Objetivos: Analisar o ajuste alométrico para MC e altura entre indivíduos menores de 20 anos. Métodos: Dados de indivíduos de 0-20 anos de National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-1999-2013); Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição (PNSN-1989); Encuesta de Salud y Nutrición (2012); England Health Survei (2005-2014) e; Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES-1998-2014). MC e de altura foram convertidos à escala logarítmica e modelados por regressão linear em 24 grupos etários, 2 sexos e os 5 países. O β dessa regressão deu origem ao p valor que foi estimado em 2 etapas. 1) Todos os dados disponíveis nos inquéritos, excluíndo apenas os valores biologicamente implausíveis; e 2) O p foi calculado após a exclusão dos valores não esperados para idade (VNEI) de MC e altura. VNEI foi definido como casos ±2,0 DP(z) do resíduo da regressão de MC pela idade, altura pela idade e MC pela altura. Em seguida, os valores p definidos no pool de dados foram modelados por spline com 5 knots, para definição de um p internacional (ip). Após calculou-se o IA - Indice Alométrico para todos os individuos. Para análise da correlação entre os índices e a massa adiposa foram utilizadas medidas de Densiotometria (DXA), Impedância Bioelétrica (BIA), Circunferência de Cintura (CC) e Dobras Cutâneas (DC). As correlações com os indices foram estimada pelo coeficiente de Pearson(r). Em uma análise de efeitos mistos, estimou-se o coeficiente correlção intraclasses (CCI), entre os diferentes países e as diferentes fenótipos humanos para altura, MC, IMC e IA. Resultados: A exclusão de VNEI (8,5% da amostra) diminuiu a diferença do p entre os países. O p e o ip apresentoram valores próximos a 2 ao nascimento, aumentou para 3 a 3,5 (7 e 11 anos nas meninas e 8 a 12 nos meninos) e regrediu a 2 no final do crescimento. O IA apresentou r próximo de zero em relação a altura contra r proximos de 0,4 para o IMC durante a puberdade. A correlação da massa adiposa para os dois indices foi semelhante, sempre apresentando r acima de 0,85 para todas as formas de análise via DC, BIA, CC e DXA. IA apresentou menor correlação com massa muscular e densidade óssea. O CCI foi maior entre os paises e praticamente nulo entre as fenótipos humanos. A maior variação entre os paises ficou a cargo da altura, seguido da massa corporal e IMC. O IA foi a medida que se apresentou com menor variação entre os paises (3,6%) e entre fenótipos humanos (1,7%). Conclusões: A exclusão VNEI contribuiu para diminuir o efeito do estado nutricional sobre a alometria para se estimar o p valor. O ip mostrou-se uma valor promissor para uso internacional. O IA no conjunto de evidências apresenta uma vantagem em relação ao IMC, uma vez que tem correlção 0 com a altura, e uma correlação equivalente ao IMC com a massa adiposa além de apresentar o menor CCI entre fenótipos humanos e nacionalidades. A maior variação do CCI ficou a cargo do país em relação a altura, justificado pelos difentes contextos epidemiológicos. / Objectives: To analyze the allometric scalling for BM and the height under 20 years old. Methods: Individuals 0-20 years of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-1999-2013); Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição (PNSN-1989); Encuesta de Salud y Nutrición (2012); England Health Survei (2005-2014) and; Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES-1998-2014). BM and height were converted to logarithmic scale and modeled by linear regression, in 24 age groups, 2 sexes and 5 countries. The β of this regression gave the estimated p value in 2 steps. 1) All data available in the surveys, excluding only those biologically implausible values; and 2) The value was obtained after the exclusion of values not expected for age (VNEA) of MC and height. VNEA was defined as ± 2.0 SD (z) cases of regression of BM by age, height by age and MC by height. Then, the values were modeled by spline in 5 knots, to define an international (ip). After were calculated the AI - Allometric Index for all individuals. The Pearson correlation (r) between the indices and the fat mass was calculated used data dorm densitometry (DXA), Bioelectrical Impedance (BIA), Waist Circumference (WC) and Skin Folds (SF). In an analysis of mixed effects, was estimated the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), between countries and ethnicities for different dimensions for BM, BMI and AI. Results: Exclusion of VNEA (8.5% of the sample) decreased the difference between countries. The p and ip presented values close to 2 at birth, increased to 3 to 3.5 (7 and 11 years in girls and 8 to 12 in boys) and recorded 2 at the end of growth. AI was close to zero in correlation with height and for BMI was r= 0.4 during puberty. The correlation of the adipose mass for the two indices was similar, always presenting r above 0.85 for all forms of analysis via DC, BIA, CC and DXA. AI presented a lower correlation with muscle mass and bone density. ICC is larger among countries and is practically zero among ethnicities. The greatest difference between the groups was the height, the BM and the BMI. AI showed the smallest difference between the countries (3.6%) and between the ethnic groups (1.7%). Conclusions: A VNEA exclusion contributed to decrease the effect of nutritional status on allometry to estimate the p value. The value ip has proved to be a promising value for international use. The IA in the body of evidence has an advantage over BMI, since it has correlation 0 with height, and a correlation equivalent to the BMI with the adipose mass besides presenting the lowest CCI between ethnicities and nationalities. The greatest variation of ICC was borne by the country in relation to height, justified by the different epidemiological contexts.

Composante importante de l’écosystème marin benthique, les bivalves exploités sont surtout situés dans la zone littorale dont les caractéristiques spatiales et temporelles engendrent des fluctuations populationnelles naturelles et contribuent à de fortes variations de biomasse et de structure démographique s’ajoutant aux effets d’activités anthropiques. La compréhension des interactions entre l’espèce, son environnement et son exploitation est cruciale. Leur formalisation, y compris pour la gestion, passe par le développement de modèles mathématiques qui visent à décrire le fonctionnement du système, expliquer des phénomènes observés en termes de cause à effet ou prédire l’effets de nouvelles causes. Espèce introduite en France dans les années 1980, la palourde japonaise (Venerupis philippinarum) constitue une ressource économique importante pour des zones littorales. Pour le bassin d’Arcachon, les pêcheurs à pied professionnels capturent quelques 600 tonnes par an. Outre la réglementation européenne qui fixe une taille minimale de capture, des mesures de gestion complémentaires sont établies par les structures professionnelles locales de la pêche dans un cadre de cogestion impliquant ces structures, scientifiques et administration.Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans ce contexte en intégrant les traits d’histoire de vie de la population dans le modèle de simulation utilisé à des fins de gestion. A l’échelle locale, l’analyse de forme conventionnelle basée sur des mesures métriques et pondérales établit des relations d’allométrie entre des paires de descripteurs avec un changement significatif de morphologie à partir d’une longueur de 16-20 mm. La variabilité phénotypique intra-site s’articule en trois patrons morphologiques. Dans le bassin d’Arcachon, le caractère globuleux, décrit pour la première fois ici, est associé à de faibles densités et à de fortes proportions d’individus affectés par la maladie du muscle marron, maladie émergente sur le bassin. A l’échelle de la façade atlantique française, trois ratios morphométriques (indices d’élongation, de densité de la valve et de poids de la valve sur sa longueur) discriminent les populations des sites nord (Banc du Guer, golfe du Morbihan) de celles des sites sud (Bellevue, bassin d’Arcachon). Une corrélation significative entre ces ratios et les conditions trophiques approchées par la concentration en chlorophylle a ainsi qu’un lien entre l’indice de densité de la valve et le pourcentage de températures comprises entre 12 et 20°C sont démontrés. La complexité des facteurs intervenant sur la morphologie intra et inter-sites laisse supposer l’intervention d’autres facteurs comme la nature du substrat, ce qui est conforté par des premières analyses de contours. Les travaux ont confirmé l’importance de la température sur les variables d’état du stock notamment lors de la période de reproduction. Pour ces mêmes variables, un rôle majeur des ressources trophiques a aussi été démontré avec des réponses différant selon les stades. Une partie de ces résultats a contribué à des modifications dans le modèle de simulation. Elles ont surtout concerné l’intégration de l’effet des ressources trophiques sur le recrutement, la révision de la production de juvéniles et des taux de croissance par classe de taille, la précision de données de captures et l’ajout d’un effet prix sur les stratégies de pêche. En parallèle à la validation du modèle, l’analyse de sensibilité a mis en évidence la sensibilité du modèle aux paramètres environnementaux et aux variables relatives aux stades les plus jeunes. Dans un contexte de cogestion, l’outil a été utilisé pour réaliser des projections sur le devenir de la population selon différents scénarios de gestion. Les différences de tendances d’évolution de la biomasse en réponse à ces dispositifs d’action ont servi aux gestionnaires pour la définition des mesures de gestion actuellement en vigueur. Au final, le modèle renforce la démarche participative engagée. / Significant component of the marine benthic ecosystem, exploited bivalves are mainly located inside the coastal area, which temporal and spatial features generate natural population fluctuations and contribute to considerable biomass and demographic structure changes added to anthropogenic activities’ effects (fishing, pollution,…). Understanding of the relationships between the species, its environment and its exploitation is crucial and their formalization, including for management purposes, requires development of mathematical models that aim at describing the functioning of the system, to explain the observed phenomenon in terms of cause and effect or predict effects of new causes. Originating from venerid culture trials carried out in France in the 80s, Manila clam (Venerupis philippinarum) is an important economic resource for coastal areas. Inside the Arcachon Bay, professional fishermen catch about 600 tonnes annually. Whereas the minimum legal harvest size is set by European legislation, complementary management measures are established by regional and departmental professional organizations in the framework of a co-management approach involving professional, scientists and administration. This doctoral thesis is part of this objective of co-management by integrating life history traits of the population in a simulation model used for management purposes. At local scale, conventional shape analysis methods using metric weights and measures establish allometric relationships between pairs of descriptors with a significant morphological change detected from a length of ca. 16-20 mm. Intra-site phenotypic variability is structured in three morphological patterns. Occurrence of globular character inside the Arcachon Bay, described here for the first time, is associated to low densities and to high proportions of individuals affected by brown muscle disease, an emerging disease in the Bay. At the scale of the French Atlantic coast, three morphological ratios (elongation, valve density and weight related to length indices) discriminate populations from northern (Banc du Guer and Morbihan Gulf) and southern sites (Bellevue and Arcachon Bay). Significant relationships between those ratios and trophic conditions expressed by chlorophyll a concentrations, as well as a link between weight surface ratios and percentage of seawater temperature ranging from 12 to 20°C are demonstrated. Complexity of factors involved in intrasite and intersite morphology suggests intervention of other factors such as sediment characteristics, which is supported by a first outlines analysis. This work confirmed the importance of seawater temperature on stock state variables particularly during the reproduction period. For those same variables, a major role of trophic conditions has also been demonstrated with answers depending on development stages. Part of this result contributed to modifications within the simulation model dedicated to this population. The modifications mainly concerned integration of trophic resources effect on recruitment level, juveniles’ production and growth rates per length class revision, accuracy of catches by professional fishermen and addition of a price effect on the fishing strategies. In conjonction with the model validation, the sensitivity analysis undertaken highlighted the sensitivity of the model to environmental parameters and to variables related to the younger stages. In a co-management context, this tool was used to perform projections on the future of the population according to various management scenarios. The differences in the patterns of biomass evolution in response to those action schemes were used by the stakeholders to identify management measures currently in force. In the end the model reinforces the engaged participatory process.

No description available.

Fatores ambientais abióticos, como o clima, possuem um efeito profundo sobre a biologia dos organismos e sua distribuição em diferentes habitats. Os insetos, sendo o grupo animal mais abundante do planeta, tem papel importante no entendimento de como as variações climáticas afetam a vida na Terra. Neste estudo, utilizamos as formigas-cortadeiras, da espécie Atta sexdens rubropilosa,, para tratar da importância da umidade na escolha de trilhas de forrageio. As colônias utilizadas foram separadas em dois grupos: um grupo controle, mantido em condições normais de alimentação, e um grupo experimental, alimentado com substrato seco, provocando desidratação da colônia. Os dois grupos foram submetidos a um teste de escolha de trilhas para coleta de água: uma das trilhas foi mantida úmida e a outra mantida seca. As formigas que passaram pelas trilhas, por 24 horas, foram contadas e medidas (estas últimas selecionadas aleatoriamente nas trilhas). Após análise de vídeos, os resultados mostraram que, para o fluxo, houve diferença significativa, tanto entre os grupos quanto entre as trilhas. O fluxo foi sempre maior no grupo experimental, em relação ao controle, e maior na trilha úmida que na trilha seca - sendo assimetricamente maior no grupo experimental. Este resultado demonstra que o estado fisiológico da colônia e das operárias influencia fortemente a saída de forrageadoras e a coleta de água. Além disso, mostra que a escolha da trilha foi influenciada pelo ambiente, com grande preferência das formigas pela trilha úmida. Com relação aos tamanhos, a diferença foi significativa para dois fatores: as formigas nas trilhas do grupo experimental eram, em média, menores do que as formigas do grupo controle. Há relatos de que formigas menores são especializadas em coletar água, o que explica este resultado: no grupo experimental, a dessecação impulsiona as formigas a coletar água de maneira sistemática para reidratação. No grupo experimental, as formigas eram menores na trilha seca do que as da trilha úmida, o que vai contra o esperado se levar em consideração as relações alométricas de perda evaporativa de água. É provável que esse fator esteja ligado ao engajamento na tarefa de coleta de água pelas formigas menores, que é constante nas duas trilhas, dada a necessidade da colônia. Mais estudos, no entanto, são necessários para aprimorar e aprofundar estas questões, especialmente levando em conta a dicotomia entre o comportamento individual e o coletivo / Environmental abiotic factors, such as weather, have a profound impact over the biology of organisms e their distribution on different habitats. Insects, being the most abundant animal group on the planet, play an important role to understand how climatic changes affect life on Earth. In this study, we use leafcutter ants of the species Atta sexdens rubropilosa in order to approach the importance of humidity in the choice of foraging trails. The colonies used were separated in two groups: a control group, kept under normal feeding conditions and an experimental group, fed with dry substrate, which provoked dehydration on the colony. Both groups were submitted to a test of trail choice for water collection: one of the trails was kept humid, while the other was kept dry. Ants that travelled through the trails over 24 hours were counted and measured (in the last case, randomly chosen on the trails). After video analysis, the results show that, regarding to flow, there was a significant difference between groups and between trails. Ants flow were always higher on the experimental group than on the control group, and higher on the humid trail than on the dry trail - being asymmetrically higher on the experimental group. These results show that the physiological state of the colony and the workers strongly influences the exit of foragers and the collection of water. Besides, it shows that trail choice was influenced by the environment, with ants preferring the humid trail. Regarding body size, the difference was significant for two factors: ants on the trails of the experimental group were, on average, smaller than ants from the control group. There are reports that smaller ants are specialized on water collection, which explains that difference: on the experimental group, dehydration pushes ants to collect water systematically for rehydrating. On the experimental group, ants were smaller on the dry trail than the ones on the humid trail, which goes against expected when we consider allometric relations for evaporative water loss. It is likely that this factor is connected to the smaller ant´s engagement to the water collection task, which is constant on both trails due the needs of the colony for water. More studies, however, are necessary to improve and deepen those questions, specially taking onto account the dichotomy between individual and collective behavior

<p>In this thesis, the shape of the distal humerus trochlea is analysed using landmark-based morphometrics and multivariate methods, with the aim of exploring locomotor evolution in carnivorans. Elbow joint morphology is used together with body size and craniodental morphology to characterize past and present carnivorans. Evolutionary implications are studied at the ordinal, familial, and species levels, testing specific hypotheses about scaling, morphological constraints, evolutionary trajectories, and potential for social pack-hunting behaviour. The circumference of the distal humerus trochlea is found to be highly correlated with body mass, and appears to scale similarly throughout the order Carnivora. A general predictive model for carnivoran bodymass is presented (a=0.601; b= 2.552; r2=0.952, SEE=0.136, p<0001, n=92), which removes the need for the investigator to actively choose between the diverging estimates that different predictors and their equations often produce. At the elbow joint, manual manipulation and locomotion appear to be conflicting functions, thus suggesting mutually exclusive lifestyles involving either forelimb grappling or pursuit. At large body sizes, carnivorans are distributed over a strongly dichotomised pattern (grappling or locomotion), a pattern coinciding with the postulated threshold in predator-prey size ratio at 21.5-25 kg. This pattern is compared to that of two carnivoran faunas from the Tertiary. In the Oligocene (33.7-23.8 Myr BP), the overall pattern is remarkably similar to that observed for extant Carnivora. In the Miocene (23.8-11.2 Myr BP) carnivores show a similarly dichotomised pattern as the Oligocene and Recent, although the whole pattern is shifted towards larger body sizes. This difference is suggested to be a reflection of the extraordinary species richness of browsing ungulates in the early Miocene of North America. Such an increase in prey spectrum would create a unique situation, in which large carnivores need not commit to a cursorial habitus in order to fill their nutritional requirements. Finally, the elbow joints and craniodental morphology (14 measurements) of fossil canids were examined with the aim of assessing the potential for pack-hunting in fossil canids. It is clear that small and large members of the Recent Caninae share similar craniodental morphologies. However, this pattern is not present in Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae. In the latter, large representatives are characterized by being short-faced, with reduced anterior premolars and enlarged posterior premolars, thus approaching a “pantherine-like” craniodental configuration. These traits are interpreted as an adaptation for killing prey with canine bites. It is similarly determined that, unlike recent Caninae, all analyzed species of borophagines and hesperocyonines have retained the ability to supinate their forearms. It is therefore likely that manual manipulation was part of their hunting behaviour, thus removing an essential part of the argument for social pack-hunting in these forms, as the benefits of such a strategy become less obvious.</p>

In this thesis, the shape of the distal humerus trochlea is analysed using landmark-based morphometrics and multivariate methods, with the aim of exploring locomotor evolution in carnivorans. Elbow joint morphology is used together with body size and craniodental morphology to characterize past and present carnivorans. Evolutionary implications are studied at the ordinal, familial, and species levels, testing specific hypotheses about scaling, morphological constraints, evolutionary trajectories, and potential for social pack-hunting behaviour. The circumference of the distal humerus trochlea is found to be highly correlated with body mass, and appears to scale similarly throughout the order Carnivora. A general predictive model for carnivoran bodymass is presented (a=0.601; b= 2.552; r2=0.952, SEE=0.136, p&lt;0001, n=92), which removes the need for the investigator to actively choose between the diverging estimates that different predictors and their equations often produce. At the elbow joint, manual manipulation and locomotion appear to be conflicting functions, thus suggesting mutually exclusive lifestyles involving either forelimb grappling or pursuit. At large body sizes, carnivorans are distributed over a strongly dichotomised pattern (grappling or locomotion), a pattern coinciding with the postulated threshold in predator-prey size ratio at 21.5-25 kg. This pattern is compared to that of two carnivoran faunas from the Tertiary. In the Oligocene (33.7-23.8 Myr BP), the overall pattern is remarkably similar to that observed for extant Carnivora. In the Miocene (23.8-11.2 Myr BP) carnivores show a similarly dichotomised pattern as the Oligocene and Recent, although the whole pattern is shifted towards larger body sizes. This difference is suggested to be a reflection of the extraordinary species richness of browsing ungulates in the early Miocene of North America. Such an increase in prey spectrum would create a unique situation, in which large carnivores need not commit to a cursorial habitus in order to fill their nutritional requirements. Finally, the elbow joints and craniodental morphology (14 measurements) of fossil canids were examined with the aim of assessing the potential for pack-hunting in fossil canids. It is clear that small and large members of the Recent Caninae share similar craniodental morphologies. However, this pattern is not present in Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae. In the latter, large representatives are characterized by being short-faced, with reduced anterior premolars and enlarged posterior premolars, thus approaching a “pantherine-like” craniodental configuration. These traits are interpreted as an adaptation for killing prey with canine bites. It is similarly determined that, unlike recent Caninae, all analyzed species of borophagines and hesperocyonines have retained the ability to supinate their forearms. It is therefore likely that manual manipulation was part of their hunting behaviour, thus removing an essential part of the argument for social pack-hunting in these forms, as the benefits of such a strategy become less obvious.

Trabecular bone forms the internal scaffolding of most bones, and consists of a microscopic lattice-like structure of interconnected bony struts. Experimental work has demonstrated that trabecular bone adapts its structural rigidity and orientation in response to the strains placed upon the skeleton during life, a concept popularly known as “Wolff’s Law” or “bone functional adaptation”. Anthropological work has focused on correlating variation in primate trabecular bone to locomotor and masticatory function, to provide a context for the interpretation of fossil morphology. However, intraspecies variation and its underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this thesis, variation in trabecular bone structure is examined in the human foot in four archaeological populations. The aim is to tease apart the factors underlying variation in human trabecular microstructure to determine whether it may be a suitable proxy for inferring terrestrial mobility in past populations. μCT scanning is used to image the three-dimensional trabecular structure of the talus, calcaneus, and first metatarsal in samples from four archaeological populations. Trabecular structure is quantified in seventeen volumes of interest placed throughout the foot. Trabecular bone is influenced by a variety of factors including body mass, age, diet, temperature, genetics, sex, and mechanical loading. Before trabecular structure can be used to infer habitual behaviour, the effects of these factors need to be understood and ideally statistically accounted for. Therefore, the effects of variation in bone size and shape, body mass, age, and sex on human trabecular structure are examined in four populations. Significant effects of body mass and age are reported, but little sexual dimorphism was found within populations. Taking these results into account, variation in trabecular structure is compared between archaeological populations that were divided into high and low mobility categories. Results demonstrate that the four populations show similar patterns of trabecular variation throughout the foot, with a signal of terrestrial mobility level superimposed upon it. Terrestrial mobility is associated with greater bone volume fraction and thicker, more widely spaced, and less interconnected trabeculae. Ontogeny of trabecular bone in the human calcaneus is investigated in two archaeological populations in the final chapter of the thesis. Results indicate that calcaneal trabecular bone adapts predictably to changes in loading associated with phases of gait maturation and increases in body mass. This opens the possibility of using trabecular structure to serve as a proxy of neuromuscular development in juvenile hominins. This work demonstrates that trabecular bone may serve as a useful proxy of habitual behaviour in hominin fossils and past populations when all contributing factors are carefully considered and ideally statistically controlled for.

Galliform birds (Galliformes) make up together with anseriform birds (Anseriformes) the clade Galloanserae, the sister group of Neoaves and the most basal clade of Neognathae. However, to date no quantitative data on cellular composition of their brains have been available. Here, I used the isotropic fractionator to determine numbers of neurons and non-neuronal cells in specific brain regions of 15 species of galliform birds. I find that cellular scaling rules for galliforms differ starkly from those for songbirds and parrots. When compared to these crown avian lineages, galliform birds feature lower degree of encephalization, a proportionally smaller telencephalon, small telencephalic and dominant cerebellar neuronal fractions, generally lower neuronal densities and larger glia/neuron ratios. Consequently, their brains and especially their forebrains harbor much smaller absolute numbers of neurons than those of equivalently sized songbird and parrots, the fact that undoubtedly constrains cognitive abilities of galliforms. However, this not to say that galliform birds are "bird brains" with low numbers of neurons and a limited ability to learn. Because they have high neuronal densities, their relatively small brains contain about equal numbers of neurons as brains of equivalently sized rodents and...

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-12T19:13:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Tonny Jader de Moraes.pdf: 1862734 bytes, checksum: a2ae7eacfbe28db2fbd49b7b10ef1d15 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-05-18T16:25:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Tonny Jader de Moraes.pdf: 1862734 bytes, checksum: a2ae7eacfbe28db2fbd49b7b10ef1d15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-18T16:25:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Tonny Jader de Moraes.pdf: 1862734 bytes, checksum: a2ae7eacfbe28db2fbd49b7b10ef1d15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-22 / CAPES / O objetivo desta pesquisa, foi estudar as características estruturais das plantas em nível individual utilizando uma teoria quantitativa para a estrutura e dinâmica das florestas. A teoria usa relações de escala alométrica, baseado no metabolismo e biomecânica, sendo possível estudar propriedades geométricas e dinâmicas de plantas que se dimensionam de forma idêntica. A partir do conhecimento relacionado à Ciência da Complexidade, admite descrições dos fenômenos estudados, de uma forma mais próxima da dinâmica dos sistemas reais do comportamento global de um ecossistema a partir de medidas locais. A área de estudo é a mata da Baia das Pedras em floresta inundável na região do Pantanal. Para analisar as características estruturais como: a dimensão fractal, distribuição dos galhos em função do tamanho, a razão de escala entre os tamanhos das partes da planta, com foco em duas espécies Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Ximbuva) e Palicourea crocea (Erva d’água), para estas e outras plantas foram coletadas as seguintes medidas de plantas tomadas individualmente: diâmetro, comprimento e número de galhos, como também a massa dessas plantas. Os resultados indicam a capacidade do modelo de prever algumas características de auto similaridade referentes a arquitetura estrutural observada pela distribuição dos tamanhos, e razão entre os tamanhos dos galhos, assim como características estruturais idênticas nas plantas analisadas. / The purpose of this research was to study the structural characteristics of plants at the individual level using a quantitative theory for the structure and dynamics of forests. The theory using allometric scaling relations based on the metabolism and biomechanics, it is possible to study geometric and dynamic properties of plants that dimensioning identically. From related to complexity science knowledge, admits descriptions of the phenomena studied, more closely the dynamics of real systems the overall behavior of an ecosystem from local measures. The study area is the forest of Baia das Pedras in floodplain forest in the Pantanal region. To analyze the structural characteristics as the fractal dimension, distribution of branches depending on its size, the ratio of scale between the sizes of the parts of the plant, focusing on two species Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Ximbuva) and Crocea Palicourea (Erva d’água) for these and other plants were harvested plants the following measures taken individually: diameter, length and number of branches, as well as the mass of these plants. The results indicate the model's ability to predict certain characteristics of self similarity concerning structural architecture observed the distribution of sizes, and ratio between the sizes of the branches, as well as structural features identical in the analyzed plants.

Submitted by Leonardo Cavalcante (leo.ocavalcante@gmail.com) on 2018-04-26T16:07:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 2172337 bytes, checksum: 610ecfccf9e2afc70327ee3d1dffb901 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-26T16:07:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 2172337 bytes, checksum: 610ecfccf9e2afc70327ee3d1dffb901 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Several species are inserted in the acoustic space due to a long evolutionary process. There is a negative allometric relation between body mass and acoustic frequencies, and this relationship can be optimized through signal-to-noise ratio, signal threshold or efficiency limits according to body size. Additionally, the acoustic competition can cause divergence in the use of the frequency expected by allometry, creating a structured acoustic space. The efficiency of propagation can push the vocalizations of the smaller species to a lower portion of the spectrum. To analyze the vocal allometry, we conducted type II linear regressions (Ranged Major Axis) with acoustic data of New World Parrots (Psittacidae – Arini), New World Doves (8 genera), woodcreepers (Dendrocolaptinae), tinamous (Tinamidae) and thrushes (25 species). To verify the existence of non-random patters in the use of the acoustic space, we used null model with Pianka overlap index. To test whether smaller species use lower frequencies than the expected by allometry, we used Wilcoxon Sign Rank. These were tested with acoustic data from a bird assembly of the Carajás National Forest. We used the dominant frequency (FDOM), the minimum fundamental frequency (FFMIN) and the maximum fundamental frequency (FFMAX). The allometric relation was found in parrots, doves, woodcreepeers and in the fundamental frequencies of tinamous. No structure was found in the use of acoustic frequencies. FDOM and FFMIN differed significantly from those expected by allometry, but both were higher than expected. Sound communication has been shaped by a long process of natural selection, through distinct evolutionary forces, each having a role in the acoustic signal. / A forma com que diversas espécies estão inseridas no espaço acústico é resultado de um longo processo evolutivo. Existe uma relação alométrica negativa entre a massa corporal e as frequências acústicas, podendo esta relação ser otimizada em função da relação sinal-ruído, da intensidade do sinal ou por limites de eficiência de acordo com o tamanho corporal. Adicionalmente, a competição acústica pode gerar divergência no uso da frequência esperada pela alometria fazendo com que ocorra uma estruturação do espaço acústico. Já a eficiência da propagação pode direcionar as vocalizações das espécies menores para a porção grave do espectro. Para analisar a alometria vocal conduzimos regressões lineares do tipo II (Ranged Major Axis) com dados acústicos de psitacídeos neotropicais (Psittacidae - tribo Arini), pombos neotropicais (8 gêneros), dendrocolaptídeos (Dendrocolaptinae), tinamídeos (Tinamidae) e turdídeos (25 espécies). Para verificar a existência de padrões não aleatórios no uso do espaço acústico, utilizamos modelo nulo com o índice de sobreposição de Pianka. Para testar se as espécies menores utilizam frequências mais graves, utilizamos Wilcoxon Sign Rank. Estes foram testados com dados acústicos de uma assembleia de aves da Floresta Nacional de Carajás. Utilizamos a frequência dominante (FDOM), a frequência fundamental mínima (FFMIN) e a frequência fundamental máxima (FFMAX). A relação alométrica foi encontrada em psitacídeos, pombos, dendrocolaptídeos e nas frequências fundamentais de tinamídeos. Não foi encontrada estruturação no uso das frequências acústicas. A FDOM e a FFMIN diferiram significantemente do esperado pela alometria, porém ambas foram mais agudas que o esperado. A comunicação sonora tem sido moldada por um longo processo de seleção natural, através de forças evolutivas distintas, cada uma tendo um papel no sinal acústico.