A reunião de africanos, escravos e libertos, em grupos étnicos foi uma das características das formas de organização e de sociabilidades dessa população em várias regiões do Brasil. A princípio, essas categorias étnicas foram criadas pelos indivíduos que lidavam com o comércio de escravos, quais sejam, traficantes, comerciantes e compradores, carregando consigo atributos físicos, morais e características culturais que tinham como objetivo facilitar o tráfico. Mais tarde, essa distinção étnica também foi incorporada pelos próprios africanos, escravos e libertos, como um elemento da sua própria organização. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo estudar o processo de redefinição dos grupos étnicos e a construção das identidades africanas em torno de alguns espaços de sociabilidade na cidade de São Paulo, durante a primeira metade do século XIX. Pretende-se discutir, baseando-se no conceito de grupo étnico elaborado pelo antropólogo Fredrik Barth, as formas de atribuição e de identificação desses grupos por agentes externos, como a Igreja Católica e os proprietários de escravos. Esse conceito também tem como pressuposto a incorporação pelos próprios africanos, que passaram a se identificar com esses grupos éticos, direcionando suas formas de organização e de sociabilidade, sobretudo por meio da associação em irmandades religiosas, reunião em batuques, capoeiras, danças. Essa identificação a determinados grupos levava em conta características que consideravam em comum como a língua, a ascendência e a visão de mundo. A intenção é perceber como a incorporação a determinados grupos étnicos direcionou as formas de organização, as manifestações de suas tradições por meio de aspectos culturais, a relação com os diferentes grupos étnicos e com outras camadas da sociedade / The reunion of African people, slaves and freemen, in ethnic groups was the one of the characteristics of the forms of organization and of sociabilities of this population in some regions of Brazil. Firstly, these ethnic categories had been created by the individuals who dealt with the commerce of slaves, which were dealers, traders and purchases with physical and moral characteristics and cultural attributes which had as objective to facililate the traffic. Later, this ethnic distinction also was incorporated by the African people themselves, slaves and freemen as an element of the proper organization. This dissertation has as objective to study the process of redefinition of the ethnic groups and the construction of the African identities around some spaces of sociabilities in the city of São Paulo, during the first half of the 19th century. It is intended to argue, based on the concept of the ethnic group supplied by the anthropologist Frederik Barth, the forms of attribution and identification of these groups by external agents as the Catholic Church and the proprietors of slaves. This concept also has as estimated the incorporation by the African people themselves who had identified with these ethnic groups, directing their forms of organization, after all, by the means of the association in religious brotherhoods, reunion in batuques, capoeiras and dances. This identification to determined groups took into account some characteristics that are considered in common as the language, the ancestry and the vision of the world. The intention is to perceive as the incorporation of determined ethnic groups directed the organization forms, the manifestations of their traditions by the means of the cultural aspects, the relation with different ethnic groups and with others social classes

Les textes dénommés, par commodité, annexes à la convention relatives à l'aviation civile internationale, dite Convention de Chicago, ne sont pas, au regard du droit international des annexes à ladite convention car elles n'ont pas la même valeur juridique que celle-ci. Elles n'acquièrent force juridique qu'une fois transposées dans le droit interne des Etats qui peuvent d'ailleurs y déroger. Pendant des années, la non transposition des annexes dans le droit positif des Etats a été tolérée. Cependant, depuis l'instauration du système des audits de sécurité et de sûreté, l'absence de transposition peut entrainer le placement des Etats sur le site sécurisé de l'organisation de l'aviation civile internationale (oaci) et/ou sur la liste noire de l'Union Européenne. Par ces deux faits, les annexes ont acquis une évolution ayant des conséquences significatives la majorité des Etats, notamment africains, où le taux de non conformité aux annexes est le plus élevé de tous les continents ; ce qui ne va sans conséquence pour les relations aériennes internationales et pour le développement de l'industrie de l'aviation civile pour le continent africain / The texts referred to, for convenience, annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, known as the Chicago Convention, are not, under international law annexes to the Convention because they lack the same legal status as it. They acquire legal force once transposed into national law of States which may also be waived. For years, the non transposition of annexes in the positive law of states was tolerated. However, since the introduction of the system safety audits and safety, the lack of transposition may result in the placement of states on the secure site in the organization of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and / or the list black of the European Union. By these two facts, the annexes have gained significant changes that impact the majority of states, particularly in Africa, where the rate of non-compliance with Schedules is the highest of all continents, what is wrong without consequence for aviation relations international and development industry of civil aviation for the African continent

Thesis (MA(Kreatiewe skryfkuns))-University of Pretoria, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Westminster Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, 2003. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-181).

This dissertation explores the livelihood activities of Durban's African migrant street traders. The study also seeks to gain insight into the challenges that confront them as well as the perceptions that local street traders have of them. The researcher argues that migrant street traders make a contribution towards the economic development of the city. Migrant street traders are attracted to Durban because of the economic opportunities that the city offers as well as the fact that it has a lower crime rate than cities such as Johannesburg. The concept of livelihood strategy was used to develop the theoretical framework that guides the research. The study makes use of the qualitative research method. Fifteen in-depth interviews were conducted with migrant and local street traders, who were a mixture of male and female. Of the fifteen interviewees, ten were migrant traders (five females and five males) and five were local street traders (three females and two males). The research was conducted in the Central Business District (CBD) in the vicinity of the Workshop Shopping Centre. The findings of the study suggest that migrants make an economic contribution (albeit not a substantial one) to the development of the city. Some of the local street traders recognise this contribution while others do not. Migrant street traders encounter difficulties in accessing the finance and capital necessary to start their entrepreneurial businesses. The other major problems experienced by the migrant traders in the city are to do with crime, the metropolitan police, local government officials, securing of a suitable accommodation, and accessing trading sites, education and healthcare. The research concludes by recommending that the business-training sessions that are arranged by the municipality of local street traders be open to migrant street traders as well. Local communities should also be educated about the positive role of the migrants in the city. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

This thesis is based on a study examining the concept of African scholarship through the contributions of foreign African academics at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) on the Howard College and Pietermaritzburg campuses. Being branded “The Premier University of African Scholarship” the study principally set out to investigate the role played by these academics as possible conduits in the expansion of African scholarship within the knowledge production circuit. The concept of African scholarship, though not a novel term, remains an elusive category that still needs to be defined within the global knowledge economy. A cursory look at written literature around African scholarship reveals a general tendency that presents „the debate‟ much more as a theoretical engagement and less at empirical engagements that could help advance the practicalities of this concept within the different intellectual debates. Among the different pockets of intellectuals concerned with the vision of African scholarship, the African diaspora outside the continent has always played a leading role in the need to address the African knowledge paradigms within the global intellectual production of knowledge. This study is of significance because it engages with an emerging African diaspora within the South African space and attempts to highlight how their experiences as migrants help in broadening the understanding of the African experience as a knowledge site. Using in-depth interviews within a qualitative research framework in combination with the technique of observation, the findings of this study reveal that as an emerging diaspora, foreign African academics at UKZN, are actively taking advantage of the university‟s slogan to meaningfully (re)insert „Africanness‟ in the kind of knowledge that is produced in the institution. Their contributions are measured in terms of postgraduate supervision, new research agendas, pedagogic and curricular development and networks of collaborations with other universities in Africa. Using an anthropological approach the study equally examines the implications of the attempt to position African scholarship within the global knowledge production map. The study further highlights the role that social identities such as gender, language, nationality, and race can play as epistemic spaces in the advancement of African scholarship. By engaging with these markers, the debate advances beyond the current ad hoc manner of presenting African scholarship simplistically within political rhetoric to a more nuanced incorporation of other markers which should occupy epistemic spaces within the discourse of African scholarship. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

The aim of this study was to analyse teacher migration between South Africa (SA) and the United Kingdom (UK). An understanding of teacher migration and migration patterns is of vital importance especially to SA. As a developing country, SA is losing valuable assets, namely professionals (teachers, doctors, nurses) to developed countries. There is a return stream as evident in a cohort of teacher migrants returning to SA. However, increased mobility is a direct occurrence of the forces of globalisation, and neither the loss of professionals (brain drain) nor the brain gain is unique to SA. Nevertheless, the need to understand migrant teachers' decision-making is salient: firstly, as a step in creating avenues for discourse on addressing the flight of 'home-grown' professionals and attracting ex-patriots back to their home country. Secondly, in furthering an understanding of global labour migration, and finally in developing and expanding on existing migration theories in a globalised world. This study was multi-layered. It investigated two distinct cohorts of teachers: ninety experienced teachers (part of the teaching fraternity) and thirty novice teachers (student teachers in their final year of study at Edgewood College of Education in SA). Within the category of experienced teachers, three separate divisions of teachers were identified for examination, namely premigrants (teachers about to embark on their first migration), post-migrants (SA teachers already teaching in the UK) and return-migrants (teachers who had returned to SA after a period of teaching in the UK). Various theories influenced the study: economic theories of migration, identity theories in education and Marxist labour theory. Within this theoretical framing the influence of globalisation as a process in facilitating cross border mobility was emphasized. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used in the study. Teachers' voices were favoured in the study as an expression of the complexity of their thinking, attitudes, behaviour and hence, identities. The study commenced by examining the reasons for novice and experienced teachers exiting the SA teaching fraternity, to work in schools in London in the UK. Then it explored the latter teachers' experiences in those schools and society with a view to revealing their integration into new socio-cultural and political milieus, and highlighting their transnational identities. Finally, experienced teachers' reasons for returning to SA were probed. In tracing teachers' trajectory from pre-migration (before migration) to post-migration (in the host country) to return migration (back to the home country), the study attempted to analyse patterns of transnational migration in a globalised context. The study identified the emergence of a new breed of teachers: transnational teacher-travellers. These are teachers who traverse a country's national boundaries at will. They are at ease trading their services in a global market, all in the pursuit of attaining a kaleidoscope of goals simultaneously. SA teachers were generally leaving their home country for multiple reasons of finance, travel opportunities and career progression. None of these reasons were mutually exclusive of each other. Migrant teachers' experiences in the UK were extensive, from professional growth to salary satisfaction and travel. However, teacher stress from incidents of reduced classroom discipline and loneliness stemming from family separation impacted on migrant teachers abroad, and contributed to return migration. An evaluation of the data on migrant teachers' motivations, experiences and goals led to the development of a model to understand the transnational migration patterns of teachers traversing from developing to developed countries. The model is sculptured from Demuth's (2000) three phases of migration: pre-migration, post-migration and return-migration. A basic tenet of the suggested model is that teacher migration is a non-linear process. It is initiated and sustained by complex, concurrent push or pull factors in the home country and pull or push factors in the host country. Further, teacher migration is propelled and perpetuated by the influences of globalisation and socio-cultural networks between countries. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2005.

Thesis ((Ph.D. (Physiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Motivation: Recently, with urbanisation becoming an increasing trend, the African population have been introduced to the westernised lifestyle. This contributed to severe health implications and a rapid increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the African population. In South Africa and other sub–Saharan African countries, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease is increasing rapidly. The African population is thus regarded as a high risk group, and we deem it necessary and important to investigate additional possible cardiovascular risk markers in the attempt to improve the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and the treatment thereof. We investigate double product as a possible cardiovascular risk marker in African and Caucasian men from South Africa. Recent studies have suggested that increased double product values might be an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, investigations on double product and endorgan damage are limited in this population group. The strength of associations between double product and various measurements of end–organ damage, including intima–media thickness, left ventricular hypertrophy and albumin–to–creatinine ratio, are compared with the associations between the more traditional risk factor, systolic blood pressure, and the measurements of end–organ damage. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the usability of double product as a possible cardiovascular risk marker in African and Caucasian men from South Africa. Methodology: The manuscript presented in Chapter 3 made use of the cross–sectional SABPA (Sympathetic Activity and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Africans) study, where 101 urbanised African and 101 Caucasian male school teachers from the North West Province of South Africa were recruited. Anthropometric measurements were taken in triplicate using standard methods. The cardiovascular measurements included 24–hour ambulatory blood pressure and electrocardiogram measurements. Double products were calculated as the product of 24–hour, daytime and night–time mean systolic blood pressure and mean heart rate values. The carotid intima–media thickness was also obtained following the prescribed protocols. A registered nurse collected blood samples and the biochemical measurements were performed by independent laboratories, blinded to the subject’s cardiovascular profile. Means and proportions were compared by standard t–tests and the x2 –tests, respectively. The association between markers of end–organ damage and double product were investigated using single, partial and multiple regression analyses. All p–values <= 0.05 were deemed significant. Results and conclusions: Results from this study showed that Africans displayed significantly higher systolic blood pressure values, heart rate values and subsequent double product values compared to the Caucasians. Despite these significant differences, double product only showed borderline significant correlations with the markers of end–organ damage in African men, while no correlations were evident in Caucasian men. In African men, systolic blood pressure displayed stronger and significant correlations with intimamedia thickness, left ventricular hypertrophy, and albumin–to–creatinine ratio than double product. These findings suggest that double product may not be a good marker of increased risk for end–organ damage and subsequent cardiovascular–related mortality. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Physiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Thesis ((Ph.D. (Physiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.