This dissertation deals with the study of electric and dielectric properties of composite structures on the base of alkali-activated aluminosilicates with admixtures of various carbon particles. These materials fabricated from alkali-activated blast furnace slag, quarz sand, natrium water glass as alkali activator, water, dispersant and small amount of carbon admixture (carbon black, graphite powder, carbon fibers or carbon nanotubes) to increase electric conductivity may be used for example to construction of snow-melting, deicing and self-monitoring systems. Their current-voltage characteristics and impedance spectra were used for determination of electric and dielectric properties of these structures. The equivalent circuits were used for evaluation of impedance spectra. The results were correlated with thermal properties of these structures.

Předložená magisterská práce se zabývá možným použitím vitrifikovaného lignitového lóžového popele jako náhrada slinku v kompozitních cementech. Byly zkoumány vlivy přidaného vitrifikovaného lóžového popele, jeho jemnosti, alkalických roztoků a jejich koncentrací. Byly připraveny kompozitní cementy v souladu s normou DIN EN 197 – 1. V těchto cementech bylo nahrazeno 30 % slinku vitrifikovaným lóžovým popelem. Konkrétně byly připraveny kompozitní cementy s vitrifikovaným lóžovým popelem o jemnosti 5549 cm2/g a 8397 cm2/g. Dále byly přidány alkalické roztoky hydroxidů a síranů vždy o dvou různých koncentracích, za účelem stimulace pucolánové a/nebo geopolymerní reakce. Mechanické vlastnosti připravených vzorků byly charakterizovány mechanickým testováním na prizmách s rozměry 40×40×160 mm, jak je specifikováno v normě DIN EN 196 – 1. Byla provedena nedestruktivní měření dynamického elastického modulu a destruktivní testovaní na pevnosti v tlaku a v ohybu. Distribuce velikosti částic a chemická analýza vstupních materiálů byla vykonána pomocí laserové granulometrie a rentgenové fluorescence. U zatvrdlých kompozitů bylo dále zkoumáno po 2 a 28 dnech hydratace fázové složení s využitím metody rentgenové difrakce a mikrostruktura s využitím skenovací elektronové mikroskopie. Výsledky ukázaly, že mechanické vlastnosti jsou nezávislé na množství přidaných alkálií stejně jako na jemnosti přidaného vitrifikovaného lóžového popele. Nicméně, znatelně nižší mechanické pevnosti byly pozorovány pro vzorky, které byly aktivovány hydroxidy, pravděpodobně kvůli brzké tvorbě silikátového hydrogelu. Vzorky aktivované sírany nedosáhly pevností jako referenční malta.

The topic of this master's thesis is the development of composite materials based on inorganic binders for use in extreme conditions. It means especially geopolymeric or alkali activated materials (AAM) based composites. The theoretical part of this thesis summarizes knowledges about the development and use of alkali-activated materials, their structure and mechanisms of their formation. It also deals with the applicable raw materials for AAM and their exciters, which are in particular water glass and sodium hydroxide. There also have been a summary of the effects of high temperatures and chemicals on the mechanical properties of AAM and the requirements of standard EN 1504-3 for repairing materials. The task of the practical part was to develop a repair mortar for concrete structures based on AAM so that its production was as simple as possible, ie one-component materials. Gradually six recipes have been develeoped. Test specimens made from these recipes have been putted to selected tests according to the requirements of ČSN EN 1504-3.

The work is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the description of unbound and bound base layers and their comparison. Furthermore is presented the description of the recycled concrete, its properties, production, improvement and issues. International experiences with recycled concrete technology are described as well. The practical part is focused on laboratory testing of concrete recycled material taken from the highway D1. The aim of this part is to determine whether the concrete can be recycled back into unbound or bound base layers and concrete casing.

This work solves creation of calibration relations to determine cube compressive strength, dynamic and static elastic modulus of alkali-activated concrete by non-destructive methods. Alkali-activated concrete is spoken of as a new material used in civil engineering. It shows different properties than normal concrete based on Portland cement. That's why the modification of common calibration relation seems necessary. Fresh concrete was made in the concrete plan ŽPSV a.s., Uherský Ostroh in three mixtures and always in the number of 18 cubes and 3 prisms. The samples were tested by impact hammer Schmidt type L, type N, SilverSchmidt PC-N and by ultrasound in 6 time periods of three specimens. After that, the cube compressive strength was determined. Status of static elastic modulus was determined in a time period of 28 days. The results are calibration relations to determine the progress of compressive strength and modulus of elasticity for each method and their combination.

Since their inception, building materials are constantly improving. New ways to explore and improve the material's properties are constantly investigated (especially to improve the mechanical and deformation characteristics of the materials). This thesis is focused on identifying and comparing values of the modulus of elasticity of fine-grained composites. These features are compared with respect to water cement ratio, ageing and compressive strength of the investigated materials. Afterwards, the values of the modulus of elasticity are studied in the relation to the tested materials.

This work presents theoretical background for the investigation of nanostructure formation in alkali-metal doped fullerene layers. A number of computational methods are used to describe structural transformation in the fullerene layer. They include tight-binding molecular dynamics, empirical molecular dynamics, Monte-Carlo calculations as well as other methods. The doped fullerene layers show the highest superconducting critical temperature among organic superconductors. A new electrochemical method of synthesis of potassium and rubidium fullerides has been recently developed by Professor Dunsch and coworkers in the department of electrochemistry and conductive polymers at IFW Dresden. The process of electrochemical doping is accompanied by several side effects, and one of them is nanostructure formation at the surface of the fullerene layer. In the present work an explanation is given for the nanostructure formation observed recently by scanning tunnel microscopy. The corresponding model is based on the concept of spontaneous phase separation that has been realized by kinetic Monte Carlo calculations. These calculations predict instability of initially homogeneous alkali-doped fullerene layers. Due to the significant gap in the Madelung energy formation of an alkali-poor and an alkali-reach phase is expected. The results of the Monte Carlo simulations point out that the particle size of the corresponding phases remains in the nanometer range. Interpretation of experimental data for metal deposition on fullerene substrates can be easily given in the framework of the phase separation concept as well. Metal clusters of the size order 50 to 100 nm emerge in course of electrochemical copper deposition on alkali-doped fullerene layers. The electrically conductive paths through the insulating fullerene layer are probably responsible for the inhomogeneous copper deposition under electrochemical conditions. A novel computer program has been developed in course of this work, which is designed as a distributed application. It can be used for diverse conventional and kinetic Monte Carlo calculations. / Die vorliegende Arbeit präsentiert theoretische Arbeiten, die das Ziel haben, die Nanostrukturbildung in dotierten Fullerenschichten zu verstehen. Diverse Rechenmethoden wurden verwendet, um die strukturellen Umwandlungen in der Fullerenschicht zu beschreiben. Die Tight-Binding-Molekulardynamik, die empirische Molekulardynamik und Monte-Carlo-Berechnungen sowie andere Methoden sind eingeschlossen. Die dotierten Fullerenschichten zeigen die höchste supraleitende kritische Temperatur unter den organischen Supraleitern. Eine neue elektrochemische Methode der Synthese von Kalium- und Rubidium-Fulleriden wurde vor kurzem von Professor Dunsch und Mitarbeitern in der Abteilung Elektrochemie und leitfähigen Polymere am IFW Dresden entwickelt. Der Prozess der elektrochemischen Dotierung wird von mehreren Nebenprozessen begleitet, und einer davon ist die Nanostrukturbildung an der Oberfäche der Fullerenschicht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Erklärung für die Herausbildung der Nanostrukturen, die mit Hilfe von Rastertunnelmikroskopie beobachtet wurden, gegeben. Das entsprechende Modell basiert auf dem Konzept der spontanen Phasenentmischung und wird durch kinetische Monte-Carlo-Simulationen realisiert. Diese Simulationen sagen Instabilität der zunächst homogenen Alkali-dotierten Fullerenschichten voraus. Wegen des wesentlichen Unterschieds in der Madelungenergie ist die Herausbildung einer Alkalimetall-armen und einer Alkalimetall-reichen Phase zu erwarten. Die Ergebnisse der Monte-Carlo-Simulationen weisen darauf hin, dass die Teilchengröße der entsprechenden Phasen im Nanometer-Bereich bleibt. Im Rahmen des Phasenentmischungskonzepts können auch experimentelle Daten zur Metallabscheidung auf Fullerensubstraten problemlos interpretiert werden. Bei elektrochemischer Kupferabscheidung auf Alkali-dotierten Fullerenschichten entstehen Metallcluster der Größenordnung von 50 bis 100 nm. Die elektrisch leitfähige Pfade, die in einer isolierenden Matrix auftreten, sind wahrscheinlich für die ungleichmäßige Kupferabscheidung unter elektrochemischen Bedingungen verantwortlich. Ein neuartiges Computerprogramm wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelt, das als eine verteilte Anwendung entworfen ist. Damit können diverse konventionelle und kinetische Monte-Carlo-Simulationen durchgeführt werden.

A non-reactive model system comprising a highly concentrated and unstable oil-in-water emulsion was used to investigate the retention of oil by the membrane in producing biodiesel with a membrane reactor. Critical flux was identified using the relationship between the permeate flux and transmembrane pressure along with the separation efficiency of the membrane. It was shown that separation efficiencies above 99.5% could be obtained at all operating conditions up to the critical flux. It was observed that the concentration of oil in all collected permeate samples using the oil-water system was below 0.2 wt% when operating at a flux below the critical flux. Studies to date have been limited to the characterization of low concentrated emulsions below 15 vol.%. The average oil droplet size in highly concentrated emulsions was measured as 3200 nm employing direct light scattering (DLS) measurement methods. It was observed that the estimated cake layer thickness of 20 to 80 mm was larger than external diameter of the membrane tube i.e. 6 mm based on a large particle size. Settling of the concentrated emulsion permitted the detection of a smaller particle size distribution (30-100 nm) within the larger particles averaging 3200 nm. It was identified that DLS methods could not efficiently give the droplet size distribution of the oil in the emulsion since large particles interfered with the detection of smaller particles. The content of the smaller particles represented 1% of the total weight of oil at 30°C and 5% at 70°C. This was too low to be detected using DLS measurements but was sufficient to affect ultrafiltration. In order to study the critical flux in the presence of transesterification reaction and the effect of cross flow velocity on separation, various oils were transesterified in another membrane reactor providing higher cross flow velocity. higher cross flow velocity provides better separation by reducing materials deposition on the surface of the membrane due to higher shearing. The oils tested were canola, corn, sunflower and unrefined soy oils (Free Fatty Acids (FFA< 1%)), and waste cooking oil (FFA= 9%). The quality of all biodiesel samples was studied in terms of glycerine, mono-glyceride, di-glyceride and tri-glyceride concentrations. The composition of all biodiesel samples were in the range required by ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. A critical flux based on operating pressure in the reactor was reached for waste cooking and pre-treated corn oils. It was identified that the reaction residence time in the reactor was an extremely important design parameter affecting the operating pressure in the reactor. / Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Esta tesis englobada dentro del programa de doctorado en ingeniería de la construcción sigue la línea de investigación en sostenibilidad y gestión de la construcción. Las investigaciones se han centrado en el desarrollo de cementos de activación alcalina (CAA) obtenidos a partir de residuos con el fin de reducir tanto el coste económico como medioambiental. Este hecho implicaría la reducción en el uso tanto de materias primas, en el caso de los precursores, como de reactivos químicos en el caso de los activadores. La tesis doctoral que se presenta estudia el uso de diferentes mezclas de residuos como precursores: cerámica sanitaria, catalizador gastado de craqueo catalítico, escoria de alto horno y ceniza volante de central térmica en la preparación de morteros. Así mismo, utiliza también CAA, obtenidos a partir de residuos en la estabilización de suelos. En este último caso también se han usado residuos en la preparación de activadores como son las cenizas obtenidas en la combustión de biomasa. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto la viabilidad en el uso de residuos para la preparación de CAA, y la posibilidad incluso de ser usados en contextos de subdesarrollo. / [CA] Aquesta tesi englobada dins del programa de doctorat en enginyeria de la construcció segueix la línia d'investigació en sostenibilitat i gestió de la construcció. Les investigacions s'han centrat en el desenvolupament de ciments d'activació alcalina (CAA) obtinguts a partir de residus amb la finalitat de reduir tant el cost econòmic com mediambiental. Aquest fet implicaria la reducció en l'ús tant de matèries primeres, en el cas dels precursors, com de reactius químics en el cas dels activadors. La tesi doctoral que es presenta estudia l'ús de diferents mescles de residus com a precursors: ceràmica sanitària, catalitzador gastat de craqueig catalític, escòria d'alt forn i cendra volant de central tèrmica en la preparació de morters. Així mateix, utilitza també CAA, obtinguts a partir de residus en l'estabilització de sòls. En aquest últim cas també s'han usat residus en la preparació d'activadors com són les cendres obtingudes en la combustió de biomassa. Els resultats obtinguts posen de manifest la viabilitat en l'ús de residus per a la preparació de CAA, i la possibilitat de ser usats fins i tot en contextos de subdesenvolupament. / [EN] This doctoral thesis encompassed within the doctoral program in construction engineering follows the research line in sustainability and construction management. The research has focused on the development of alkaline activated cements (AAC) obtained from waste to reduce the economic and environmental cost. This fact would imply a reduction in the use of raw materials in the case of precursors, and chemical reagents in the case of activators. The doctoral thesis that is presented studies the use of different waste mixtures as precursors: sanitary ceramics, spent fluid cracking catalyst, blast furnace slag and fly ash from thermal power plants in the preparation of mortars. Likewise, also is used CAA obtained from residues in soil stabilization. In the latter case, residues have also been used in the activators preparation, such as the ashes obtained in the combustion of biomass. The results obtained show the viability in the use of residues for CAA preparation, and the possibility of being used even in underdeveloped contexts. / Agradecer al Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación por el soporte a mi investigación, mediante los fondos del proyecto APLIGEO BIA2015-70107-R y los fondos FEDER. También a las empresas: Ideal Standard por suministrar residuos de cerámica sanitaria, Omya Clariana S.A. por suministrar catalizador gastado del craqueo catalítico, a Balalva S.L. por suministrar cenizas volantes, a Cementval por suministrar escorias de alto horno, a Heineken España S.A. por el suministro de residuo del filtrado de cerveza (tierras diatomeas), a DACSA GROUP por la ceniza de cáscara de arroz, y a PAVASAL por suministrar suelo de tipo dolomítico. Támbien al servicio de Microscopía electrónica y al Instituto de Ciencia y Técnología del Hormigón de la Universitat Politècnica de València. / Cosa Martínez, J. (2022). Utilización de mezclas de residuos para la obtención de cementos de activación alcalina: aplicación en morteros y suelos estabilizados [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/185221 / Compendio