Thesis (M.S.)--Cleveland State University, 2008. / Abstract. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Apr. 30, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-101). Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center. Also available in print.

Thesis (M.S.V.)--University of Toledo, 2004. / Typescript. "A thesis [submitted] as partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Science degree in Civil Engineering." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-91).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. / Committee Chair: Armistead G. Russell; Committee Member: Athanasios Nenes; Committee Member: M. Talat Odman; Committee Member: Michael Bergin; Committee Member: Yuhang Wang.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-207). Also available in print.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)(Geography)--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Title from opening screen (viewed 13 December 2005). Includes summary. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. / Dr. Michael E. Chang, Committee Member ; Dr. Michael H. Bergin, Committee Member ; Dr. Paige E. Tolbert, Committee Member ; Dr. James A. Mulholland, Committee Member ; Dr. Armistead G. Russell, Committee Chair.

Thesis (M. S.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. / Dr. Armistead Russell, Committee Chair ; Dr. James Mulholland, Committee Member ; Dr. Michael Bergin, Committee Member.

Identification of airborne pollutant sources and estimation of source contributions to air quality ‘hot spots’ are very important in ambient air quality management. Social, economical, political and legal constraints on air quality management demand a convenient and accurate method for attributing air pollution sources to the ‘hot spots’. In this PhD research degree project, an automatic air pollution monitoring station was set up on the library roof at the University of Abertay Dundee to monitor urban background air quality in Dundee. Concentrations of the particulate with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 pm (PMio), the total suspended particulate (TSP), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) as well as wind speed, wind direction, ambient temperature and total rainfall were measured continuously for one year. The chemical components of PM10 and TSP, calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), sulphate (SO42'), nitrate (NO3'), chloride (C1‘), ammonium (NH/), sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) were analysed in the laboratory. Additionally, the inventories of atmospheric emission sources in Dundee were investigated in detail in order to satisfy the needs of air dispersion model. A new software package for the atmospheric dispersion models was also developed by the author using Microsoft Visual C++. In contrast to other available software packages, this package offers a choice of different atmospheric models. The user may select a model according to the situation prevailing and the available parameters. The package for the atmospheric dispersion models was used to simulate transport of airborne pollutants in Dundee. Performance of the models was evaluated using the data gathered at the monitoring station and atmospheric emission inventories. The contributions of various air pollution sources of NOx and PM10 measured at the station were estimated. The receptor model was used to discriminate airborne pollutant emission sources and quantitatively apportion PM10 measured at the station to these sources. The results from the atmospheric dispersion model and the receptor model were compared and used in a complementary manner. A new methodology that combines the features of the receptor oriented and source oriented models, and supplements and corrects the two modelling approaches has been developed. The applicability of the methodology has been tested against the gathered air quality and source emission data in Dundee. The following outputs from the research work are completely novel: • A comprehensive database that consists of concentrations of gaseous pollutants and particulates, chemical compositions of particulates, weather conditions and atmospheric emission inventories. • A new software package for modelling atmospheric dispersion. This was programmed using Microsoft Visual C++. In contrast to other available commercial packages, the models embedded in the package include a modified hybrid plume dispersion model and a ground level release dispersion model that incorporate recent advances in the understanding of planetary boundary layer and atmospheric dispersion. They also include the conventional Gaussian plume dispersion model that is still generally used. The user may select different models according to the prevailing situation and the available parameters when applying the package. • The use of error estimate in ‘weighting’ the data of element matrix and complementary use of subjective information in receptor model trials. • A new methodology that complements atmospheric dispersion and receptor models to attribute sources of airborne pollutants to their receptors.

Ph.D. / Fossil fuel burning within residential, industrial and power generation sectors represents a persistent source of air pollution within many parts of South Africa, with the contribution of road transport emissions becoming increasingly important. Additionally, biomass burning, including agricultural burning and wild fires, represents an intermittent but seasonally significant source of atmospheric emissions. Effective air pollution control was historically hindered by the absence of enabling legislation and cooperative governance. The promulgation of the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, Act 39 of 2004 represented a major step forward in the evolution of air quality management within South Africa. The historical debate regarding the practicability of effective air quality management is however ongoing. South Africa‟s continued dependence on coal to support its energy-intensive industrial and mining sectors, continued household fuel burning for space heating and cooking purposes within a number of areas, and the dire need for employment creation and focus on rapid development continue to challenge the realisation of air quality improvements. This study investigates the multiple factors contributing to the degradation of air quality in South Africa, and the consequent human health, environmental and economic effects of this pollution. The study critically examines legal, technical and social measures implementable within a tailored system of air quality management which is compatible with socio-economic growth. This thesis integrates and expands on pertinent components of several individual research projects completed by the author during her tenure as a doctoral candidate. The research projects were completed during the period (2002 – 2009) on behalf of various parties including national and local government, standards setting bodies and private organisations. Quantification of health risks associated with significant anthropogenic sources within several South African conurbations, covering 40% of the national population, and the establishment of cost-optimised air pollution interventions, forms a key component of the thesis. In this externalities study, emissions were estimated and effects and associated costs quantified for household fuel burning, power generation, industrial and commercial fuel burning and road transport. Total direct health costs related to inhalation exposures to fuel burning emissions were estimated to be of the order of 3.5 billion 2002 Rands per annum across health effects, conurbations and source groupings assessed. Household fuel burning was estimated to be responsible for about 68% of the total health costs estimated across all conurbations, vehicle emissions for 13%, industrial and commercial fuel burning for 13%, and power generation for about 6%. Emission reduction opportunities were identified and assessed for residential fuel burning, coalfired power generation, road transport, coal-fired industrial boilers and specific individual industries. It was concluded that significant health effect reductions could cost-effectively be achieved through addressing residential fuel burning as a priority. Lower benefit-cost ratios associated with industrial and vehicular interventions are due, in part, to these fuel burning sources having been more effectively regulated historically. The need for effective management of industrial and vehicle emissions is however supported. Based on international experience and local trends in vehicle activity, the contribution of transport emissions will become increasingly ix significant if not adequately addressed. Industrial process emissions unrelated to fuel burning may include significant emissions of criteria pollutants, in addition to trace releases of a wide range of hazardous air pollutants. Internationally, actions taken to address air pollution problems have met with mixed results. Failure to integrate economic considerations into air quality management planning, and to integrate air quality considerations into development planning represent key weaknesses in the strategies implemented. A contribution is made in this thesis by highlighting such lessons and proposing legal, technical and social measures which, when implemented within a rational system of air quality management, are suited to addressing complex air pollution sources without negatively affecting socio-economic prosperity and equity. Components of an effective, affordable and equitable emissions control policy proposed for adoption within South Africa include phased national standards setting, compliance promotion and self-monitoring, market-based instruments, and the implementation of risk-based enforcement and compliance monitoring strategies.