The Nigerian video film industry has emerged to become the first “popular” film industry in black Africa. Its means of production and consumption has redefined the parameters of African Cinema. The video films employ themes and images that captivate the audiences’ imagination and curiosity. Some of the most used themes in the Nigerian video films are those relating to the supernatural, magic and witchcraft. Whilst some scholars and filmmakers criticise the prevalence of themes of witchcraft, magic and the supernatural, it is these very themes that draw local audiences. This research project explores images and themes of witchcraft, magic and the supernatural in two genres of the video films; the evangelical or Christian genre, and the horror or voodoo genre, using the films End of the Wicked and Child of Promise as case studies of the two genres respectively.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CristinaSF_TESE.pdf: 2605520 bytes, checksum: d9ce69b5b8d10f4d603e310b65d8a8c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-05 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / No contexto de p?s-independ?ncia dos pa?ses da regi?o norte ocidental do continente africano e do posicionamento cr?tico e discursivo dos sujeitos frente ?s imagens euroc?ntricas que culminou com a constitui??o das cinematografias africanas, destaca-se a obra do realizador Moustapha Alassane. Com uma pr?tica voltada para uma concep??o particular das imagens em movimento, o autor nigerino reconstr?i o trajeto do encanto pela imagem ? magia do movimento, criando sua lanterna m?gica, animando figuras e impress?es de seu cotidiano, a partir do simples tra?o do desenho ? modelagem e cria??o de marionetes tridimensionais. Um discurso que se faz gesto pela bricolagem de elementos que est?o a seu alcance. E o gesto ir?nico do realizador transforma o cen?rio de um vilarejo no interior do N?ger em um filme de faroeste, uma oportunidade para se apropriar do mito que ? associado ao da cria??o do cinema no Ocidente. Este trabalho toma como refer?ncia os estudos de autores da di?spora, da cr?tica p?s-colonial e de te?ricos africanos. Dessa forma analiso a obra cinematogr?fica e a trajet?ria f?lmica do realizador nigerino pela via de acesso da chegada das cinematografias africanas ao Brasil, levando em conta o car?ter transnacional dos processos sociais contempor?neos, (re)aproximando-nos do continente africano e da reflex?o de combate ao racismo como um sistema-mundo

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Nas últimas décadas, os Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa (PALOP) passaram por transformações políticas bastante intensas, das quais o cinema foi um importante participante. A partir de um extenso corpus de filmes, é apresentado um mosaico de histórias que traduzem elementos significativos destas determinadas nações africanas. No período colonial, o cinema significava um forte instrumento de propaganda do regime português; durante a luta pela independência, o cinema foi usado como uma arma que somava esforços aos movimentos nacionalistas; nos anos iniciais das novas nações independentes, as produções cinematográficas fortaleceram os interesses dos novos estados; e, enfim, depois da década de 1990, com a abertura política e o multipartidarismo, começaram a se desenvolver diversos e variados tipos de cinema relacionados com estes cinco países (Angola, Cabo Verde, Guiné-Bissau, Moçambique e São Tomé e Príncipe), alguns mais críticos, outros mais voltados ao entretenimento. Este trabalho é uma visita guiada por esta filmografia, com o objetivo principal de ampliar nosso contato com os cinemas dos PALOP. Os filmes são pouco conhecidos pelo público brasileiro, então o trabalho adquire importância ao proporcionar o acesso aos filmes pelos pesquisadores interessados, das mais diversas áreas. Os filmes são apresentados conforme uma ordem que respeita elementos comparativos e realça aspectos que sinalizam possíveis critérios de estudo destes cinemas. / In the last decades, the Portuguese-Speaking African Countries (PALOP) have passed through very intense political transformations in which cinema has been an important participant. From an extensive corpus of films, it is presented a mosaic of stories that translate significant elements of these African nations. In the colonial period, cinema represented a strong propaganda instrument for the Portuguese regime; during the struggle against colonialism, cinema was used as a weapon that added efforts to the nationalist movements; in the early years of the new independent nations, cinematographic productions have strengthened the interests of the new states; and, finally, after the 1990s, with the political openness and the multiparty system, various and varied types of cinema began to develop in relation to these five countries (Angola, Cabo Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique and São Tomé e Príncipe), some more critical, others more focused on entertainment. This study is a guided visit to this filmography, whose main objective is that of broadening the contact with the PALOP\'s cinemas. These films are not well-known by the Brazilian public, so the study acquires the importance of providing information and access to these films for interested researchers. The order through which the films are presented obeys to comparative elements and highlights aspects that lead to possible criteria for the study of these cinemas.

Nas últimas décadas, os Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa (PALOP) passaram por transformações políticas bastante intensas, das quais o cinema foi um importante participante. A partir de um extenso corpus de filmes, é apresentado um mosaico de histórias que traduzem elementos significativos destas determinadas nações africanas. No período colonial, o cinema significava um forte instrumento de propaganda do regime português; durante a luta pela independência, o cinema foi usado como uma arma que somava esforços aos movimentos nacionalistas; nos anos iniciais das novas nações independentes, as produções cinematográficas fortaleceram os interesses dos novos estados; e, enfim, depois da década de 1990, com a abertura política e o multipartidarismo, começaram a se desenvolver diversos e variados tipos de cinema relacionados com estes cinco países (Angola, Cabo Verde, Guiné-Bissau, Moçambique e São Tomé e Príncipe), alguns mais críticos, outros mais voltados ao entretenimento. Este trabalho é uma visita guiada por esta filmografia, com o objetivo principal de ampliar nosso contato com os cinemas dos PALOP. Os filmes são pouco conhecidos pelo público brasileiro, então o trabalho adquire importância ao proporcionar o acesso aos filmes pelos pesquisadores interessados, das mais diversas áreas. Os filmes são apresentados conforme uma ordem que respeita elementos comparativos e realça aspectos que sinalizam possíveis critérios de estudo destes cinemas. / In the last decades, the Portuguese-Speaking African Countries (PALOP) have passed through very intense political transformations in which cinema has been an important participant. From an extensive corpus of films, it is presented a mosaic of stories that translate significant elements of these African nations. In the colonial period, cinema represented a strong propaganda instrument for the Portuguese regime; during the struggle against colonialism, cinema was used as a weapon that added efforts to the nationalist movements; in the early years of the new independent nations, cinematographic productions have strengthened the interests of the new states; and, finally, after the 1990s, with the political openness and the multiparty system, various and varied types of cinema began to develop in relation to these five countries (Angola, Cabo Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique and São Tomé e Príncipe), some more critical, others more focused on entertainment. This study is a guided visit to this filmography, whose main objective is that of broadening the contact with the PALOP\'s cinemas. These films are not well-known by the Brazilian public, so the study acquires the importance of providing information and access to these films for interested researchers. The order through which the films are presented obeys to comparative elements and highlights aspects that lead to possible criteria for the study of these cinemas.

[pt] Partindo da indagação o que filmam os diretores africanos contemporâneos quando, hoje, apontam suas câmeras para as cidades, esta tese empreende uma viagem investigativa por Johannesburgo, Maputo e Harare através dos filmes de diretores africanos em atividade na África Austral. Os cinemas africanos contemporâneos realizados em países como África do Sul, Moçambique e Zimbabwe lidam, ainda hoje, em maior ou menor grau, com os reflexos de modos de produção que tiveram origem no período de dominação colonial. Se, na contemporaneidade, a África do Sul logrou organizar uma estável indústria de cinema no sul do continente africano, países como Moçambique e Zimbabwe ainda sofrem com os reflexos de uma descolonização tardia dos modos de produção cinematográfica. Com a queda do apartheid na África do Sul (1994) e as independências de Moçambique (1975) e Zimbabwe (1980), as cidades, territórios severamente marcados pela segregação perpetrada pelo colonizador, passam a atrair a atenção de cineastas locais, ao se transformarem no palco de acirrados debates acerca da segregação racial e espacial, do direito à terra e à moradia, da mobilidade, da relação campo-cidade, do embate entre tradição e modernidade. As cidades africanas, até certo momento tidas como projetos interrompidos e inacabados do pesadelo colonial, passaram a ser consideradas, em toda a sua complexidade, como a epítome da própria modernidade africana. As imagens dessas cidades modernas, complexas e desiguais, que emergem do cinema contemporâneo local, rasuram ou perturbam o regime dominante de representação do continente africano propagado pelo cinema e pela mídia ocidentais, problematizam visões que prevaleceram nos contextos de luta anticolonial e conquista da independência e contribuem para a renovação do repertório de imagens da África arquivadas pelo Ocidente. Os filmes analisados nesta tese ajudam a criar cartografias outras das cidades africanas levadas às telas. Tais cidades cinemáticas – ao editar, seccionar, justapor, aproximar e eliminar espaços – produzem percepções múltiplas e, às vezes, inesperadas. / [en] Starting from the question what do contemporary African directors film, today, when they point their cameras towards the cities, this thesis undertakes an investigative journey through Johannesburg, Maputo and Harare in the films of African directors currently active in Southern Africa. Contemporary African cinemas produced in countries such as South Africa, Mozambique and Zimbabwe are still dealing, to a greater or lesser extent, with modes of production that originated in the period of colonial domination. If, in contemporary times, South Africa has managed to create a stable film industry in the south of the African continent, countries such as Mozambique and Zimbabwe still suffer from the reflexes of the late decolonization of their modes of film production. With the fall of apartheid in South Africa (1994) and the independence of Mozambique (1975) and Zimbabwe (1980), these cities, territories which are severely marked by the segregation perpetrated by the colonizer, start to attract the attention of local filmmakers, as they become the stage of heated debates regarding racial and spatial segregation, the right to land and to housing, mobility, the relation between countryside and urban life, the clash between tradition and modernity. African cities, for a long time regarded as unfinished and interrupted projects of the colonial nightmare, started to be perceived in all of their complexity, as the epitome of African modern itself. The images of these modern, complex and unequal cities, which emerge from local contemporary cinema, disturb the dominant system of representation of the African continent, propagated by Western cinema and media. They also problematize visions that prevailed in the contexts of anti-colonial struggle and conquest of independence and they contribute to the renewal of the repertoire of African images archived by the West. The films analyzed in this thesis help to create alternate cartographies for the African cities brought to the screen. Such cinematic cities – by means of editing, sectioning, juxtaposing, approximating and eliminating spaces – create perceptions that are multiple and, at times, unexpected.

This dissertation examines the representations of Casablanca in Moroccan cinema and their articulation of postcolonial subjectivity since the 1990s. To overcome a deep economic recession and simmering social unrest in the early 1980s, Morocco embarked on a comprehensive programme of structural adjustment policies under the aegis of the International Monetary Fund. Market reforms ushered in novel forms of spatial development and social relations in Moroccan cities over the next decades. In the cultural field, a popular cinema emerged in the early 1990s and has projected the complex structures of everyday life in urban space. The New Urban Cinema (NUC) has anchored national cinema in the everyday life and affective economy of a society in transition. The country’s largest city, Casablanca, is the setting for some of NUC’s most original portrayals of the Moroccan subject under globalisation. Taking space, affect and violence as intertwined sites of film analysis, my research project closely examines the new forms of postcolonial subjectivity that have evolved in Morocco through this cinema. Twenty films are read against the backdrop of neoliberal Casablanca and the social, economic as well as political transformation of Morocco and the world under globalisation. The dissertation combines close textual analysis with a cultural studies perspective, which situates films in their historical contexts of production and reception in Morocco and beyond. Drawing on postcolonial, film and urban studies, my aim is to contribute to interdisciplinary scholarship on cinematic responses to neoliberal globalisation, and to a social history of contemporary Morocco.

Cette étude se penche sur le geste singulier se dégageant de l’œuvre du cinéaste sénégalais Djibril Diop Mambety. Une force de « mise en présence » y est identifiée, dont la présente recherche démontre qu’elle s’apparente à l’action médiatrice du griot des traditions orales d’Afrique de l’Ouest. Singulièrement, cette force tenant de l’oralité ne repose pas sur le récit ou la parole comme discours, mais relève au contraire de ruptures narratives et de disjonctions image-son qui mettent le récit en question, invitant le spectateur à fréquemment réviser son interprétation de ce qu’il voit et entend. C’est le film lui-même qui devient alors griot, actualisant un lien en constante transformation entre l’univers qu’il porte et son spectateur. En instaurant un rapport critique à l’égard du monde dans lequel s’inscrit le récit, les multiples ruptures dans le cinéma de Mambety sont également les brèches par lesquelles se crée un espace d’accueil pour la marginalité, qui habite tous ses films. La tradition orale et le griot sont présentés en premier lieu, de manière à poser les bases à partir desquelles peut se développer la réflexion. La description et l’analyse des films Parlons Grand-mère et Le franc démontrent en quoi ceux-ci sont des films médiateurs, qui se comportent en griots. Cette découverte ouvre la voie à une réflexion plus large sur la médiation au cinéma, où la portée éthique du film-médiateur est explorée, ainsi que la nature des relations possibles entre médiation et récit. Finalement, l’analyse du film Hyènes, eu égard à la différence qu’il présente en déployant un récit plus linéaire, est l’occasion d’approfondir une compréhension à la fois de ce que font les films de Mambety et de ce que peut la médiation au cinéma de façon plus large. / This study examines how the mediatory action of the griot in West African oral traditions is at work in the films of Senegalese filmmaker Djibril Diop Mambety. This force of orality, of mise-en-présence, emerges in Mambety’s films from narrative disruptions and sound-image disjunctions. Instead of relying on narrative or speech as a discourse, this force of orality challenges the story’s consistency, inviting the viewer to frequently revise his or her interpretation of what is being seen and heard. The film itself becomes griot, a griot which links the world borne by the film and the spectator in a dynamic and ever-changing interplay. By fostering, through these disruptions, a critical stance toward the world on which depends the narrative, Mambety’s cinema makes room for marginality and exclusion, which inhabit all his films. Oral tradition and griot are first defined, followed by an analysis of how the films Parlons Grand-mère and Le franc are mediator films, functioning as griots. This opens the way for a broader reflection on the ethical significance of film-as-mediator, as well as the possible ties between mediation and narrative. Finally, an analysis of the film Hyènes, on account of its more linear narrative exposition, provides an opportunity to deepen our understanding of Mambety’s filmmaking, and to explore the greater implications of mediation in cinema.

Cette thèse vise à définir l’espace post-apartheid tel qu’il est représenté dans le cinéma sud-africain. Depuis 1994, l’Afrique du Sud démocratique constitue un nouvel espace géographique et socio-économique, profondément marqué par l’héritage de l’apartheid. Notre thèse vise à conjuguer l’analyse stylistique de films sud-africains et une réflexion civilisationniste, influencée par la géographie et la sociologie, sur ce qui fonde l’espace post-apartheid. Nous étudions le cinéma de fiction qui permet la représentation de l’espace tel qu’il est perçu, voire souhaité par le cinéaste, parfois en contradiction avec les enjeux commerciaux. La refondation du cinéma sud-africain après 1994 a-t-elle donné naissance à une nouvelle représentation de l’espace ?L’espace post-apartheid au cinéma se définit d’abord en rapport avec l’ancien espace, en opposition ou dans la continuité. Notre étude se concentre sur l’héritage de l’apartheid dans les années 2000, dans l’industrie du film et dans la mise en image d’un territoire national clivé et de villes divisées. Nous abordons ensuite la représentation récurrente de trajectoires individuelles en butte à cette géographie héritée, focalisation qui contribue à mettre à distance l’espace prescrit par l’ancien régime. Nous établissons enfin que l’espace cinématographique post-apartheid est défini en rapport avec la construction d’une nouvelle identité depuis 1994. Certaines ambiguïtés en découlent, dans la représentation du township et des étrangers africains ou dans la réception des films, et soulignent la redéfinition complexe de l’espace et de l’identité en Afrique du Sud afin que celle-ci puisse être véritablement « nouvelle ». / This study focuses on the representation of post-apartheid space in indigenous South African fiction films. I work towards a definition of cinematic post-apartheid space, putting forth its ambivalent relations to the apartheid past, between heritage and rejection, on the levels of geographical space, socio-economic space and, mostly, represented space. I situate myself at the intersection of South African cultural studies and reflections on post-apartheid space, and of the study of the new South African cinema. I focus on fiction since it gives most room for filmmakers to represent space as they perceive it, or desire it, to be, and on feature films which carry most of the South African industry’s ambitions in terms of international recognition.I first look at the heritage of apartheid in terms of the South African film industry, the divisions of the national territory and the structure of the South African city. I argue that post-apartheid cinematic space is first and foremost defined in relation to apartheid space, whether in opposition or in terms of heritage. However, recurrent representations of individual trajectories clash with that inherited geography and are a means for filmmakers to distance themselves from the previously prescribed relations between characters and space. I also argue that the definition of a new South African identity is crucial to the characterization of post-apartheid space in films. The ambiguous representations of township space or African foreigners in South African films and the emphasis on the nationality of films in film reception put forth how deeply paradoxical the reinvention of space and identity is in post-apartheid South Africa.

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