DE LA TESI TITULADA: DINÀMICA DELS COMPONENTS DE LA INGESTA ENERGÈTICA EN LES DIFERENTS ETAPES DE LA VIDA.Francesca Capdevila MuñozObjectius: Descriure quins són els canvis en la ingesta energètica, la densitat energètica i el volum alimentari que es donen en una població sana, en funció de l'edat i el sexe, i determinar el paper relatiu de la densitat energètica i del volum alimentari en la consecució de la ingesta energètica necessària en cada etapa de la vida. També es pretén veure si la dinàmica que s'estableix entre aquests factors és comparable entre dues poblacions de característiques genètiques, socials i culturals diferents, com són els nens de Reus (Espanya) i els de Guadalajara (Mèxic). Material i mètodes: Projecte que consta de tres estudis observacionals, transversals i prospectius. A) Estudi de la ingesta alimentària i nutricional en un grup de 120 nens en l'etapa de diversificació alimentària (4 a 12 mesos). B) Estudi nutricional en una mostra de la població de Reus d'entre 1 i 98 anys. C) Comparació de la ingesta alimentària i nutricional d'una mostra de nens mexicans de 1 a 4 anys amb una mostra de la població de Reus d'aquestes mateixes edats. En els tres casos, a partir de les dades recollides mitjançant recordatoris de 24 hores, es va obtenir la ingesta mitjana dels diferents grups d'aliments i es van quantificar els valors d'ingesta energètica diària (kcal/dia) i de macronutrients (g/dia de proteïnes, lípids i hidrats de carboni). Es va realitzar el càlcul del volum alimentari, de la densitat energètica de la dieta, del percentatge de l'energia total aportat pels macronutrients, de la ingesta d'energia per kg de pes corporal i del volum alimentari per kg de pes corporal.Resultats i conclusions: La ingesta energètica, el volum alimentari i la densitat energètica de la dieta augmenten progressivament al llarg de la infància i fins al final de la pubertat. A la pubertat comencen a fer-se patents diferències significatives entre sexes en les variables analitzades. Durant l'edat adulta s'observa una tendència significativa (p<0.001 als dos sexes) al descens de la ingesta energètica i de la densitat energètica de la dieta. El volum alimentari mostra un progressiu augment des del segon any de vida fins al final de la pubertat; però en l'edat adulta aquesta variable no mostra una tendència significativa a la disminució amb l'edat a les dones, i als homes el descens del volum alimentari es dóna a partir dels 45 anys i és molt menys marcat que el que s'observa a la densitat energètica. Al comparar la població infantil de Reus amb la mostra de nens mexicans s'observa que les diferències existents en la dieta d'ambdós països condicionen una densitat energètica diferent, que fa que els nens mexicans ingereixin un volum d'aliments major per tal d'obtenir la ingesta energètica necessària, a partir d'una dieta menys densa des del punt de vista energètic. El percentatge de l'energia total aportat per proteïnes i lípids és superior a les recomanacions en gairebé tots els grups d'edat, mentre que el percentatge aportat pels hidrats de carboni en molt pocs casos arriba al 50%.De l'anàlisi dels tres estudis es desprèn que, al llarg de les diferents etapes de la vida, la variació de la ingesta energètica en resposta a canvis fisiològics en les necessitats s'aconsegueix bàsicament mitjançant variacions en la densitat energètica de la dieta, tot i que en diferents moments en les quals les necessitats energètiques s'incrementen puntualment o bé la dieta presenta una baixa densitat, s'observa també un augment del volum d'aliments ingerit. En canvi, amb l'edat, quan les necessitats es van fent menors, no es constata una reducció del volum alimentari paral.lela a l'observada en la ingesta energètica i la densitat energètica. / OF THE THESIS ENTITLED: DYNAMICS OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE ENERGY INTAKE ALONG THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF LIFE. Francesca Capdevila Muñoz Objectives: To describe which are the changes in energy intake, energy density and food volume that take place in a healthy population, according to age and sex, and to determine the relative role of energy density and food volume in the achievement of the energy intake which is necessary in each stage of life. We also try to see whether the dynamics established between these two factors is comparable between two populations of different genetic, social and cultural characteristics, like the children from Reus (Spain) and the ones from Guadalajara (Mexico).Material and methods: Project that consists of three observational, cross-sectional and prospective studies. A) Study of the food and nutritional intake in a group of 120 children during the dietary diversification age (4 to 12 months old). B) Study of the food and nutritional intake in a sample of the Reus population, aged from 1 to 98 years old. C) Comparison of the food and nutritional intake of a sample of 1 to 4 year-old Mexican children with a sample of the Reus population of the same ages. In the three studies, from the data obtained by means of 24-hour recalls, the mean intakes of the different food groups were calculated and the values of daily energy intake (kcal/day) and macronutrients (g/day of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates) were quantified.We also calculated the food volume, the dietary energy density, the percentage of total energy provided by each macronutrient, the energy intake per kg of body weight and the food volume per kg of body weight. Results and conclusions: From infancy to the end of puberty there is a progressive increase of the energy intake, the food volume and the energy density of the diet. At the pubertal age significant differences between sexes are established in the variables analysed. During adulthood there is a significant tendency (p<0.001 in both sexes) towards a decrease in the energy intake and in the energy density of the diet. The food volume shows a progressive increase from the second year of life onwards; however, in adulthood this variable does not show a significant tendency towards a decrease in women and, in men, the descent of the food volume begins from the age of 45 and it is much less pronounced than that observed in the energy density.When we compare the children from Reus with the sample of Mexican children, we observe that the existing differences between the diets of both countries determine a different energy density, so the Mexican children eat a greater food volume in order to obtain the necessary energy intake from a less dense diet.The percentage of total energy intake that is provided by proteins and lipids exceeds the recommendations in nearly all the age groups, whereas the percentage provided by carbohydrates rarely achieves a 50%.From the analysis of these three studies we can see that, along the different life stages, the variation in the energy intake &#9472;due to physiological changes in the energy requirements&#9472; is achieved basically by means of variations in the energy density of the diet, although in certain moments, when the energy requirements increase momentarily or the diet has a low energy density, we also observe an increase in the volume of foods consumed. Whereas, with age, as the requirements tend to decrease, we don't find a decrease of the food volume parallel to the one observed both in the energy intake and in the energy density.

Questa tesi di dottorato ha riguardato il recupero di composti ad alto valore aggiunto dai sottoprodotti agro-alimentari e il loro utilizzo in campo alimentare. In particolare, si è studiato il frazionamento lignocellulosico di raspi d’uva e residui di potatura di melo per ottenere emicellulosa, cellulosa, lignina e antiossidanti attraverso processi di auto-idrolisi e organosolv, investigando successivamente l’influenza di sei cultivar sul frazionamento lignocellulosico dei raspi. Un processo composto da quattro fasi (trattamento di lavaggio seguito da un’idrolisi acida, un’idrolisi basica e, infine, una decolorazione basica) è stato applicato su raspi di uva rossa (Barbera, Pinot Noir, Nebbiolo) e bianca (Müller, Chardonnay and Moscato). I raspi sono stati confrontati in termini di composizione chimica della materia prima (umidità, ceneri, minerali, lipidi, fibre, proteine zuccheri liberi) e di frazioni recuperate ( lavaggio, liquors acidi e basici e residui di cellulosa finali). Si è inoltre studiato l’influenza varietale sull’estrazione di antiossidanti da vinacce di Barbera, Pinot Noir and Nebbiolo, i diversi estratti sono stati confrontati per il loro profilo fenolico e per la loro capacità antiossidante. Infine, un estratto liofilizzato di vinacce di Barbera è stato utilizzato per migliorare la shelf-life di una pasta di nocciole valutando l’ossidazione cinetica. / This thesis has focused on the recovery of high value compounds from agri-food by-products and their use in food. In particular, we studied the lignocellulosic fractionation of grape stalks and apple tree pruning for the recovery of hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin and antioxidants through processes of auto-hydrolysis and organosolv, investigating subsequently the influence of six grape cultivar,on the lignocellulosic fractionation of grape-stalks. A four-step process (a washing treatment followed by an acid hydrolysis, a basic hydrolysis and, finally, a basic bleaching) was applied to stalks obtained from six different red (Barbera, Pinot Noir, Nebbiolo) and white (Müller, Chardonnay and Moscato) grape cultivars. The different stalks were compared in terms of chemical composition of raw material (moisture, ash, minerals, lipids, fiber, proteins, free sugars) and of the recovered fractions (washing, acid and basic liquors and final cellulose residues). We also studied the influence of variety on the antioxidants extraction from Barbera, Pinot Noir and Nebbiolo grape marc. The different extracts were compared in terms of phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity. Finally, a freeze-dried extract from Barbera grape marc was used to improve the shelf-life of hazelnut paste evaluating the oxidation kinetics.

L'opinione pubblica percepisce fortemente il rischio derivante da sostanze chimiche sintetiche, ma ignora spesso quello derivante dalla presenza di sostanze tossiche naturali. Tra queste sostanze vengono classificate le micotossine; prodotti del metabolismo secondario di alcuni funghi. La maggior parte degli alimenti di origine vegetale e in particolare i cereali, possono andare incontro a contaminazione da parte di questi funghi, produttori di micotossine, in qualunque stadio. In particolare nel frumento le micotossine che si riscontrano più frequentemente sono l'ocratossina A (OTA) e il deossinivalenolo (DON), mentre nel mais, si riscontrano le Aflatossine e le fumonisine. Queste micotossine hanno effetti epatotossici, nefrotossici, mutageni e cancerogeni, è necessario perciò, un continuo monitoraggio della materia prima (frumento e mais), ma anche dei prodotti destinati all'alimentazione umana a base di questi cereali. / People experience deeply, the risk of synthetics chemicals substances, but often don't know the risk from naturals toxics substances. Between these substances, they are mycotoxins; fungi secondary metabolism's products. Most of vegetable food, as cereals, can suffer a mycotoxins contamination, for effect of these fungi, during any step of alimentary chain. In particular, in wheat , the mycotoxins more frequents are ochratoxin A end deossinivalenol, while in the maize can find aflatoxins and fumonisins. These mycotoxins can have hepatotoxics, nefrotoxics, mutagens and cancerogens effects. This study has monitored contamination's levels of raw material (wheat and maize), but also of foodstuff containing cereals.

Il formaggio sta dimostrando possedere, oltre alle caratteristiche nutrizionali classiche, degli aspetti nutrizionali innovati derivanti dalle proprietà di peptidi bioattivi contenuti nella frazione proteica caseinica del formaggio e rilasciati in seguito a proteolisi, ed ancora dalle proprietà di acidi grassi insaturi, quale l’acido linoleico coniugato. L’obiettivo di tale studio di dottorato è stato indagare su questi aspetti nutrizionali innovativi in formaggi tipici italiani quali Grana Padano e TrentinGrana, che pur essendo due formaggi molto simili tra loro, differiscono per l’uso della molecola antibatterica lisozima solo per la produzione del Grana Padano. Simulazioni in vitro della digestione gastrointestinale, nei campioni dei due formaggi a diversi tempi di stagionatura, ha dimostrato che esiste una relazione positiva tra tempo di stagionatura e digeribilità del calcio nel Grana Padano ,quando vengono considerati nella correlazione i risultati dei campioni con stagionatura superiore ai 24 mesi. A tempi di stagionatura inferiori a 24 mesi, i risultati di digeribilità del calcio del Grana Padano sono dispersi come appare nei campioni di TrentinGrana analizzati. Inoltre l’analisi RP-HPLC della distribuzione molecolare degli oligopeptidi dei campioni dei due formaggi, dimostra che la frazione peptidica coinvolta nel legame del calcio e quindi nel suo assorbimento, è quella compresa tra 1000 e 1500 D, e che l’analisi Seldi ha rilevato essere quella dei peptidi attivi fosfocaseinici. Inoltre differenze tra i due formaggi con e senza lisozima, appaiono solo per campioni tra 15 e 20 mesi di stagionatura, in cui campioni di formaggio senza lisozima appaiono più idrolizzati di quelli che lo contengono. Quindi dai risultati ottenuti appare che le differenze del profilo peptidico apportate dal lisozima non modificano le proprietà dei fosfopeptidi di assorbimento del calcio, forse influenzate da altri fattori che intervengono nella produzione del formaggio. L’attività ACE-inibitoria di abbassamento della pressione arteriosa esercitata da peptidi bioattivi è stata testata nei due formaggi, dimostrando che né il tempo di stagionatura e il grado di proteolisi, né il lisozima sono correlati all’attività ACE-inibitoria. Ed infine per l’importante ruolo che ha il minerale calcio nella dieta, indici di digeribilità del minerale in diversi alimenti sono stati considerati, in modo da poter formulare in maniera corretta diete alimentari coprendo il fabbisogno giornaliero con l’adeguato apporto energetico. I formaggi hanno dimostrato possedere indici di digeribilità del calcio superiori ad altri alimenti vegetali o a base di soia. In particolare il valore di digeribilità del Calcio del Grana Padano calcolato in vitro ha confermato il valore ottenuto in vivo , pari a 80%. / This study aimed to investigate about the not common known nutritional aspects of cheeses, which derive from their chemical components. In fact, in addition to the supply of macronutrient, cheeses are gaining interest as a source of bioactive peptides, of conjugated linoleic acid or for the new insight in the metabolic role of calcium. In vitro simulation of human gastrointestinal digestion revealed that cheeses have an higher digestibility of calcium than other foods, because of their casein-derived bioactive phosphopetides (CPPs) content has the ability to carry calcium minerals and avoid calcium precipitation, making it available for intestinal absorption. The in vitro calcium digestibility was calculated for different foods- cheeses, soya based foods and vegetables- to correct cover calcium requirements with an equilibrate energy intake. Calcium digestibility was also assessed in different ripened time Italian locally produced, semi fat, hard cheeses, Grana Padano and TrentinGrana. The main difference between them is the use or not of lysozyme during manufacturing. In Grana Padano samples, produced using lysozyme, there is a positive relationship between aging and dCa (r2 = 0.27; P<0.05) when sample > 24 months aged are considered (Grana Padano dCa results of samples less 24 months aged are quite widespread) , while in TrentinGrana, produced without the use of lysozyme, no significant correlation has been detected. RP-HPLC distribution analysis of oligopeptides molecular weight of these cheese showed that the only difference between them is that cheeses without lyzozyme, aged between 15 and 20 months, are more hydrolyzed than the same ripened time Grana Padano samples. Moreover the fraction of oligopeptides involved in calcium binding ranges between 1000 and 1500 D. SELDI analysis confirmed CPPs presence in this range. Therefore changes in cheese peptidic profiles probably caused by the use of lysozyme do not influence calcium digestibility because according to this study there is not a connection between change in peptidic profile and calcium digestibility results. The difference in calcium digestibility in Grana Padano samples aged over 24 month results should be probably ascribed also to the influence of other factors occurring during cheese manufacturing. Moreover, ACE-inhibitory activity of bioactive peptides was tested on in vitro digested Grana Padano and TrentinGrana samples with different ripening times. Correlation was not found between ACE-inhibitory activity and proteolysis level in different ripened time samples nor the lysozyme influence in releasing ACE-inhibitory bioactive peptides.

La torbidità proteica nei vini bianchi e la sostanza colorante instabile nei vini rossi sono due dei principali fenomeni di instabilità della vinificazione. I coadiuvanti tradizionali hanno un elevato impatto economico e ambientale e i vini possono essere meno accettati dai consumatori. Lo scopo del lavoro è studiare nuovi coadiuvanti sostenibili per risolvere questi problemi. Per prevenire la torbidità causata dalle proteine, i produttori trattano il vino con bentonite che è un efficace agente chiarificante, ma la sua applicazione ha mostrato inconvenienti che costano 1 miliardo $ all’anno nel mondo. Un’alternativa può essere l'utilizzo di vinaccioli che sono una risorsa rinnovabile e prontamente disponibile per le cantine. Inoltre, la diffusione dell'encefalopatia spongiforme bovina ha portato a una revisione delle pratiche di produzione alimentare. Molti degli agenti chiarificanti utilizzati nella vinificazione sono di origine animale (gelatina suina, albumina d'uovo e caseina). Questi problemi hanno determinato una crescente domanda di vini ottenuti senza prodotti di origine animale. Un'alternativa può essere rappresentata dalle proteine vegetali estratte da patata e pisello. I risultati hanno mostrato le capacità chiarificanti di questi prodotti e hanno portato a identificare i migliori in base alla rimozione di proteine e polifenoli e alla valutazione sensoriale dei diversi vini trattati. / Protein turbidity in white wines and unstable coloring matter in red wines are two of the main phenomena of instability in winemaking. Traditional adjuvants involved have both high economic and environmental impact and wines can be less acceptable by consumers. The aim of this work was to investigate new and sustainable adjuvants to solve these problems. To prevent protein turbidity, winemakers add to wine bentonite that is an effective fining agent, but its application has shown drawbacks that cost $1 billion worldwide per year. A possible alternative can be the use of grape seeds that are a renewable resource and readily available to wineries during vintage. Moreover, the spread of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy led to a review of food production practices. Several of the fining agents used in winemaking are of animal origin (porcine gelatin, egg albumin and casein). These issues resulted in an increasing demand for wines obtained without fining agents from animal sources. An alternative can be represented by vegetal proteins extracted from potato and pea. Results shown the clarifying capacities of these agents and led to identify the best ones based on proteins and phenolics removal and sensory evaluation of different treated wines.

In food manufacturing, the quality control procedure is a critical activity that consists in organizing, measuring, tracking, and filing the conditions of the production process and the final product, with the goal of guaranteeing the designed quality standard. During the last 30 years, due to a mounting concern by both consumers and lawmakers, the definition of quality and the application of quality control improved drastically, and new methodologies have been developed to ensure better control of food production and to understand the effect of raw materials and the process condition on the final quality of the food product. This thesis discusses the approaches to quality control procedures in food manufacture, focusing on the relationship between the conditions of the process and the quality profile of the final product, testing in a real-case scenario of a complex production process advanced data analysis procedures. The statistical and analytical procedures proposed have been applied in a real case studio from Trentingrana cheese production, a dairy consortium in the northeast region of Italy producing a ripened semi-artisanal hard cheese under the Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) of Grana Padano. The aim is developing tailored statistical procedures that infer the effect of the critical factors of production on quality properties of this PDO product considering its semi-artisanal production process and the presence of multiple confounding factors. The statistical analyses were applied to a dataset of measurements of physical, sensory, and chemical properties collected on cheese wheels sampled systematically to represent the variability of the production of the Trentingrana wheels over two years of production. In the first introductory chapter, after a review of the different definitions of quality, the most important quality parameters for a food product and the standard measurement techniques adopted in quality control are presented. Then, in the chapter 2, the standard procedures of data analysis are reviewed, as well as the new approaches derived from the context of the foodomic sciences and machine learning models for the analysis of quality control data in food manufacturing. Two implemented and tested practical statistical procedures in the context of the Trentingrana consortium are reported: the results are discussed according to the objectives of the quality control process, the type of data, and the organization of food production. In the first case, reported in chapter 3, Linear Mixed Model ANOVA Simultaneous Component Analysis (LMM-ASCA) was developed to investigate the effect of the dairy factory, the bimester of production, and the variability within a cheese wheel using colorimetric and textural measurements. In the second case, reported in chapter 4, a standard ASCA model with the addition of a blocking factor to include systematic error was developed to investigate the relationship between the dairy factory and bimester of production and the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile of Trentingrana cheese wheels. In addition, in chapter 5, an approach to relate physical measurements on Trentingrana samples with sensory evaluations of texture by a trained panel is presented. The objective of this procedure is to incorporate the quality control procedure information from different quality parameters. The development of the Partial Least Squares (PLS) predictive model, its validation, and the evaluation of its performances are discussed. In the last section (chapter 6), the development of an image analysis procedure to measure the visual quality of the rind thickness of cheese wheels is reported, comparing the performances of two different algorithms. The data analysis tools proposed in this thesis have been proved to be useful for exploring, inferring, and plotting the process quality properties and suitable for analyzing complex and unbalanced experimental designs. Furthermore, the data analysis procedures proposed improve quality control activity both at the process level and at the product level, increasing the information that is possible to extract from the measurement collected in a context where standard statistical approaches cannot infer significant information.

Combining foods, combining tools. To date, most of the published works that have attempted to relate aroma release and sensory perception are far from mimicking the real consumption context, as assessments often do not consider food oral processing during mastication and are performed on single or model foods. A multidisciplinary approach integrating in vivo aroma release, oral processing behaviour, and dynamic sensory methods is needed to have a better understanding of how the release, evolution, and fading of the flavour of real complex food matrices are being perceived during consumption. The research described in this thesis aims to investigate the relative contributions that food structure and its composition and oral processing behaviour have on aroma release and perception of food matrices made up of different components and contrasting textures, so-called composite foods. Results showed that the processes of aroma release and perception of composite foods are multidimensional phenomena and seem to be modulated by cross-modal texture-aroma interactions. While aroma release increased when a food was assessed in combination with other foods, consumer’s ability to discriminate between foods was reduced and off-flavours and texture deficiencies were masked. Furthermore, the role of oral processing behaviour on the breakdown of the food impacting aroma release and perception was highlighted. The use of a multidisciplinary approach provided more useful and accurate sensory profile representing an ecological, valid food consumption context that will ultimately offer new strategies for successfully developing healthier food products with lower fat and sugar content or elaborated with plant protein, for which sensory acceptability remains a challenge.

Per via degli svantaggi inerenti l’uso di bentonite nella produzione di vini bianchi, la ricerca di alternative ha assunto di recente una grande importanza. Il lavoro presentato in questa tesi ha l’obiettivo di valutare l’applicabilità di tre approcci innovativi alla stabilizzazione colloidale dei vini: l’uso di chitosano, l’applicazione dei PEF e il riutilizzo di colonne di scambio cationico. L’aggiunta di chitosano è risultata nella rimozione delle chitinasi dal vino, permettendo di raggiungere un soddisfacente livello di stabilità. Gli effetti sul colore e sugli aromi, quando non significativi, non sono risultati essere peggiori rispetto ai risultati ottenuti da trattamenti con bentonite. L’applicazione dei PEF aveva lo scopo di innescare la denaturazione e l’aggregazione delle proteine tramite un sistema di trattamento-raffreddamento e filtrazione finale. I risultati suggeriscono che un buon grado di stabilità viene raggiunto solo con trattamenti particolarmente energetici ma questo a danno del colore del prodotto. Infine, lo scopo dello studio sulle resine di scambio cationico era quello di valutare la rigenerazione di questo supporto per un molteplice utilizzo operativo. La rimozione delle proteine adsorbite sul supporto è risultata essere possibile in specifiche condizioni di pH e forza ionica, con un consumo di acqua relativamente basso. / The search for fining alternatives to bentonite has assumed great importance in white winemaking due to the drawbacks of bentonite application. The research here presented aimed at observing the viability of three innovative approaches to wine stabilization, namely chitosan addition, PEF treatments and cation exchange applicability. Chitosan successfully removed chitinases from wine, allowing at the same time a sufficient degree of colloidal stability. Collateral effects on color and aroma compounds were non-significant or acceptable when compared with the effects observed for bentonite applications reported in literature. The use of PEF was aimed at accelerating protein unfolding and aggregation and was coupled to an in-line cooling and filtration system for efficient removal of colloidal aggregates. The results collected suggested that the treatment was capable of inducing a satisfactory colloidal stability only in high- energetic double-treated wine samples, with some deleterious consequences on the color. Finally, the aim of the research for cation-exchange resins application was to find environmentally friendly cleaning procedures to regenerate the resin capacity and allow reuse of the same resin for further cycles of fining. The removal of proteins bound to the resin was possible under specific pH and ionic strength conditions with relatively low consumption of water.

Lo scopo del presente lavoro è stato quello di esaminare il potenziale di idrolisi e degradabilità dell’amido dei cereali e co-prodotti e di valutare gli aspetti collegati. L’approccio utilizzato comprende sia test in vitro che in vivo. In particolare: - Una serie d’indagini in vitro ha fornito dati sul potenziale di degradabilità enzimatica dell’amido dei cereali e co-prodotti considerando sia l’influenza della struttura dell’amido, del tipo di cereale, del rapporto amilosio:amilopectina, del processo termico, dell’insilamento, dello stadio di maturazione e delle pratiche agronomiche. - Una valutazione funzionale basata sul calcolo del potenziale di degradabilità enzimatica dell’amido tramite la stima dell’indice glicemico in vitro, combinata con un approccio matematico di modellizzazione dei dati ottenuti, è stata proposta per fornire un metodo efficace di screening dei materiali amidacei utilizzati comunamente nella formulazione per diete destinate ai suini. - Un esperimento in vitro è stato condotto per investigare la risposta glicemica post-prandiale in suini alimentati con diete che differivano nel potenziale di idrolisi enzimatica. Infine, considerando la crescente attenzione dei nutrizionisti sulla matrice proteica dei cereali (con particolare importanza data alle prolammine), i metodi comunemente utilizzati per le tecniche di estrazione delle prolammine sono stati confrontati e ri-investigati. / In the present work, it has been attempted to examine the variability in starch hydrolysis and digestion from cereal grains and co-products and to study aspects related, in order to give a better understand of the science behind the differences in grains/feeds starch digestion potential. The general approach was to use a combination of in vitro and in vivo techniques. In particular: - A series of in vitro investigations has provided data on the degradation potential of starch from cereal grains and co-products considering the influence of starch structure, cereal type, amylose-amylopectin ratio, heat processing, ensiling, stage of maturity and of agricultural practices. - A laboratory-based functional evaluation of starch value of cereal grains based on a predicted glycemic index approach, combined with a mathematical first-order exponential model, has been proposed in order to allow an efficient screening of starchy-materials entering in the pig diet formulation. - An in vivo experiment has been undertaken to investigate the postprandial plasma glucose response in pigs fed diets containing starch with a wide range in in vitro digestion patterns. Lastly, taking into account the increasing attention of swine nutritionists on prolamin proteins, the most commonly used prolamin extraction procedures were compared and reinvestigated, in order to get useful information for routine lab analysis.

Attualmente il gusto di tappo è uno dei problemi più gravi per il settore enologico e sugheriero. I principali composti responsabili di questo difetto sono i policloroanisoli, tra cui in particolare il 2,4,6-tricloroanisolo (TCA),che si formano dai corrispondenti precursori fenolici. La ricerca ha preso in esame vari aspetti:-studio dell'impatto sensoriale del TCA in diversi tipi di vino;-ottimizzazione di metodi di estrazione e analisi di policlorofenoli e policloroanisoli nel sughero e nel vino;-studio della microflora presente nel sughero in base alla capacità di degradare i policlorofenoli. I risultati hanno mostrato che l'uso di un unico valore soglia per la percezione del TCA nei vini non sembra idoneo; i metodi messi a punto sono risultati adeguati per la determinazione di clorofenoli e cloroanisoli; i microrganismi hanno presentato una capacità di produrre TCA differente a seconda del ceppo utilizzato. / Today cork taint is one of most serious problems for wine and cork industries. The primary compounds considered responsible for this defect are chloroanisoles, especially 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), that are produced from their phenolic precursors. The PhD work was carried out studying different aspects of this subject: -effect of wine style on the perception of TCA;-optimization of extraction and analysis methods to determine chlorophenols and chloroanisoles in wine and cork; biodegradation ability of mould isolated from cork to produce TCA from TCP. The results showed that the use of generic threshold values for all wines does not seem to be accurate enough; methods optimized are adequate to detect chlorophenols and chloroanisoles; micro-organisms tested can produce TCA from TCP.