• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 111
  • 52
  • 19
  • 17
  • 11
  • 9
  • 7
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 267
  • 127
  • 70
  • 54
  • 48
  • 36
  • 31
  • 26
  • 25
  • 25
  • 24
  • 23
  • 22
  • 22
  • 21
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Medicinal chemistry perspectives on a bacterial receptor mediated process : virulence in Agrobacterium tumefaciens /

Duban, Mark-Eugene. January 2003 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, June 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.
72

Mechanism of signal integration and transmission mediating virulence induction in A tumefaciens /

Wang, Yulei. January 1999 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Chemistry, August 1999. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.
73

Mikrobieller Abbau von Iminodisuccinat

Cokesa, Željko. Unknown Date (has links) (PDF)
Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Stuttgart.
74

Obtenção de plantas estavelmente transformadas pelo sistema integrado bombardeamento /Agrobacterium e análise funcional dos genes que codificam as ureases estruturais da soja

Strohm, Beatriz Wiebke January 2010 (has links)
As urease de plantas catalisam a hidrólise da ureia e apresentam efeitos tóxicos a fungos patogênicos e insetos fitófagos. Em soja [Glycine max L. Merrill] foram descritas duas ureases estruturais: a embrião-específica, codificada pelo gene Eu1, e a ubíqua, codificada pelo gene Eu4. Sabe-se que a urease embrião-específica purificada apresenta efeito inibitório sobre o crescimento in vitro de fungos filamentosos e desenvolvimento de insetos. A urease ubíqua é responsável pela reciclagem de toda a ureia proveniente do metabolismo, mas não há informações sobre seu envolvimento no sistema de defesa das plantas. A transformação genética é uma ferramenta importante em estudos de genômica funcional e, portanto, a disponibilidade de sistemas eficientes é um pré-requisito essencial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a obtenção de plantas estavelmente transformadas a partir de embriões somáticos de soja submetidos ao sistema integrado bombardeamento/Agrobacterium, bem como a identificação e caracterização funcional dos genes que codificam as ureases estruturais de soja, especialmente a urease ubíqua em relação aos processos de resposta a fungos patogênicos. Inicialmente, testamos a eficiência de transformação de embriões somáticos secundários por um método que combina o bombardeamento de partículas livres de DNA com o sistema Agrobacterium. Plantas transgênicas férteis foram regeneradas de vários experimentos independentes de transformação utilizando diferentes plasmídios. Posteriormente, foi realizada a caracterização dos genes que codificam ureases presentes no genoma da soja. O gene Eu4 apresentou um padrão de expressão diferencial para genótipos suscetível e resistente ao longo do período de infecção por Phakopsora pachyrhizi, o agente etiológico da ferrugem asiática. Plantas transgênicas foram geradas visando a superexpressão de Eu4. Contudo, apenas uma planta apresentou níveis aumentados de expressão desse gene, enquanto que as demais plantas apresentaram o fenômeno de co-supressão dos genes endógeno e transgene. Avaliou-se o crescimento vegetativo dos fungos Rhizoctonia solani, Phomopsis sp., Fusarium solani, Colletotrichum gossypii e Penicillium herguei em meio de cultura contendo extrato protéico bruto de plantas transgênicas expressando maiores e menores níveis de urease e de plantas não-transgênicas. O crescimento dos fungos foi inversamente proporcional a quantidade da urease presente no extrato protéico das plantas. Quando infectadas por uredósporos de P. pachyrhizi, folhas destacadas das plantas co-suprimidas desenvolveram um número significativamente maior de lesões, pústulas e pústulas abetas do que folhas com níveis normais da enzima. Em conjunto estes resultados indicam um 15 importante envolvimento da urease ubíqua da soja na resposta à infecção da planta por fungos patogênicos. Além disso, um terceiro gene que codifica urease foi encontrado no banco de dados com a sequência completa do genoma da soja. O gene foi denominado Eu5 e seu produto SBU-III. A análise filogenética mostra que SBU-III está fortemente relacionada à isoforma embrião-específica. Apesar da grande similaridade na seqüência primária da proteína, SBU-III apresenta uma mutação em um aminoácido altamente conservado entre as ureases, sugerindo ausência da atividade ureolítica. O padrão de expressão do gene Eu5 em diferentes órgãos e estágios de desenvolvimento foi determinado por RT-qPCR. Transcritos foram detectados em sementes um dia após a quebra de dormência, em raízes de plantas jovens e em embriões em desenvolvimento. As evidências sugerem que SBU-III não está envolvida na disponibilização de nitrogênio para as plantas, mas esta pode ter função de defesa. / Plants ureases catalyze urea hydrolysis and display toxic effects against pathogenic fungi and phytophagous insects. For soybean [Glycine max L. Merrill] two structural ureases have been described: the embryo-specific, encoded by Eu1 gene, and the ubiquitous, encoded by Eu4 gene. The toxic property of purified embryo-specific urease against filamentous fungi and insects was demonstrated in vitro. The ubiquitous urease is responsible for recycling all metabolically-derived urea, but there were no information about its putative defense role. Plant genetic transformation offers significant advancement in functional genomics. Therefore an efficient transformation system is required. This study aims to obtain stable transformed plants derived from somatic embryos submitted to the integrated bombardment/ Agrobacterium system, as well as identify and functionally characterize the soybean structural urease-encoding genes, specially the ubiquitous urease gene response to fungi. First, the transformation of soybean proliferating somatic embryos by a procedure that combines DNA-free particle bombardment and Agrobacterium was evaluated. Transgenic fertile plants were recovered from many transformation experiments using different plasmids. After, a study of ureases enconding genes present in the soybean genome was carried out. In the present work, Eu4 gene showed a differential expression pattern in susceptible and resistant genotypes over the course of Phakopsora pachyrhizi infection, the Asian rust causal agent. Transgenic plants aiming Eu4 overexpression were obtained. However, a single transgenic plant exhibited Eu4 overexpression, whereas the other ones showed co-suppression of endogenous and transgenes urease genes. The growth of Rhizoctonia solani, Phomopsis sp., Fusarium solani, Colletotrichum gossypii and Penicillium herguei in media containing crude protein extract from either transgenic or non-transgenic leaves was evaluated. Fugal growth was inversely proportional to ubiquitous urease amount in plant crude extracts. When infected by P. pachyrhizi uredospores, detached leaves of co-suppressed plants developed a significantly higher number of lesions, pustules and erupted pustules than leaves containing normal levels of the enzyme. These results suggested an important role of soybean ubiquitous urease in plant response against fungal infection. Furthermore, by searching the completed soybean genome sequence, a third urease-encoding locus was identified. The gene was designated Eu5 and its product, SBU-III. Phylogenetic analysis shows that SBU-III is closely related to the embryo-specific isoform. Although a high similarity in amino acid sequence was observed, a mutation in a highly conserved residue suggests absence of ureolytic activity. Expression profile of Eu5 gene in different organs and developmental stages was determined by RT-qPCR. Transcripts were detected in seeds one day after dormancy break, roots of young plants and embryos of developing seeds. Evidences suggest that SBU-III may not be involved in nitrogen availability to plants, but a defense role was proposed.
75

Caracterização genômica e funcional da Β-N-Acetilglicosaminidases de Metarhizium anisopliae

Oliveira, Eder Silva de January 2016 (has links)
A degradação de quitina é importante para o remodelamento da parede celular em fungos filamentosos e crucial para o rompimento da cutícula de hospedeiros artrópodes durante a infecção de fungos entomopatogênicos. Além disso a quitina é uma importante fonte nutricional. Para que a quitina possa ser eficientemente utilizada, a atividade de b-Nacetilglicosaminidases (NAGases) deve estar presente. Após a ação de quitinases sobre a quitina, gerando dímeros de N-acetilglicosamina (GlcNAc)2, NAGases hidrolisam suas ligações β-1-4 produzindo GlcNAc livre. Fungos filamentosos possuem, em média, 15 a 25 quitinases, mas somente duas NAGases, o que leva a questões sobre a real importância destas enzimas. Em escala genômica, foram identificadas no fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae duas NAGases da família GH20 (MaNAG1 e MaNAG2) e duas NAGases da família GH3 (MaNAG3 e MaNAG4) das glicosil hidrolases. Análises filogenéticas sugerem subsequentes duplicações ocorrendo principalmente no clado de MaNAG2, resultando na presença de ortólogos em um amplo espectro de ascomicetos com diferentes estilos de vida. MaNAG1 agrupou majoritariamente com espécies entomopatogênicas. MaNAG3 e MaNAG4 apresentaram alta similaridade de sequências e conservação de domínios com NAGases GH3 de bactérias O perfil transcricional dos genes das NAGases GH20 e GH3 foi avaliado por qPCR, em oito diferentes condições de cultivo, representando diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento ou diferentes estados nutricionais. As NAGases apresentaram perfis de transcrição diferenciais em resposta às diferentes condições, indicando a ausência de um padrão de regulação gênica em comum. Os perfis de expressão variáveis também sugerem que elas não devem possuir funções totalmente redundantes. Ensaios de transcrição relativa mostraram a indução da expressão de MaNAG1, MaNAG2 e MaNAG4 por quitina 1%, enquanto MaNAG3 foi induzida em meio suplementado com GlcNAc 0,25%. As relações evolutivas de MaNAG3 e MaNAG4 e a regulação de suas expressões por substratos quitinosos são a primeira evidência do envolvimento de NAGases GH3 em processos celulares fisiológicos em ascomicetos, apontando para sua potencial relevância na diferenciação celular durante o ciclo de vida de M. anisopliae. Com o objetivo de avançar no estudo funcional das NAGases de M. anisopliae, foram gerados vetores para a construção de mutantes nulos para os quatro genes de NAGases e linhagens transformantes foram obtidas utilizando-se a metodologia de transformação de fungos mediada por Agrobacterium tumefaciens. / Chitin degradation is important for filamentous fungi cell wall remodeling and, in entomopathogenic fungi, this process is pivotal for breaching the arthropod host cuticles during infection. Chitin is an important nutrient and to be efficiently used, β-Nacetylglucosaminidases (NAGases) activity must be present. After chitinase action on chitin generating N-acetylglucosamine dimers (GlcNAc)2, NAGases hydrolyze theirs β-1-4 linkages producing free GlcNAc. Filamentous fungi have between 15 to 25 chitinases, but only two NAGases; then, questions arise about the actual importance of these enzymes. On a genomic scale, were identified in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae two GH20 NAGases (MaNAG1 and MaNAG2) and two GH3 NAGases (MaNAG3 and MaNAG4) from glycoside hydrolases. Phylogenetic analysis suggested subsequent duplications occurring mainly in MaNAG2 clade, resulting in ortholog clusters in several ascomycetes with a broad range life style. MaNAG1 clusters mostly with entomopathogenic species clades. MaNAG3 and MaNAG4 showed high sequence similarity and domain conservation with bacterial GH3 NAGases Transcriptional profiles of GH20 and GH3 NAGase genes were evaluated by qPCR from eight culture conditions, representing different stages of development and different nutritional states. NAGases showed differential transcript profiles in response to different conditions, indicating an absence of a common gene regulation pattern. The variable expression profiles also suggest they may not have totally redundant roles. Relative transcription assays showed MaNAG1, MaNAG2 and MaNAG4 expression induction by chitin 1%, while MaNAG3 was induced in medium supplemented with GlcNAc 0.25%. Evolutionary relationships of MaNAG3 and MaNAG4 and their expression regulated by chitinous substrates are the first evidence of GH3 NAGases involvement in physiological cell process in entomopathogenic fungi, therefore, pointing to potential relevance on cell differentiation during M. anisopliae life cycle. In order to proceed on functional studies of M. anisopliae NAGases, vectors were constructed to produce knockout mutants for four NAGases genes and transformant strains were obtained by using fungi transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
76

Tvorba vektorů pro rezistenci u rostlin

Žďárská, Ivona January 2012 (has links)
No description available.
77

Caracterização genômica e funcional da Β-N-Acetilglicosaminidases de Metarhizium anisopliae

Oliveira, Eder Silva de January 2016 (has links)
A degradação de quitina é importante para o remodelamento da parede celular em fungos filamentosos e crucial para o rompimento da cutícula de hospedeiros artrópodes durante a infecção de fungos entomopatogênicos. Além disso a quitina é uma importante fonte nutricional. Para que a quitina possa ser eficientemente utilizada, a atividade de b-Nacetilglicosaminidases (NAGases) deve estar presente. Após a ação de quitinases sobre a quitina, gerando dímeros de N-acetilglicosamina (GlcNAc)2, NAGases hidrolisam suas ligações β-1-4 produzindo GlcNAc livre. Fungos filamentosos possuem, em média, 15 a 25 quitinases, mas somente duas NAGases, o que leva a questões sobre a real importância destas enzimas. Em escala genômica, foram identificadas no fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae duas NAGases da família GH20 (MaNAG1 e MaNAG2) e duas NAGases da família GH3 (MaNAG3 e MaNAG4) das glicosil hidrolases. Análises filogenéticas sugerem subsequentes duplicações ocorrendo principalmente no clado de MaNAG2, resultando na presença de ortólogos em um amplo espectro de ascomicetos com diferentes estilos de vida. MaNAG1 agrupou majoritariamente com espécies entomopatogênicas. MaNAG3 e MaNAG4 apresentaram alta similaridade de sequências e conservação de domínios com NAGases GH3 de bactérias O perfil transcricional dos genes das NAGases GH20 e GH3 foi avaliado por qPCR, em oito diferentes condições de cultivo, representando diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento ou diferentes estados nutricionais. As NAGases apresentaram perfis de transcrição diferenciais em resposta às diferentes condições, indicando a ausência de um padrão de regulação gênica em comum. Os perfis de expressão variáveis também sugerem que elas não devem possuir funções totalmente redundantes. Ensaios de transcrição relativa mostraram a indução da expressão de MaNAG1, MaNAG2 e MaNAG4 por quitina 1%, enquanto MaNAG3 foi induzida em meio suplementado com GlcNAc 0,25%. As relações evolutivas de MaNAG3 e MaNAG4 e a regulação de suas expressões por substratos quitinosos são a primeira evidência do envolvimento de NAGases GH3 em processos celulares fisiológicos em ascomicetos, apontando para sua potencial relevância na diferenciação celular durante o ciclo de vida de M. anisopliae. Com o objetivo de avançar no estudo funcional das NAGases de M. anisopliae, foram gerados vetores para a construção de mutantes nulos para os quatro genes de NAGases e linhagens transformantes foram obtidas utilizando-se a metodologia de transformação de fungos mediada por Agrobacterium tumefaciens. / Chitin degradation is important for filamentous fungi cell wall remodeling and, in entomopathogenic fungi, this process is pivotal for breaching the arthropod host cuticles during infection. Chitin is an important nutrient and to be efficiently used, β-Nacetylglucosaminidases (NAGases) activity must be present. After chitinase action on chitin generating N-acetylglucosamine dimers (GlcNAc)2, NAGases hydrolyze theirs β-1-4 linkages producing free GlcNAc. Filamentous fungi have between 15 to 25 chitinases, but only two NAGases; then, questions arise about the actual importance of these enzymes. On a genomic scale, were identified in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae two GH20 NAGases (MaNAG1 and MaNAG2) and two GH3 NAGases (MaNAG3 and MaNAG4) from glycoside hydrolases. Phylogenetic analysis suggested subsequent duplications occurring mainly in MaNAG2 clade, resulting in ortholog clusters in several ascomycetes with a broad range life style. MaNAG1 clusters mostly with entomopathogenic species clades. MaNAG3 and MaNAG4 showed high sequence similarity and domain conservation with bacterial GH3 NAGases Transcriptional profiles of GH20 and GH3 NAGase genes were evaluated by qPCR from eight culture conditions, representing different stages of development and different nutritional states. NAGases showed differential transcript profiles in response to different conditions, indicating an absence of a common gene regulation pattern. The variable expression profiles also suggest they may not have totally redundant roles. Relative transcription assays showed MaNAG1, MaNAG2 and MaNAG4 expression induction by chitin 1%, while MaNAG3 was induced in medium supplemented with GlcNAc 0.25%. Evolutionary relationships of MaNAG3 and MaNAG4 and their expression regulated by chitinous substrates are the first evidence of GH3 NAGases involvement in physiological cell process in entomopathogenic fungi, therefore, pointing to potential relevance on cell differentiation during M. anisopliae life cycle. In order to proceed on functional studies of M. anisopliae NAGases, vectors were constructed to produce knockout mutants for four NAGases genes and transformant strains were obtained by using fungi transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
78

Obtenção de plantas estavelmente transformadas pelo sistema integrado bombardeamento /Agrobacterium e análise funcional dos genes que codificam as ureases estruturais da soja

Strohm, Beatriz Wiebke January 2010 (has links)
As urease de plantas catalisam a hidrólise da ureia e apresentam efeitos tóxicos a fungos patogênicos e insetos fitófagos. Em soja [Glycine max L. Merrill] foram descritas duas ureases estruturais: a embrião-específica, codificada pelo gene Eu1, e a ubíqua, codificada pelo gene Eu4. Sabe-se que a urease embrião-específica purificada apresenta efeito inibitório sobre o crescimento in vitro de fungos filamentosos e desenvolvimento de insetos. A urease ubíqua é responsável pela reciclagem de toda a ureia proveniente do metabolismo, mas não há informações sobre seu envolvimento no sistema de defesa das plantas. A transformação genética é uma ferramenta importante em estudos de genômica funcional e, portanto, a disponibilidade de sistemas eficientes é um pré-requisito essencial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a obtenção de plantas estavelmente transformadas a partir de embriões somáticos de soja submetidos ao sistema integrado bombardeamento/Agrobacterium, bem como a identificação e caracterização funcional dos genes que codificam as ureases estruturais de soja, especialmente a urease ubíqua em relação aos processos de resposta a fungos patogênicos. Inicialmente, testamos a eficiência de transformação de embriões somáticos secundários por um método que combina o bombardeamento de partículas livres de DNA com o sistema Agrobacterium. Plantas transgênicas férteis foram regeneradas de vários experimentos independentes de transformação utilizando diferentes plasmídios. Posteriormente, foi realizada a caracterização dos genes que codificam ureases presentes no genoma da soja. O gene Eu4 apresentou um padrão de expressão diferencial para genótipos suscetível e resistente ao longo do período de infecção por Phakopsora pachyrhizi, o agente etiológico da ferrugem asiática. Plantas transgênicas foram geradas visando a superexpressão de Eu4. Contudo, apenas uma planta apresentou níveis aumentados de expressão desse gene, enquanto que as demais plantas apresentaram o fenômeno de co-supressão dos genes endógeno e transgene. Avaliou-se o crescimento vegetativo dos fungos Rhizoctonia solani, Phomopsis sp., Fusarium solani, Colletotrichum gossypii e Penicillium herguei em meio de cultura contendo extrato protéico bruto de plantas transgênicas expressando maiores e menores níveis de urease e de plantas não-transgênicas. O crescimento dos fungos foi inversamente proporcional a quantidade da urease presente no extrato protéico das plantas. Quando infectadas por uredósporos de P. pachyrhizi, folhas destacadas das plantas co-suprimidas desenvolveram um número significativamente maior de lesões, pústulas e pústulas abetas do que folhas com níveis normais da enzima. Em conjunto estes resultados indicam um 15 importante envolvimento da urease ubíqua da soja na resposta à infecção da planta por fungos patogênicos. Além disso, um terceiro gene que codifica urease foi encontrado no banco de dados com a sequência completa do genoma da soja. O gene foi denominado Eu5 e seu produto SBU-III. A análise filogenética mostra que SBU-III está fortemente relacionada à isoforma embrião-específica. Apesar da grande similaridade na seqüência primária da proteína, SBU-III apresenta uma mutação em um aminoácido altamente conservado entre as ureases, sugerindo ausência da atividade ureolítica. O padrão de expressão do gene Eu5 em diferentes órgãos e estágios de desenvolvimento foi determinado por RT-qPCR. Transcritos foram detectados em sementes um dia após a quebra de dormência, em raízes de plantas jovens e em embriões em desenvolvimento. As evidências sugerem que SBU-III não está envolvida na disponibilização de nitrogênio para as plantas, mas esta pode ter função de defesa. / Plants ureases catalyze urea hydrolysis and display toxic effects against pathogenic fungi and phytophagous insects. For soybean [Glycine max L. Merrill] two structural ureases have been described: the embryo-specific, encoded by Eu1 gene, and the ubiquitous, encoded by Eu4 gene. The toxic property of purified embryo-specific urease against filamentous fungi and insects was demonstrated in vitro. The ubiquitous urease is responsible for recycling all metabolically-derived urea, but there were no information about its putative defense role. Plant genetic transformation offers significant advancement in functional genomics. Therefore an efficient transformation system is required. This study aims to obtain stable transformed plants derived from somatic embryos submitted to the integrated bombardment/ Agrobacterium system, as well as identify and functionally characterize the soybean structural urease-encoding genes, specially the ubiquitous urease gene response to fungi. First, the transformation of soybean proliferating somatic embryos by a procedure that combines DNA-free particle bombardment and Agrobacterium was evaluated. Transgenic fertile plants were recovered from many transformation experiments using different plasmids. After, a study of ureases enconding genes present in the soybean genome was carried out. In the present work, Eu4 gene showed a differential expression pattern in susceptible and resistant genotypes over the course of Phakopsora pachyrhizi infection, the Asian rust causal agent. Transgenic plants aiming Eu4 overexpression were obtained. However, a single transgenic plant exhibited Eu4 overexpression, whereas the other ones showed co-suppression of endogenous and transgenes urease genes. The growth of Rhizoctonia solani, Phomopsis sp., Fusarium solani, Colletotrichum gossypii and Penicillium herguei in media containing crude protein extract from either transgenic or non-transgenic leaves was evaluated. Fugal growth was inversely proportional to ubiquitous urease amount in plant crude extracts. When infected by P. pachyrhizi uredospores, detached leaves of co-suppressed plants developed a significantly higher number of lesions, pustules and erupted pustules than leaves containing normal levels of the enzyme. These results suggested an important role of soybean ubiquitous urease in plant response against fungal infection. Furthermore, by searching the completed soybean genome sequence, a third urease-encoding locus was identified. The gene was designated Eu5 and its product, SBU-III. Phylogenetic analysis shows that SBU-III is closely related to the embryo-specific isoform. Although a high similarity in amino acid sequence was observed, a mutation in a highly conserved residue suggests absence of ureolytic activity. Expression profile of Eu5 gene in different organs and developmental stages was determined by RT-qPCR. Transcripts were detected in seeds one day after dormancy break, roots of young plants and embryos of developing seeds. Evidences suggest that SBU-III may not be involved in nitrogen availability to plants, but a defense role was proposed.
79

Isolation, expression and purification of the hydantoin hydrolysing enzymes of agrobacterium tumefaciens

Clark, Sally-Ann January 2003 (has links)
The production of enantiomerically pure amino acids is of industrial importance as they are used in the synthesis of a number of pharmaceuticals, insecticides and herbicides and biologically active peptides and hormones. A number of microorganisms have been identified which possess hydantoin hydrolysing enzymes that stereoselectively convert racemic hydantoins into anantiomerically pure amino acids. Consequently these microorganisms and their enzymes are sought after as biocatalysts for the production of amino acids. The isolation of novel hydantoin hydrolising enzymes with unique or improved biocatalytic characteristics is of importance for the development of potential biocatalysts to be used in the production of enantiomerically pure amino acids. The genes encoding an N-carbamoyl-amino acid amidohydrolase, an enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of hydantoin, was isolated by screening a genomic DNA library of Agrobacterium tumefacience RU-AE01. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the region upstream of this gene revealed a fragment of a gene encoding the hydantoinase enzyme. I this study, a DNA probe consisting of the gene encoding the N-carbamoyl amino acid amidohydrolase, on a large enough fragment of the genomic DNA library which would allow for the simultaneous isolation the hydantoinase gene located upstream. Recombinant expression of the genes encoding hydantoin hydrolysing enzymes has been used to facilitate the production and purification of these enzymes for their use as biocatalysts. Two genes (ncaR1 and ncaR2) encoding different N-carbamoyl-amino acid amidohydrolases with distinct nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were isolated from the genome of A, tumefaciens RU-OR. In this study, the heterologous expression of ncaR1 and ncaR2 was explored. Investigation into the optimisation of the heterologous expression of ncaR1 showed that reducing the growth temperature of the recombinant E. coli producing NcaR1 resulted in a two-fold increase in N-carbamoyl-amino acid amidohydrolase activity and solubility. Furthermore, NcaR1 was produced with a C-terminal 6xHis tag, but NcaR1-6xHis did not possess N-carbamoyl amino acid amidohydrolase activity. Furthermore, purification of NcaR-6xHis under native conditions using affinity chromatography performed, and used for the production of antibodies.
80

Development of a hydantoin-hydrolysing biocatalyst for the production of optically pure amino acids using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain RU-ORPN1

Foster, Ingrid Margaret January 2004 (has links)
A calcium alginate bead-immobilised biocatalyst was developed utilising the D-hydantoinase and D-N-carbamoylase from a novel, mutant Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain RU-ORPN1. The growth conditions for the inducer-independent strain were optimised for production of hydantoinase and N-carbamoylase activities. Methods for the preparation of crude enzyme extracts were evaluated in terms of hydantoinase and N-carbamoylase activities produced. After comparison of the enzyme activities and stabilities in various extracts from fresh and frozen cells, sonication of frozen cells for 5 minutes was found to be the best method for the production of the enzyme extract. The optimal pH and temperature for the hydantoinase activity were pH 10 and 30°C, respectively, while pH 9 and 40°C were optimal for Ncarbamoylase activity. The hydantoinase activity was enhanced by the addition of Mg^(2+) ions to the enzyme extract and the N-carbamoylase was enhanced by the addition of Mg^(2+), Mn^(2+) or Zn^(2+) ions to the enzyme extract. The enzyme activities increased in the presence of ATP suggesting that the enzymes may be ATP-dependent. The addition of DTT and PMSF to the enzyme extract enhanced the hydantoinase activity but had no effect on the N-carbamoylase activity. The N-carbamoylase was unstable at 40°C and was almost completely inactivated after 24 hours incubation at this temperature. The hydantoinase and N-carbamoylase appeared to be insoluble. Various techniques were investigated for the solubilisation of the enzymes including various cell lysis methods, cell lysis at extremes of pH and ionic strength, addition of a reducing agent and protease inhibitors, and treatment with hydrolysing enzymes and detergents. Treatment with Triton X-100 was most effective for the solubilisation of the enzymes indicating that the enzymes were membrane-bound. Hydropathy and transmembrane prediction plots of the predicted amino acid sequences for two identified N-carbamoylase genes from A. tumefaciens RU-ORPN1 revealed possible transmembrane regions in the amino acid sequences, and thus supported the hypothesis that the enzymes were membrane-bound. Various methods were evaluated for the immobilisation of the enzymes in whole cells and enzyme extracts. Immobilisation of the enzyme extract in calcium alginate beads was found to be the best method in terms of enzyme activity retention and stability. The hydantoinase retained 55% activity while the N-carbamoylase exhibited a remarkable sevenfold increase in activity after immobilisation by this method. Furthermore, the hydantoinase activity increased after storage at 4°C for 21 days, while the N-carbamoylase retained 30% activity after this storage period. The calcium alginate bead-immobilised enzymes were further biochemically characterised and then applied in a bioreactor system for the production of D-hydroxyphenylglycine (D-HPG) from D,L-5-hydroxyphenylhydantoin (D,L-5-HPH). The pH and temperature optima for the immobilised hydantoinase were pH 7 and 50°C, respectively, while pH 8 and 40°C were optimal for the immobilised N-carbamoylase enzyme. The immobilised enzymes showed improved thermostability at 40°C in comparison to the free enzymes and retained high levels of activity after five repeated batch reactions. Low levels of conversion were obtained in a packed-bed bioreactor containing the A. tumefaciens RU-ORPN1 biocatalyst due to the low hydantoinase activity present in the strain, relative to N-carbamoylase. A novel, packed-bed bioreactor system was therefore developed for the production of D-HPG from D,L-5-HPH using the A. tumefaciens biocatalyst in combination with a Pseudomonas sp. biocatalyst having high hydantoinase activity. A conversion yield of 22 to 30% was achieved for the production of D-HPG from D,L-5-HPH over 5 days operation demonstrating that the hydantoin-hydrolysing enzymes from A. tumefaciens RU-ORPN1 could be stabilised by immobilisation and, in combination with a biocatalyst with high hydantoinase activity, could be applied to the fully enzymatic conversion of D,L-5-HPH to D-HPG.

Page generated in 0.0739 seconds