Imperialism, as understood by the British in the year 1850, was sentimental in essence as opposed to later utilitarianism. Lord Beaconsfield and his party assumed ‘’an attitude of superiority towards other civilized nations.” “Trade follows the flag” had not yet become an Imperial slogan. [...]

The maintenance of German colonial rule in East Africa depended on a strong military presence. The Kaiserliche Schutztruppe fur Deutsch Ostafrika was established to meet this need, but financial and political constraints dictated that this force be manned by an African rank and file. Initially, most of the African recruits came from outside of the colony, but, as time passed, the Germans began recruiting from a few specific ethnic groups in the colony. / The relationship between the African soldiers and their German employers yielded military successes for the new colonial government and, by extension, an enhanced status for the soldiers themselves. Over time, the Africans within the Schutztruppe distanced themselves from other Africans in the colony and began to develop separate communities at the government stations, which in turn fostered the growth of an askari group identity. The interests of these communities became inextricably linked to the German presence in the region. The development of this relationship helps to explain the askaris' support of the German campaign against the British during the First World War.

Tricksters and Trickery in Zulu Folktales is a research on one of the central themes in African, and particularly Nguni/Zulu folklore, in which the trickster figure plays a pivotal role. The Zulu form part of the Nguni group of the Kintu speaking populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Their oral traditions are based on those of the whole sub-continent, but also constitute significant innovations due to the Nguni's contacts with the Khoisan peoples and to the history that has shaped their reasoning processes. Folktales are an artistic reflection of the people's culture, history, way of life, attitudes to persons and events, springing from the observation of nature and of animal and human, behaviour, in order to create a "culture of the feelings" on which adult decisions are based. The present research is based on the concept of a semiotic communication system whereby folktale "texts" are considered as metaphors, to be de-coded from the literary, cultural and behavioural points of view. The system is employed to produce comic entertainement, as well as for education. A careful examination of the sources reveals the central role that observation of the open book of natural phenomena, and especially the observation of animal life, plays in the formulation of thought patterns and of the imagery bank on which all artistic expression is based, be it in the form of proverbs, or tales, or poetry. Animal observation shows that the small species need to act with some form of cunning in the struggle for survival. The employment of tricks in the tales can be either successful or unsuccessful, and this constitutes the fundamental division of the characters who are constantly associated with trickery. They apply deceiving patterns based on false contracts that create an illusion enabling the trickster to use substitution techniques. The same trick pattern is however widely employed, either successfully or unsuccessfully, by a score of other characters who are only "occasional tricksters", such as human beings, in order to overcome the challenge posed by external, often superior, forces, or simply in order to shape events to their own advantage. The original mould for the successful trickster figure in Kintu speaking Africa is the small Hare. The choice of this animal character points to the bewildered realization that small beings can only survive through guile in a hostile environment dominated by powerful killers. The Nguni/Zulu innovation consists of a composite character with a dual manifestation: Chakide, the slender mongoose, a small carnivorous animal, whose main folktale name is the diminutive Chakijana; and its counterpart Hlakanyana, a semi-human dwarf. The innovation contains a double value: the root ideophone hlaka points to an intelligent being, able to outwit his adversaries by "dissecting" all the elements of a situation in order to identify weaknesses that offer the possibility of defeating the enemy; and to "re-arrange" reality in a new way. This shows the ambivalent function of trickery as a force for both demolition and reconstruction. Chakijana, the small slender mongoose, is like the pan-African Hare in most respects, but with the added feature of being carnivorous, therefore a merciless killer. He makes use of all its powers to either escape larger animals, or to conquer other animals for food in order to survive. Hlakanyana, being semi-human, can interact with both humans and animals; Chakijana is mostly active in an animal setting. The unsuccessful trickster figure in Kintu speaking Africa is Hyena, an evil and powerful killer and scavenger, associated in popular belief with witches by reason of his nocturnal habits and grave digging activities. The Nguni/Zulu innovation is Izimu, a fictional semi-human being, traditionally interpreted as a cannibal, a merciless and dark man eater. Izimu is another composite figure, prevalently corresponding to Hyena, from which he draws most of his fictional characteristics. The figure further assimilates features of half-human, half-animal man-eating monsters known in the folklore of many African cultures, as well as the ogre figure prevalent in European tales. The anthropophagous aspect, taken as its prevalent characteristic by earlier researchers, is a rather secondary feature. The innovation from a purely animal figure (Hyena) to a semi-human one allows this character to interact mostly with human beings, thus expressing deeply felt human concerns and fears. Trickery is the hallmark of comedy, the art of looking at life from an upside-down point of view, to portray not the norm but the unexpected. Thus the metaphors contained in trickster folktales, as expressions of comedy, are rather difficult to decode. The ambivalence, so common in many manifestations of African culture, becomes prevalent in these tales. Human tricksters, who try to imitate the trick sequence, are successful if their aims can be justified in terms of culture and tradition; but are unsuccessful if their aims are disruptive of social harmony. Ambivalence is also predominant in "modern" trickster folktales, and in some manifestations of the trickster themes in recent literature. The trickster tradition is an important aspect of the traditions of the Zulu people, permeating social, educational and literary aspects of life and culture. The Nguni/Zulu innovations of Hlakanyana/Chakijana and of Izimu point to the dynamic and inner stability of the culture, a precious heritage and a force on which to build a great future. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1995.

This dissertation takes up the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AMEC) schism in 1946 in Namibia from the Rhenish Mission Society RMS), due to a protest against the inhumane treatment that the Nama leaders were forced to accept from the German missionaries belonging to the Rhenish Mission Society. The agitation movement of 1946 organized a church separated from the RMS which was started in response to the Africans' need for opportunities for self-expression, fuller involvement in the Church of God, and in society as a whole. It was the answer to a cry for social recognition as human beings, and the means through which a group of people started on a programme which gave them a growing sense of dignity and self respect. The underlying and longer term problems of this first schism in Namibia come out above all in the correspondence between the missionary Christiaan Spellmeyer and Petrus Jod, Markus Witbooi and Zacheus Thomas. These documents shed some light on the policy and attitude of the RMS in Namibia and in Gibeon in particular, mainly during the 1930's and early 1940's. This thesis records the significant role played by the Nama leaders to voice their grievances against the RMS. The involvement of the RMS missionaries in colonial politics has contributed to the subjugation of the black people. By concentrating their efforts on pioneering incentives in education, social care and ordination, the Nama leaders made an outstanding contribution to the establishment of AMEC in Namibia, the church which responds closely to the needs of the Nama people. This study should be of interest to those who are doing research on the history of Christian missions in Southern Africa, and in particular in Namibia. It is hoped that the findings of this study will bring a local perspective on the activities of the AMEC in Namibia, as up to the present, much available information has been written by German missionaries. A complete history of the indigenous clergy in Namibia, is unwritten. Much that would be most interesting and valuable went to the grave with those who had no possible means of transmitting it except by the uncertain and unreliable method of tradition. What made Zacheus Thomas, Markus Witbooi and Petrus Jod different from the Rhenish Mission Society's staff was the fact that they were from the IKhobesin clan, who understand and respect the culture of the Nama people. They could see and appreciate the structures of the Nama society and planned a development project from the African perspective. The researcher presents this work as a tribute to these pioneering Nama leaders whose lives and relationships are a true reflection of their Christian faith. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Durban-Westville, 2003.

No abstract available. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.

Since the discovery of cisplatin as an anti-cancer agent, there has been a broad and multidisciplinary interest over four decades in the development of metal complexes as metallotherapeutic drugs. The principal objective of this thesis was to develop and characterize a novel library of gold(III) complexes of aromatic and non-aromatic quinoline- and pyridine-amido ligands and to test their efficacy as cytotoxic agents against multiple human cancer cell lines. To this end, fifteen novel (16 in total) gold(III) complexes have been prepared and studied by multiple methods including FTIR, NMR, MS, and UV-visible spectroscopy, and in numerous cases, single crystal X-ray diffraction. Ligands H2L1–HL14 were prepared via the reaction of the relevant pyridine or quinoline carboxylic acid in the presence of triphenylphosphite and either picolylamine or 8-aminoquinoline in pyridine, in moderate to good yields. Ligands HL15 and HL16 were prepared via the reaction between benzoyl or 1-naphthoyl chloride and 8-aminoquinoline in good yields. The synthesis of complexes [Au(HL1)Cl2]–[Au(L4)Cl2] were prepared by the reaction between the respective ligand, K[AuCl4] and NaOAc in 1:1 MeOH:DCM. Metal complexes [Au(L5)Cl](PF6)–[Au(L14)Cl](PF6) were synthesised by encouraging the formation of a AuCl4- counter ion in acetic acid and 3-fold excess of NaHCO3. Subsequent metathesis afforded the desired PF6- anion. Complexes [Au(L15)Cl] and [Au(L16)Cl] were synthesised by the reaction of H[AuCl4] and respective ligand in acetic acid and a 3-fold excess of NaHCO3. The solubility of all complexes was assessed, with complexes [Au(L8)Cl](PF6)–[Au(L14)Cl](PF6) proving to be the most stable in biologically relevant media (TBS 50 mM, NaCl 10mM, pH 7.34, 37°C). Complex [Au(L12)Cl](PF6) was further evaluated for its stability in the presence of glutathione and imidazole and found to be sensitive to reduction by thiols, but substitution-inert to N-donor heterocycles such as imidazole. The DNA binding constants of [Au(L8)Cl](PF6)–[Au(L11)Cl](PF6) were subsequently evaluated by UV-vis spectroscopy and found to be in the range of 2.7(5) x 105 to 4.7(6) x 105 M-1. Complexes [Au(L12)Cl](PF6)–[Au(L14)Cl](PF6) were similarly assessed using ethidium bromide displacement fluorescence assays, however their ability to bind DNA could not be conclusively proven. The log Po/w values of complexes [Au(L12)Cl](PF6)–[Au(L14)Cl](PF6) were measured and spanned the range -0.8 to -2.16, consistent with significant hydrophilic character. The solid state structures of all complexes, with the exception of [Au(L10)Cl](PF6), [Au(L14)Cl](PF6) and [Au(L16)Cl](PF6), were determined by X-ray crystallography with the gold(III) ion co-ordinated to the ligand in a square planar geometry. The co-ordination mode in complexes Au(HL1)Cl2]–[Au(HL3)Cl2] was unexpected with the metal centre only co-ordinating to half the tetradentate ligand with a pair of cis-dichloro ions completing the square planar geometry. The average Au–Npy/qu distance is 2.02(2) Å while the average Au–Namide distance is 1.97(4) Å. In all complexes the trans labilising effect of the anionic amide nitrogen was observed through a structural elongation of the respective Au–Cl bond length. Almost all complexes studied exhibited π-stacking interactions, with compound [Au(L12)Cl](PF6) exhibiting a mean plane separation between rings of 3.307 Å. This is a result of the extended aromatic rings present in all compounds DFT geometry optimizations, frequency, NMR, and energy calculations were carried out on all the gold(III) complexes at the HSEH1PBE/6-311G(d,p)/LanL2DZ level of theory. The 6-311G(d,p) basis set was used for all atoms with the exception of the gold atom for which the LanL2DZ basis set was used. In general, the chosen level of theory satisfactorily correlates with the experimental data for all complexes and was instrumental in deconvoluting the UV-vis spectra of all complexes. The lowest energy transitions (300–500 nm) were assigned to a LMCT while the higher energy transitions were assigned to π-π* transitions. The cytotoxicity profiles of all compounds, with the exception of [Au(HL1)Cl2] and [Au(L16)Cl], were evaluated through one-dose screens against the 60 human cancer cell lines at the NCI, where [Au(HL3)Cl2], [Au(L6)Cl](PF6)–[Au(L8)Cl](PF6), [Au(L10)Cl](PF6)–[Au(L13)Cl](PF6) and [Au(L15)Cl](PF6) were deemed sufficiently cytotoxic to proceed further to five-dose screening. The cytotoxicity results for compound [Au(L12)Cl](PF6) were most encouraging with GI50, TGI and LC50 values of 0.11(0.1), 0.70(0.7) and 26.5(1.5) μM, respectively, against the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468. Statistical analysis of the GI50 values for complexes [Au(HL3)Cl2] and [Au(L12)Cl](PF6) revealed they may exert their cytotoxicity through the inhibition/poisoning of topoisomerase II and I enzymes, respectively. Both compounds were assessed for this through a topoisomerase IB DNA unwinding assay and a topoisomerase IIα decatenation assay. [Au(HL3)Cl2] was found to be a dual catalytic inhibitor and poison of topoisomerase IIα between concentrations of 500 nM and 50 μM while [Au(L12)Cl](PF6) was found to be a dual catalytic inhibitor and poison of topoisomerase IB between concentrations of 1 and 100 μM. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were performed on both complexes, with [Au(HL3)Cl2] indicating DNA binding at a concentration of 50 μM, while [Au(L12)Cl](PF6) displayed no evidence for DNA binding despite an unexpected increase in mobility shift of the substrate DNA. This is indicative of an alternative mechanism of DNA interaction such as electrostatic binding. In summary, we present in this thesis, the discovery, synthesis and application of a novel series of gold(III) amide-based metal complexes as anti-cancer agents with the mechanism of action by which the complexes exert their cytotoxic activity being elucidated. The compounds show immense potential in the metallo-drug discovery field of research, and with further development, a leading class of metallotherapeutic drugs may be developed from this research. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

The pivot around which the controversy over the Board's political policy revolved was the question whether a collective Jewish attitude towards the government's racial policies should be formulated, or whether this was the province of individual Jewish protest. Stemming from this was the question of the extent of communal responsibility towards the individual who had fallen afoul with the law in expressing his protest. The complexity of formulating policy was exacerbated by the trauma of the 1930's and 1940's where the National Party and its leadership espoused a radical anti-Semitic ideology and a pro-Nazism policy. Added to this was the very real sympathy felt for the aspirations of survival of the Afrikaner People, conflated by a revulsion and antipathy towards the measures the nationalist Government took to attain this end. The solution hit upon by the Board was a policy of 'neutrality' in the political area. This dissertation is an attempt to highlight the problems with which the Board grappled and its central concerns in formulating policy vis-a-vis the political issues that were at the centre of the political life of South Africa. The study follows the evolvement of the policy of collective non-involvement from the 1950s and the gradual evolution it underwent in the 1970s and 1980s towards a commitment and a responsibility to openly and publicly speak out on the moral aspects of Apartheid. In view of the above, the thesis begins in 1930 with the promulgation of the Quota Act, which initiated the new antisemitic policies of the National Party, until 1978. The epilogue ends 1985 when the Board of Deputies abandoned its policy of neutrality towards the political arena, when the 33rd National congress of the Jewish Board of Deputies, passed a resolution condemning the Policy of Apartheid, thus adopting a collective stance towards the government's racial policies. Although this stance was in line with the views prevalent in the white community, it signalled a giant step in the Board of Deputies' drive to abandon its policy of accommodation towards the NP government and Nationalist forces. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1995.

No abstract available. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1971.

Abstract not available. / Thesis (M.Th.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the knowledge structures in Grade 6 History textbooks have altered since 1994 and how learners in History may be inducted differently into the discipline of History. The transformation from a ‘content-heavy’ to a ‘skills-based’ History curriculum, and the teaching of History as a ‘mode of enquiry’ has resulted in an altered form, shape and character of History, as it exists in the learning area of the Social Sciences in the National Curriculum Statement. Bernstein’s concepts of curricula types and discourses as well as Bertram’s ‘historical gaze’ have been used to frame the study. Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy has been used to identify knowledge types and the cognitive demand of the textbooks. This study is located within the interpretive paradigm using the methodology of content analysis. It utilises the mixed-mode approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods. The sampling of the four textbooks (data sources) was purposive due to their popularity, accessibility, publication and prestige. Similar content in the chapter on the “History of Medical Science” was analysed across all four textbooks. Whilst the expectation of the NCS is one of high skill and high knowledge, the findings show that there seems to be a lack of congruence between curriculum requirements and textbook representations. An analysis of the two new textbooks indicate that both content of History (substantive knowledge) and historical procedures (procedural knowledge) are in danger as everyday knowledge is prioritised in its integration with substantive History knowledge in Grade 6 History textbooks. The content analysis also reveals an undeveloped sense of chronology; space and time which has implications for History learners and their appropriate induction into the discipline of History. / Thesis (M.Ed.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.