Genetic predisposition and exposure to alcohol and stress increase the risk for alcoholism, possibly by forming a threefold interaction. This is suggested by various aspects of alcohol-induced stress response dampening in offspring of alcoholics. We tested whether such an interaction is also revealed by prolactin secretion, which is predominantly controlled by hypothalamic dopamine. Plasma prolactin was measured during four experimental days in 26 young males with a paternal history of alcoholism (PHA) and in 22 family history negative (FHN) controls. A public speaking stress paradigm was applied on the first 2 days, and a non-stress acoustic startle experiment on the others. Before the tests, subjects drank alcohol (0.6 g/kg) or placebo in a randomized, double-blind crossover design. During placebo experiments, prolactin levels significantly increased after stress, but not after startle, and did not differ between risk groups. Alcohol administration significantly increased prolactin before stress and during startle in both groups, did not alter stress-induced prolactin stimulation in FHN, but significantly attenuated the prolactin stress response in PHA subjects. The alcohol effects on prolactin, cortisol, and adrenocorticotropin stress response were positively interrelated with each other. These data confirm that alcohol specifically dampens the stress response in PHA but not FHN subjects. Since prolactin responses to stress alone and alcohol alone were normal in PHA, we conclude that this genetic effect is not related to altered physiology of the hypothalamic dopaminergic system, but to risk-group specific alcohol effects on hierarchically higher brain areas controlling the stress response in general.

Zugl.: Düsseldorf, Univ., Diss., 1994

Univ., Diss.--Greifswald, 2002. / Literaturverz. S. 194 - 219.

Diplomarbeit Hochschule für Angewandte Psychologie Zürich, 2005.

No description available.

This project is conserned with biblical stories narrated in mental home Bohnice which is a part of therapy of drug addicts. The main goal of my project is to target the ethical contribution of this unconventional method.

My thesis concentrates on the dependencies problem on the second grade of the basic school. It has two parts {--} theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part I analyse the term dependency and characterise the particular types {--} alcoholism, gambling and toxicomania. Firstly I try to define the causes and conditions of dependencies, secondly I focus on the questions how can be recognised the dependency by scholars and what the teacher must and can do in this situation. I try to map out the possibilities and efficiency of as yet implemented forms of prevention. The comparison with other states follows. In the practical part I look closely at the present state of occurred dependencies on the second grade of the basic schools in a specific area. I chart this state with the questionnaire method and the interview and then I should be able to find out whether there is a difference concerning the dependencies between a city and a village. The evaluation is completed with statistical calculations.

No description available.

This diploma thesis deals with alcohol policy in relation to risk group of youth. The aim of the thesis is to identify the development and setting of this policy in the Czech Republic. Another objective is to identify strengths and deficits of alcohol policy and to suggest possible improvements based on good example of foreign practice and interviews with experts. The theoretical background is the concept of risk behaviour, the life course perspective and the concept of public health. The methods of desk research and expert survey are used to fulfil the objectives of the thesis. This was realized in the form of semi-structured interviews, which were subsequently analyzed by thematic content analysis. The thesis reveals the failures of alcohol policy at various levels. In the thesis are identified functioning and failing institutions and (based on a good example of foreign practices and experts) a new necessary institution is proposed. There are also shown the causes of alcoholism which has proven to be essential in policy-making proces for youth. In the last part of thesis, experts evaluate nine policy measures, the most suitable of them are the regulation of advertisement, availability and price of alcohol. At the same time, practice of some measures is also shown on specific examples of...

Die Studie untersuchte die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede im Umgang mit alkohol- und psychisch kranken Patienten Ende des 19. und Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts am Beispiel der Psychiatrischen und Nervenklinik der Universität Würzburg. 2014 wurden die Patientenakten und Standbücher der Universitätsklinik der Jahre 1888 bis 1944 erstmalig zu Studienzwecken freigegeben, die Ergebnisse dieser Studie wurden vor dem Hintergrund der Forschungsliteratur diskutiert. Die Studie betrachtete die unterschiedlichen Epochen- Industrialisierung, Kaiserreich, Erster Weltkrieg, Weimarer Republik, Nationalsozialismus und Zweiter Weltkrieg - und insbesondere die Trinkerfürsorge sowie die Geschlechtergeschichte der Psychiatrie jener Epochen. Ebenso wurde auf die spezielle Rolle der Universitätspsychiatrie eingegangen. Die Analysen ergaben, dass Alkoholismus bei Frauen verurteilt, bei Männern beschönigt und entschuldigt wurde. Frauen wurden stark nach ihrem Lebenswandel und etwaigen“ moralischen Verfehlungen“ beurteilt, bei Männern wurde dies kaum berücksichtigt. Psychische Leiden bei Frauen wurden häufig mit hormonellen oder sexuellen Ursachen in Verbindung gebracht, bei Männern gab es kein analoges Erklärungsmuster. Es bestand eine sehr hohe Toleranzschwelle für häusliche Gewalt gegenüber alkoholkranken Patientinnen. Gutachten ärztlicherseits befürworteten meist Ehescheidung und Entmündigungen von alkoholkranken Patienteninnen, bei männlichen Alkoholkranken erfolgte dies nur bei massiver Beweislast. Die Analysen ergaben einen oft herablassenden und teils respektlosen Umgang mit allen psychiatrischen Patienten, jedoch mit standes- und geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschieden. Patientinnen wurden insgesamt respektloser behandelt als männliche Patienten, speziell wenn sie den „unteren Ständen“ angehörten und ihr Lebenswandel nicht den gesellschaftlichen Erwartungen entsprach. Alkoholkranke waren niemals primäres Ziel der nationalsozialistischen Rassen- und Vernichtungspolitik. Da Alkoholkranke meist arbeitsfähig waren, waren sie selten Opfer von Zwangsterilisationen, und soweit arbeitsfähig, auch nicht Opfer von dem gezielten Hungersterben in den Anstalten oder der „Aktion T4“. Die Psychiatrische und Nervenklinik der Universität Würzburg nahm als Universitätsklinik im Lichte der Öffentlichkeit eine besondere Rolle ein. Sie war von wirtschaftlichen Zwängen kaum betroffen, Arbeitstherapie war zwar Teil des klinischen Alltags, jedoch weit weniger intensiv als in den Anstalten und Arbeitshäusern. Es ergab sich kein Hinweis auf „Hungerkost“ während der beiden Kriege, es gab keine direkten Transporte in die Tötungsanstalten im Rahmen der „Aktion T4“ und es ergaben sich keine Hinweise auf Experimente an psychiatrisch erkrankten Patienten an der Würzburger Lehrklinik. / This study analyzes gender specific differences in the treatment of alcoholics and mentally ill patients at the Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Wuerzburg during the period of the late 19th and early 20th century. Patient and admission records from the Psychiatric University Hospital from the years 1888 through 1944 were first released in 2014 for study purposes, the results of this study were being discussed in the background of corresponding literature. The study discusses the different eras- industrialisation, German Empire, First World War, Weimar Republic, Nationalsocialism, and Second World War- in particular the treatment of alcoholics as well as psychiatric gender history of of those eras. Consideration was also given to the special role of University Psychiatry in the field of mental health care. Female alcoholism was judged heavily while male alcoholism was excused. Women were judged by their lifestyle. "Moral transgressions“ were weighed heavily, with men the same were hardly considered. Mental illness in women was put in close correlation with hormonal or biological causes, with men no analogue model existed. There was high tolerance for domestic violence against female alcoholics. Forensic testimonies of psychiatrists usually supported the divorce or incapacitation of female alcoholics, cases with male alcoholics however required massive evidence. The study showed a humiliating and degrading behavior toward mentally ill patients from the hospital staff, however there were some differences based on gender and class. Female patients were treated worse than male patients, especially if they belonged to lower socioeconomic classes and their lifestyles did not meet societal expectations. Alcoholics were not the target of the Nazi racial and annhiliation policies. Because alcoholics were usually able to work they were not the target of forced sterilisations, nor the mass starvations in mental asylums during World War II, nor the „Aktion T4“- the organised mass murder of the mentally ill. The Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Wuerzburg as a teaching hospital remained steadily in the public eye and therefore had special conditions. It was barely affected by economic pressures, forced labor was part of psychiatric therapy in Wuerzburg, yet by far not to the extent it was common at the mental asylums and the „Arbeitshäuser“. There were no reports of starvation deaths in Wuerzburg nor the transport of patients to one of the killing facilities in connection with the „Aktion T4“. Furthermore there was no indication that experiments were carried out on any of the psychiatric patients.