Orientador: Sergio dos Anjos Ferreira Pinto / Banca: Antonio Marcos Machado de Oliveira / Banca: Archimedes Perez Filho / Resumo: Dentre as diversas formas de erosão, a erosão laminar é um dos principais processos de degradação do solo, acarretando sérios danos ao setor produtivo. Este processo pode ser intensificado devido ao uso inadequado que o homem faz da terra, em especial, nas áreas agrícolas. Para minimizar a degradação ambiental, bem como promover o desenvolvimento sócio-econômico, é necessário a elaboração de um planejamento territorial que vise a manutenção da qualidade do ambiente físico, biológico e social. Tendo a bacia hidrográfica como unidade natural para o planejamento, deve-se considerar que nela estão contidas propriedades rurais, que representam grande barreira ao desenvolvimento das práticas exigidas para a sua gestão, além de colaborar com o processo de erosão dos solos. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo estimar o aporte de sedimentos, resultante da erosão hídrica laminar do solo, considerando a fragmentação da área da bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Monjolo Grande (SP), em termos das propriedades rurais nela contidas, com apoio do modelo preditivo Modificação da Equação Universal de Perda de Solo (MEUPS) e das técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto e Sistemas de Informações Geográficas. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a perda relativa de solo por propriedade é dinâmica no tempo e no espaço, de modo que aquela que apresenta, em relação a outras propriedades, porcentagens elevadas de perda no período chuvoso, não necessariamente manterá a taxa relativa na época de estiagem. Observou-se também que a bacia apresenta elevado grau de sensibilidade ao manejo agrícola das terras, sendo que 13 propriedades rurais (que correspondem a 72% da área da bacia) apresentaram alto potencial a processos erosivos, com perdas de solo acima de limites toleráveis, condicionado pela influência antrópica na área / Abstract: Among various forms of erosion, the laminate erosion is a major soil degradation processes, causing serious damage to the productive sector. This process can be intensified due to inappropriate use man makes of the land, especially in agricultural areas. For to minimize environmental degradation and promote socio-economic development, it is necessary to elaborate a regional planning aimed at maintaining the quality of the physical, biological and social. Considering the watershed as a natural unit for planning, one should consider that it is contained rural properities, which represent cumber to the development of the practices required to manage, and collaborate with the process of soil erosion. In this context, the goal this research has estimate yields of sediment resulting from soil erosion laminar, considering the fragmentation of the area's Monjolo Grande (SP) watershed in terms of rural properties contained therein, with support from predictive model of Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) and the remote sensing and geographic information systems. The results indicated that the relative loss of soil from properties is dynamic in time and space, so that it presents, in relation to other properties, high percentages of loss in the rainy season, not necessarily maintain the relative rate at the time of drought. It was also noted that the watershed has a high sensibility to agricultural management of land, with 13 farms (which represent 72% of the basin area) showed high potential erosion, soil losses above tolerable limits, conditioned by human influence in the area / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:17:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_lh_me_rcla.pdf: 2022527 bytes, checksum: 43db9492f7f5d60ef8062e4b51523fbe (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Dentre as diversas formas de erosão, a erosão laminar é um dos principais processos de degradação do solo, acarretando sérios danos ao setor produtivo. Este processo pode ser intensificado devido ao uso inadequado que o homem faz da terra, em especial, nas áreas agrícolas. Para minimizar a degradação ambiental, bem como promover o desenvolvimento sócio-econômico, é necessário a elaboração de um planejamento territorial que vise a manutenção da qualidade do ambiente físico, biológico e social. Tendo a bacia hidrográfica como unidade natural para o planejamento, deve-se considerar que nela estão contidas propriedades rurais, que representam grande barreira ao desenvolvimento das práticas exigidas para a sua gestão, além de colaborar com o processo de erosão dos solos. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo estimar o aporte de sedimentos, resultante da erosão hídrica laminar do solo, considerando a fragmentação da área da bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Monjolo Grande (SP), em termos das propriedades rurais nela contidas, com apoio do modelo preditivo Modificação da Equação Universal de Perda de Solo (MEUPS) e das técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto e Sistemas de Informações Geográficas. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a perda relativa de solo por propriedade é dinâmica no tempo e no espaço, de modo que aquela que apresenta, em relação a outras propriedades, porcentagens elevadas de perda no período chuvoso, não necessariamente manterá a taxa relativa na época de estiagem. Observou-se também que a bacia apresenta elevado grau de sensibilidade ao manejo agrícola das terras, sendo que 13 propriedades rurais (que correspondem a 72% da área da bacia) apresentaram alto potencial a processos erosivos, com perdas de solo acima de limites toleráveis, condicionado pela influência antrópica na área / Among various forms of erosion, the laminate erosion is a major soil degradation processes, causing serious damage to the productive sector. This process can be intensified due to inappropriate use man makes of the land, especially in agricultural areas. For to minimize environmental degradation and promote socio-economic development, it is necessary to elaborate a regional planning aimed at maintaining the quality of the physical, biological and social. Considering the watershed as a natural unit for planning, one should consider that it is contained rural properities, which represent cumber to the development of the practices required to manage, and collaborate with the process of soil erosion. In this context, the goal this research has estimate yields of sediment resulting from soil erosion laminar, considering the fragmentation of the area’s Monjolo Grande (SP) watershed in terms of rural properties contained therein, with support from predictive model of Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) and the remote sensing and geographic information systems. The results indicated that the relative loss of soil from properties is dynamic in time and space, so that it presents, in relation to other properties, high percentages of loss in the rainy season, not necessarily maintain the relative rate at the time of drought. It was also noted that the watershed has a high sensibility to agricultural management of land, with 13 farms (which represent 72% of the basin area) showed high potential erosion, soil losses above tolerable limits, conditioned by human influence in the area

This study was conducted in two shires of Laidley and Gatton in the Lockyer Valley in 1986. The research method used was a self-administered mail questionnaire sent to four hundred primary producers. The response rate received was 49.5 percent which is quite reasonable for a random sample of a non-specific interest group. The study area was divided into six zones based on the 198 respondents’ assessment of the enterprise from which they derived major income. The main approach of this project was a situational analysis o the Lockyer Valley. Central to this research was identification of the pressure and extent of problems relating to several aspects of land use, notably soil erosion, weed infestation; availability and quality of water and more general community-based problems. The characteristics of farm households, the role of family members in decision-making and tasks related to farm as well as home, were also included in this study. The Lockyer Valley is a major production area of vegetables as well as a mixed farming area. Natural pasture, which was extensively found in Zone 6, was largely used for cattle grazing. Generally, rural women were better educated than their husbands, and the ratio of educational level of husband and wife was higher than previous research findings. A large number of producers and their wives have taken off-farm work, and women tended to spend more time in off-farm employment. Only 6.1 percent of producers’ children had completed tertiary education and the majority of all sons were working on the farm. Partnership was found to be the major type of property ownership and inter-generational transfer of the property was the future plan. The producers who were from a non-farm upbringing and who had already taken up off-farm work intended to leave their properties at some time in the future. With the running of the farm business , 35 percent of rural women worked full-time in partnership with their husbands, and 42 percent worked part-time. However, 23 percent of rural women were homemakers and were not involved in running the farm business. The association between decision-making of husband and wife and situational factors such as ownership, involvement in farm tasks, record-keeping, education, on-farm upbringing and age were analysed. Joint involvement of wives in decision-making was to be related to ownership, farm tasks and record-keeping. However, husbands were more likely to take a major role in decision-making if they were more educated and had an on-farm upbringing. Age was found to be a factor affecting joint decision-making, although this result conflicted with findings of earlier research. The opinions of the farm community in identifying the problems of the specific small area in the Lockyer Valley were revealed. Lantana was the most severe weed problem in the whole catchment. The catchment area also had problems with wattle. The recommended control method of lantana was replacement by improved pasture, but it was adopted by few primary producers. Soil erosion in the form of gullies, bank erosion, sheet erosion, salinity and flooding were some of the problems perceived by the local community. Regular ‘slash and burn’ was practised by most of the producers. This is one of the causes of land degradation. Bore, creek and river, and dam were the main water sources for farm supply and irrigation. Only 60 percent of bored had adequate water supply and good water quality. Farm dam and creek/river sources were less reliable due to the inadequate availability of water. Consequently, operators at about half the cropped farms had to stop growing some vegetables which were previously commercially successful. Within the context of farm family needs, emphasis was placed on conservation of water, because of the erosion and water problems. The community’s opinion on community development activities emphasised the involvement of farm families. Finally, suggestions for the extension program which should be emphasised on rural development by means of community participation were included. The bases for further studies was also provided in this report.

This study was conducted in two shires of Laidley and Gatton in the Lockyer Valley in 1986. The research method used was a self-administered mail questionnaire sent to four hundred primary producers. The response rate received was 49.5 percent which is quite reasonable for a random sample of a non-specific interest group. The study area was divided into six zones based on the 198 respondents’ assessment of the enterprise from which they derived major income. The main approach of this project was a situational analysis o the Lockyer Valley. Central to this research was identification of the pressure and extent of problems relating to several aspects of land use, notably soil erosion, weed infestation; availability and quality of water and more general community-based problems. The characteristics of farm households, the role of family members in decision-making and tasks related to farm as well as home, were also included in this study. The Lockyer Valley is a major production area of vegetables as well as a mixed farming area. Natural pasture, which was extensively found in Zone 6, was largely used for cattle grazing. Generally, rural women were better educated than their husbands, and the ratio of educational level of husband and wife was higher than previous research findings. A large number of producers and their wives have taken off-farm work, and women tended to spend more time in off-farm employment. Only 6.1 percent of producers’ children had completed tertiary education and the majority of all sons were working on the farm. Partnership was found to be the major type of property ownership and inter-generational transfer of the property was the future plan. The producers who were from a non-farm upbringing and who had already taken up off-farm work intended to leave their properties at some time in the future. With the running of the farm business , 35 percent of rural women worked full-time in partnership with their husbands, and 42 percent worked part-time. However, 23 percent of rural women were homemakers and were not involved in running the farm business. The association between decision-making of husband and wife and situational factors such as ownership, involvement in farm tasks, record-keeping, education, on-farm upbringing and age were analysed. Joint involvement of wives in decision-making was to be related to ownership, farm tasks and record-keeping. However, husbands were more likely to take a major role in decision-making if they were more educated and had an on-farm upbringing. Age was found to be a factor affecting joint decision-making, although this result conflicted with findings of earlier research. The opinions of the farm community in identifying the problems of the specific small area in the Lockyer Valley were revealed. Lantana was the most severe weed problem in the whole catchment. The catchment area also had problems with wattle. The recommended control method of lantana was replacement by improved pasture, but it was adopted by few primary producers. Soil erosion in the form of gullies, bank erosion, sheet erosion, salinity and flooding were some of the problems perceived by the local community. Regular ‘slash and burn’ was practised by most of the producers. This is one of the causes of land degradation. Bore, creek and river, and dam were the main water sources for farm supply and irrigation. Only 60 percent of bored had adequate water supply and good water quality. Farm dam and creek/river sources were less reliable due to the inadequate availability of water. Consequently, operators at about half the cropped farms had to stop growing some vegetables which were previously commercially successful. Within the context of farm family needs, emphasis was placed on conservation of water, because of the erosion and water problems. The community’s opinion on community development activities emphasised the involvement of farm families. Finally, suggestions for the extension program which should be emphasised on rural development by means of community participation were included. The bases for further studies was also provided in this report.

<p>Field-edge buffers are a promising way to address nonpoint source pollution from agricultural runoff, but concentrated runoff flow often renders standard fixed-width linear buffers ineffective. AgBufferBuilder (ABB) is a tool within ESRI ArcMap Geographic Information Systems software that designs and evaluates targeted, nonlinear buffers based on hydrologic modeling and other field-specific parameters. We tested ABB on n=45 Areas of Interest (AOIs) stratified based on estimated sediment loading across three sub-watersheds within Michigan’s Saginaw Bay watershed to evaluate the effectiveness of ABB relative to existing practices across a wide range of landscape conditions. We modeled tractor movement around ABB buffer designs to assess more realistic versions of the likely final designs. ABB regularly failed to deliver the desired 75% sediment capture rate using default 9 m x 9 m output raster resolution, with Proposed buffers capturing from 0% to 68.49% of sediment within a given AOI (mean=37.56%). Differences in sediment capture between Proposed and Existing buffers (measured as Proposed – Existing) ranged from -48% to 66.81% of sediment (mean=24.70%). Proposed buffers were estimated to capture more sediment than Existing buffers in 37 of 45 AOIs, representing potential for real improvements over Existing buffers across the wider landscape. In 13 of 45 AOIs, ABB buffers modified for tractor movement captured more sediment than Existing buffers using less total buffer area. We conducted a collaborative design process with three Saginaw Bay watershed farmers to assess their willingness to implement ABB designs. Feedback indicated farmers may prefer in-field erosion control practices like cover cropping and grassed waterways over field-edge ABB designs. More farmer input is needed to better assess farmer perspectives on ABB buffers and to identify preferred data-based design alternatives. Engineered drainage systems with raised ditch berms and upslope catch basins piped underground directly into ditches were encountered several times during site visits. ABB only models surface flow and does not recognize drain output flow entering waterways. Modified ABB functionality that models buffers around drain inlets would greatly improve its functionality on drained sites. This may be accomplishable through modification of user-entered AOI margins but requires further investigation. Unfortunately, the existing tool is built for outdated software and is not widely accessible to non-expert users. We suggest that an update of this tool with additional functionality and user accessibility would be a useful addition in the toolbox of conservation professionals in agricultural landscapes.</p>

This research work concentrate on developing digital soil maps to support field based plant phenotyping research. We have developed soil organic matter content (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), natural soil drainage class, and tile drainage line maps using topographic indices and aerial imagery. Various prediction models (universal kriging, cubist, random forest, C5.0, artificial neural network, and multinomial logistic regression) were used to estimate the soil properties of interest.