 / brand names and consumption decisions are evaluated and the basic arguments of critics and advertisers about the system of advertising are discussed. In addition, variables other than advertising that influence consumer behaviors are examined and the importance of advertising in modern marketing is presented. To understand the messages in today&amp / #8217 / s advertisements deeply, semiology as one of the most important methodologies of decoding advertisements, the basic advertising formats and the language of advertising are evaluated. The question of how meaning is reconstituted both by advertisers and the viewers of messages is discussed. The study also entails a case study in which AkSam&amp / #8217 / s re-launch advertising campaign is evaluated. AkSam&amp / #8217 / s brand and image perception before and after the advertising campaign is examined. After this evaluation, the success of an advertising campaign in accordance with its advertising strategy is discussed.