A asma é considerada um problema de saúde pública mundial. É necessário expandir o conhecimento sobre seus custos associados em diferentes regiões. O principal objetivo foi estimar os custos do tratamento da asma em uma população de asmáticos com diferentes níveis de gravidade, sob tratamento ambulatorial especializado. Os objetivos secundários foram analisar as características clínicas e sócio-econômicas da população e o custo incremental da associação com a rinite e infecções respiratórias (IR). Asmáticos &#8805; 6 anos de idade com asma persistente foram incluídos consecutivamente de março de 2011 a setembro de 2012. Todos realizaram visitas clínicas de rotina com intervalos de 3-4 meses e 2 entrevistas com intervalos de 6 meses para coleta dados. Variáveis clínicas e dados primários sobre os custos da asma, rinite e infecções respiratórias (IR) foram coletados diretamente dos pacientes ou responsáveis (< 18 anos), sob uma perspectiva da sociedade. Os custos em reais foram convertidos em dólares usando a paridade do poder de compra em 2012 (US$ 1,00 = R$ 1,71). Cento e oito pacientes completaram o estudo, sendo 73,8% mulheres. A maioria (75,0%) reside no município do RJ, sendo que 60,1% destes moram longe da unidade de saúde. Rinite crônica estava presente em 83,3%, e mais da metade tinha sobrepeso ou obesidade, nos quais a prevalência de asma grave foi maior (p = 0,001). Metade ou mais dos trabalhadores e estudantes faltaram as suas atividades em decorrência da asma. A renda familiar mensal (RFM) média foi de US$ 915,90 (DP=879,12). O custo médio estimado da asma/rinite/IR foi de US$ 1.276,72 por paciente-ano (DP=764,14) e o custo médio específico da asma foi de US$ 1.140,94 (DP=760,87). Asmáticos obesos, graves ou não controlados tiveram maiores custos em comparação aos não obesos, moderados/leves e controlados (p <0,05 em todas as comparações). A população estudada tem nível sócio-econômico médio/baixo, alta prevalência de rinite crônica e de sobrepeso/obesidade. Maior peso e menor RFM foram mais frequentes entre os graves e não controlados, respectivamente. Asmáticos obesos, graves ou não controlados tiveram maiores custos. O custo incremental da rinite e IR foi de 12%. O custo médio da asma foi equivalente à metade do relatado na União Européia e nos Estados Unidos da América, e foi maior do que a média na região Ásia-Pacífico. Num cenário ideal, onde todos os asmáticos brasileiros recebessem tratamento no Sistema Único de Saúde de acordo com a Iniciativa Global para Asma, o custo total da asma seria equivalente a 3,4-4,5% e 0,4-0,6% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) da saúde e do PIB brasileiro, respectivamente. Estratégias de saúde pública com programas estruturados que facilitem o melhor controle da asma e estimulem a redução de peso poderão contribuir para reduzir os custos da doença, o que poderia tornar a oferta de tratamento medicamentoso gratuito para todos os asmáticos persistentes no SUS uma meta alcançável. Recomendamos estender este estudo de custo da asma para diferentes regiões do país. / Asthma is considered a health problem worldwide. It is necessary to expand our knowledge in different regions of the world, including its associated costs. The major aim was to estimate economic costs of asthma treatment in a cohort of persistent asthmatics with different severity levels under specialized ambulatory care. Secondary aims were to analyze the clinical and socioeconomic characteristics of this population and to estimate the incremental cost associated to rhinitis and respiratory infections. Patients &#8805; 6 years old with persistent asthma were consecutively included from March 2011 to September 2012. They made routine clinical visits with 3 to 4-month intervals and 2 interviews with 6-month intervals. Clinical variables and asthma, rhinitis and respiratory infections (RI) primary data on costs were collected directly from patients or their parents (patients under 18 years old), regarding the two 6-month prior periods in a societal perspective. Brazilian costs were converted into USD using the purchasing power parity in 2012 (US$ 1.00=R$ 1.71). One hundred and eight out of 117 subjects completed the study. 73.8% were women, 60.1% lived far from the health care unit. Chronic rhinitis was present in 83.3% and more than 50.0% were overweight or obese, in whom the prevalence of severe asthma was greater (p=0.001). 75% of the students and half of the workers had missed activity days because asthma. Mean monthly family income (MFI) was US$ 915.90 (SD=879.12). The estimated mean total cost of asthma, rhinitis and RI was US$ 1,276.72 per patient-year (SD=764.14) and the mean specific annual asthma cost was US$ 1,140.94 (SD=760.87) per patient. Obese, severe or uncontrolled asthmatics had greater costs compared to non-obese, mild/moderate and controlled ones, respectively (p<0.05 in all comparisons). The population had medium to low socio-economic status, a high prevalence of associated chronic rhinitis and overweight or obesity. High body weight and lower MFI were more frequent among patients with greater severity and worse control, respectively. Obese, severe or uncontrolled asthmatics had greater costs. Asthma had a great impact on absenteeism. The mean cost of asthma was equivalent to the half of that in European Union and United States of America and was greater than the mean of Asia-Pacific region. In an ideal scenario, where all asthmatics would be receiving GINA guided treatment in the Unified Health System (UHF), like ours, the total cost of asthma would be equivalent to 3.4 to 4.5% and 0.4 to 0.6% of Brazilian health gross domestic product (HGDP) and Brazilian GDP, respectively. Public health strategies with programs aiming get better control and stimulating weight reduction could contribute to lower cost of asthma, possibly making the offer of free asthma medication to all persistent asthmatics in UHF a more achievable task. We recommend to expand this study to other different regions.

Objetivo: O presente estudo objetivou comparar o efeito da intervenção de instrução complementar isolada e associada a recursos auxiliares, na adesão terapêutica medicamentosa de pacientes com epilepsia, além de verificar a correlação entre as medidas de adesão utilizadas - dosagem sérica de drogas antiepilépticas (DAEs), frequência de crises e autorrelato. Método: Realizou-se uma pesquisa clínica, experimental, incluindo 91 indivíduos com diagnóstico de epilepsia em acompanhamento ambulatorial que apresentavam alteração na adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso (Universal Trial Number- U1111-1142-3660). A alocação foi realizada de forma randomizada em Grupo Intervenção 1 (instrução complementar), Intervenção 2 (instrução complementar e lembrete da tomada da medicação por alarme de celular) e Intervenção 3 (instrução complementar e caixa organizadora de medicação). As mensurações da adesão foram realizadas imediatamente antes e quatro semanas após a implantação das intervenções. Resultados: A distribuição dos participantes quanto ao gênero foi similar. A idade média foi de 37,8 anos (dp= 12,1). A escolaridade foi, em média, de 9,8 anos (dp= 3,3). Cerca de metade dos pacientes era da raça negra, não tinha vínculo conjugal e não estava inserida no mercado de trabalho. A duração do tratamento com DAEs foi em média de 20,7 anos (dp=12,9), o Índice de Complexidade do Tratamento Medicamentoso em Epilepsia (ICTME) médio foi 18,8 pontos (dp= 9,8), predominou a politerapia (68,3%) e as crises do tipo focal sintomática (75,6%). Na avaliação inicial, 59,4% dos pacientes tinham percepção de que suas crises não estavam adequadamente controladas e os participantes da amostra informaram apresentar em média 4,9 crises no mês anterior (dp= 13,0). Indicação de baixa e média adesão pelo teste de Morisky foi um critério para inclusão na amostra e 84,6% dos participantes apresentou média adesão antes das intervenções. Na dosagem sérica inicial das DAEs, somente 42% dos participantes tiveram nível inferior ao terapêutico. Não houve correlação entre os resultados das medidas de adesão utilizadas, também não houve associação estatisticamente significativa das categorias do Morisky com a presença de crises e dosagem sérica inferior ao nível terapêutico. Além de tudo, a presença de crise foi independente da dosagem sérica abaixo da desejável. Segundo o teste de Morisky, os três grupos apresentaram melhora na adesão, significativa (p<0,001) e similar (p=0,870), após as intervenções. A frequência de crises e a dosagem sérica indicaram que somente o grupo de intervenção 2 apresentou aumento na adesão na avaliação final; entretanto, quando o efeito clínico desejado com as intervenções foi analisado, não se observou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os três grupos. Conclusão: A instrução complementar, sobre a doença e regime terapêutico prescrito, aplicada isoladamente apresentou efeito similar ao seu uso associado com o lembrete de tomada de medicamentos por alarme de celular e caixa organizadora de medicamentos. Não obstante, os valores das medidas de adesão não convergiram e, enquanto o escore do teste de Morisky indicou o aumento da adesão dos três grupos após as intervenções, a dosagem sérica e a frequência de crises apontaram essa melhora somente no grupo em que o alarme de celular foi utilizado. / Goal: This studys purpouse is compare the effect of the intervention of additional instruction alone and its association to ancillary resources to the medication adherence of patients with epilepsy, as well as investigate the correlation between the adherence measures used - serum levels of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), frequency of crisis and self-report. Method: We performed a clinical, experimental research, including 91 individuals with a diagnosis of epilepsy in outpatient following with altered adherence to drug treatment (Universal Trial Number- U1111-1142-3660). The allocation was done randomly in Intervention Group 1 (supplementary statement), Intervention 2 (supplementary investigation and medication reminder alarm of mobile phone) and Intervention 3 (supplementary instruction and medication organizer box). Measurements were taken immediately before and four weeks after the implantation of the interventions. Results: The distribution of participants according to gender was similar. The average age was 37,8 years (SD = 12,1). Schooling was on average 9,8 years (SD = 3,3). About half of patients were black, had no marital bond and were not inserted in the labor market. The treatment with AEDs lasted on average 20,7 years (SD = 12,9), the Epilepsy Medication and Treatment Complexity Index (EMTCI) average was 18,8 points (SD = 9,8), polytherapy (68,3%) and symptomatic focal seizures (75,6%) were predominant. At baseline, 59,4% of patients thought that their seizures were not adequately controlled and the sample reported an average of 4,9 seizures the previous month (SD = 13,0). Indication of low and intermediate adherence by Morisky test was a criterion for inclusion in the sample and 84,6% of participants showed an average adherence before interventions. Considering the initial serum levels of AEDs, only 42% of participants had less than the therapeutic level. There was no correlation between the results of the adherence measures used, and there was no statistically significant association of the categories of Morisky on the presence of seizures and serum level less than the therapeutic level. Above all, the frequency of crisis was independent of the serum level below the desired dosage. According to the Morisky test, the three groups showed improvement in adherence, significant (p <0,001) and similar (p = 0,870) after the intervention. The frequency of seizures and the serum level indicated that only the intervention group 2 showed increase in adherence at the final evaluation; however, when the desired clinical effect with the interventions was analyzed, no statistically significant difference among the three groups was seen. Conclusion: The additional instruction on the illness and prescribed treatment regimen applied alone had similar effect to its use associated with medication reminder alarm by mobile phone and medication organizer box. Nevertheless, the values of the adherence measurements have not converged, and while the score of the Morisky test indicated increased adherence of the three groups after intervention, the serum level and the frequency of seizures showed improvement only in the group where the alarm cell was used.

INTRODUÇÃO: A neutropenia febril (NF) é uma complicação freqüente e potencialmente fatal no manejo do paciente onco-hematológico. Estudos recentes demonstram que a NF consiste em um grupo heterogêneo de pacientes com riscos variados. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a taxa de falência ao tratamento de primeira linha, taxa de internação e óbito. Além disso, estudamos as variáveis clínico-laboratoriais em relação aos desfechos, a validação do índice Multinational Association for Supportive Care of Cancer (MASCC) modificado e a taxa de positividade de hemocultura e urocultura, como também o perfil de sensibilidade ao cefepima. CASUÍSTICA E METODOLOGIA: Estudo retrospectivo unicêntrico. Os dados foram obtidos através dos prontuários do Hospital-Dia no período de Julho de 2001 a Junho de 2006. Foram avaliados eventos com NF tratados com cefepima 2g (2x/dia), associado ou não, a teicoplamina 400mg/dia. RESULTADOS: Em 128 pacientes, estudamos 178 eventos de NF. A taxa de falência ao tratamento de primeira linha foi de 36,5%, taxa de internação 20,7% e óbito em 6,2% entre os eventos de NF. Na análise multivariada do estudo das categorias clínico-laboratoriais e dos desfechos encontramos como dados significantes em relação ao risco da falência ao tratamento de primeira linha: Idade < 60 anos (OR: 2,11 IC95%: 1,71-2,51, p = 0,004) e creatinina sérica > 1,2mg/dL (OR: 7,19, IC95%: 1,81 30,71 p= 0,005). Os dados significantes para o risco de internação foram: Ausência do diagnóstico de Linfoma não - Hodgkin (OR: 2,42 IC95%: 2,04 2,8, p= 0,011) Tabagismo (OR: 3,14, IC95% 1,14 8,66, p=0,027) e creatinina sérica > 1,2mg/dL (OR: 7,97, IC95% 21,19 - 28,95, p=0,002). Em relação ao óbito, o único dado de risco significante foi a saturação de oxigênio < 95% (OR: 5,8, IC95% 1,50 - 22,56, p = 0,011). Em relação ao índice MASCC modificado e seu impacto sobre os desfechos obtivemos os seguintes resultados: Falência do tratamento de primeira linha e (baixo risco versus alto risco): 35,2% x 53,8%, p=0,232; Internação (baixo risco versus alto risco): 18,2% x 53,8%, p = 0,006; óbito (baixo risco versus alto risco): 4,3% x 30,8%, p=0,004. As taxas de hemocultura e urocultura positivas foram respectivamente: 13% e 8%. O agente isolado mais freqüente nos dois exames foi Eschericia coli. Em relação ao perfil de sensibilidade dos agentes isolados e testados, 100% foram sensíveis ao cefepima. CONCLUSÕES: Os eventos de NF em tratamento ambulatorial apresentaram taxas satisfatórias em relação aos desfechos. Os dados sugerem que os riscos como: Ausência de Linfoma não - Hodgkin, tabagismo, creatinina sérica > 1,2mg/dL e oximetria de pulso < 95% merecem ser considerados como fatores de riscos para desfechos indesejáveis. O índice MASCC modificado mostrou-se eficaz para classificar os eventos classificados como alto risco na nossa população. Em relação aos agentes isolados e testados, 100% são sensíveis ao antibiótico de primeira linha cefepima. / BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Febrile Neutropenia (FN) is a frequent adverse event and potentially lethal in patients with haematologic malignancies. Nowadays, FN represents a heterogeneous group with different risk for serious complications and death. We studied the first line antibiotic failure, hospitalization rate and death. In addition, it was compared clinical and laboratory data with outcomes, validation of the usefulness of Modified Multinational Association for Supportive Care of Cancer (MASCC) and blood culture and urine culture rate identification. DESIGN AND METHODS: We elaborated a retrospective study. It was evaluated patients with haematologic malignancies who were treated with Cefepime 2g intravenous (IV) twice a day, with or without Teicoplanin 400mg (IV) once a day. RESULTS: Of the 178 FN events, it was observed: first line antibiotic failure 36,5%, hospitalization rate 20,7% and deaths 6,2%. In multivariate analyses, it was evidenced with risk to first line antibiotic failure: Age < 60 years (OR: 2,11, CI95%: 1,71-2,51, p =0,004), serum creatinine > 1,2mg/mL (OR: 7,19, CI95%: 1,81 30,71 p= 0,005). In hospitalization the risks were: Without diagnosis of Non- Hodgkin Lymphoma (OR: 2,42, CI95%: 2,04 2,8, p= 0,011), smoking (OR: 3,14, CI95% 1,14 8,66, p=0,027), serum creatinine > 1,2mg/dL (OR: 7,97, CI95%21,19- 28,95, p=0,002). Relating to death, the risk was transcutaneous oximetry < 95% (OR: 5.8, CI95%: 1.50 22.56, p = 0.011). Analyzing MASCC index, 165 events were classified as low-risk and 13 as high-risk. Outpatient treatment failures were reported in connection with 7 (53.8%) high-risk episodes and 30 (18.2%) low-risk, p=0.006. In addition, death in 7 (4.2%) low-risk and 4 (30.8%) high-risk events, p=0.004. Microbiological infection documented was identified in 13% and 8% in blood cultures and urine cultures, respectively. The most common agent isolated was E. coli and 100% were sensitive to cefepime. INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: The outpatient treatment with intravenous antibiotic was satisfactory. The risks: Haematologic malignancies other than Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, smoking, serum creatinine elevated and oximetry < 95% should be considered in FN evaluation. It was validated MASCC index in the Brazilian population. Relating to microbiological agents studied 100% were not resistant for cefepime.

Introdução: No tocante à terapêutica antineoplásica, há três tipos de tratamentos que podem ser aplicados isoladamente, sequencialmente ou concomitantemente: cirurgia, radioterapia e quimioterapia. A complexidade do tratamento requer uma assistência segura e de qualidade que se torna, ainda mais desafiadora quando o maior volume dos atendimentos acontece em regime ambulatorial. Desse modo, torna-se fundamental, o adequado gerenciamento dos recursos humanos, o qual se inicia com a previsão de profissionais. Nesse sentido, o método Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN) desenvolvido pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, fundamentado na avaliação da carga de trabalho despendida pelos profissionais, baseia-se em padrões de tempo das intervenções/atividades de saúde, utilizando os dados estatísticos disponíveis nas instituições .Objetivo: Avaliar a aplicação do método Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN) para dimensionar a equipe de enfermagem para o cuidado a pacientes oncológicos em regime ambulatorial. Método: pesquisa de campo observacional e documental, com abordagem quantitativa e amostra intencional, realizada nos Ambulatórios de Clínicas Integradas, Quimioterapia, Radioterapia e Hospital Dia de um hospital público, de grande porte, especializado em Oncologia, localizado no município de São Paulo, com diversos selos de qualidade. Para aplicação do método realizou-se o conjunto de operações nas etapas preconizadas. Os dados estatísticos das ausências previstas e não previstas, bem como os relativos à produção da equipe de enfermagem foram obtidos junto á Diretoria Geral de Assistência. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi composto por 38 intervenções/atividades. Para a identificação do tempo despendido nas intervenções/atividades foi aplicada a técnica amostragem do trabalho, com observação direta de 51 enfermeiros e 50 técnicos de enfermagem, em intervalo de cinco minutos, por 47 dias. O cálculo do tempo das intervenções/atividades de enfermagem fundamentou-se no tempo total disponível dos profissionais e na categorização das intervenções/atividades propostas pelo método em questão. Resultados: Foram realizadas 16322 observações, sendo 12,6% a amostra de reteste, com 85% de concordância no teste de confiabilidade entre as observadoras de campo e a pesquisadora. O quadro de profissionais de enfermagem necessários para atender a carga de trabalho, na maior parte dos setores estudados não apresentou discrepância em relação ao existente. Os padrões de tempo utilizados nos cálculos expressaram a realidade dos setores e todos os componentes foram considerados adequados para as categorias profissionais envolvidas. A observação direta e o estudo de tempos foram as formas utilizadas para obtenção dos padrões das intervenções com maior precisão. Conclusão: O método WISN mostrou-se adequado para dimensionar os profissionais, fornecendo evidências sobre o quadro necessário para os setores. Entretanto, sua utilização pressupõe como condição a disponibilidade de dados estatísticos completos e organizados sistematicamente sobre a carga de trabalho dos profissionais e dos setores. Os resultados forneceram uma visão geral das intervenções/atividades de enfermagem realizadas nos setores ambulatoriais, bem como elas distribuíram-se dentro do tempo de trabalho, o que pode subsidiar a revisão de alguns processos da assistência de enfermagem para melhor atender os pacientes. Os padrões de tempo encontrados, neste estudo, poderão ser referências para o dimensionamento de enfermagem e a aplicação do método Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN), propiciando discussões e reflexões sobre o atendimento com qualidade e segurança aos pacientes oncológicos em regime ambulatorial. / Introduction: regarding antineoplastic therapy, there are three types of treatments which can be applied separately, sequentially or simultaneously: surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The complexity of the treatment requires safe and high quality assistance which becomes even more challenging when most health care takes place in the outpatient setting. Thus, the appropriate management of human resources becomes fundamental, which begins with staffing requirements. Therefore, the Workload Indicators of Staffing Need method, developed by the World Health Organization, substantiated on workers workload evaluations, is based on time patterns of the health activities/interventions, using statistical data available in the institutions. Objective: To evaluate the application of the Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN) method to calculate the nursing workforce for oncology patient care in the outpatient setting. Method: documentary and observational field research with intentional sample and quantitative approach, conducted in the output departments of Clínicas Integradas (Integrated Clinics), Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy and Day Hospital of an accredited public oncology hospital, situated in the city of São Paulo. In order to apply the method, the group of operations / protocols were performed following the steps suggested. The absence and productivity statistical datum were obtained at the general assistance board department. The data collection instrument was combined of 38 interventions/activities. The work sampling technique was used to identify the time spent on the interventions/activities, with direct observation of 51 nurses and 50 nurse assistants, having 5-minute intervals during 47 days. The time calculation of the nursing interventions / activities was based on the workers total available time and the interventions / activities categorization proposed by the WISN method. Results: 16322 field observations were conducted, 12,6% was sample retest, with 85% agreement among field observers and the researcher. The nursing staffing required to manage the workload, and most of the departments observed have not shown discrepancies regarding the current. The time standards used in the calculations conveyed the reality of the departments and all the components were considered appropriate for the professional categories involved. The direct observation and the time study were used in order to obtain more accurate pattern interventions. Conclusion: The WISN method proved to be suitable to determine staffing requirements, providing evidence on staffing in each department. However, in order to apply the WISN method it is necessary to have complete and systematically organized statistical data of the workers workloads and the setting. The results showed a general view of the nursing interventions/activities in outpatient departments, as well as the distribution during workload, which may suggest the review of some nursing protocols in order to improve the patients assistance. The time standards found in this study may be reference to measure the nursing staffing requirements and to apply the WISN method, promoting discussions and critical thinking on providing oncology patients with safe and high quality assistance in the outpatient facility.

Enhancing primary care is key to the Canadian health care reform. Considered as an indicator of primary care access and quality, hospitalisations for ambulatory care sensitive (ACS) conditions are commonly reported by Canadian organisations as sentinel events signaling problems with the delivery of primary care. However, the literature calls for further research to identify what lies behind ACS hospitalisation rates in regions with a predominantly urban population benefiting from universal access to health care. A theoretical model was built and, using an ecological design, multiple regressions were implemented to identify which neighbourhood characteristics explained the socio-economic gradient in ACS hospitalisation rates observed in Ottawa. Among these neighbourhoods, healthy behaviour and - to a certain extent - health status were significantly associated with ACS hospitalisation rates. Evidence of an association with primary care accessibility was also signaled for the more rural neighbourhoods. Smoking prevention and cessation campaigns may be the most relevant health care strategies to push forward by policy makers hoping to prevent ACS hospitalisations in Ottawa. From a health care equity perspective, targeting these campaigns to neighbourhoods of low socio-economic status may contribute to closing the gap in ACS hospitalisations described in this current study. Reducing the socio-economic inequalities of neighbourhoods would also contribute to health equity.

Orientador: Maria Elena Guariento / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T02:26:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Biasoli_TiagoRodrigo_M.pdf: 825455 bytes, checksum: 6d0f70441461706b304a0a416c486bed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Em decorrência do aumento significativo de pessoas acima de 60 anos com transtornos mentais, é necessário conhecer as características destes sujeitos, com o intuito de promover uma melhor assistência em saúde, assim como identificar os possíveis fatores de risco associados à incidência destas doenças. Em função disso, esta pesquisa teve como o objetivo principal a caracterização sociodemográfica (gênero, idade, escolaridade, estado conjugal) e clínica (número de consultas, tempo de tratamento, número de ambulatórios frequentados e óbitos) de 318 idosos com algum tipo de transtornos de humor, entre os 1131 idosos atendidos em Ambulatórios Especializados na atenção ao idoso, do Hospital de Clínicas da Unicamp no período de 2008 a 2013. Os dados foram coletados dos prontuários do Serviço Digital de Arquivo Médico. A análise dos dados foi realizada utilizando-se os testes Qui-Quadrado (para valores esperados menores que 5). Para avaliar a associação dos transtornos de humor com as demais variáveis, foram realizadas análises de regressão logística univariada, para a verificação de associações isoladas. Em seguida, foram realizadas com os mesmos desfechos análises de regressão logística multivariada pelo método de entrada manual (enter) das variáveis independentes. Para todas as análises foram adotadas um valor de p menor ou igual a 0,05 e utilizando-se, para isso, o software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS®), versão 20. Verificou-se, que a amostra total era composta predominantemente por mulheres (59,8%), por idosos na faixa etária entre 70-79 anos (38,8%) e casados (50,8%). Os Transtornos Mentais Orgânicos estavam presentes em 62,3% dessa população, seguidos por 23,6% relacionado aos Transtornos de Humor, sendo que 67,6% da amostra submetiam-se a tratamento por período superior a dois anos, 39% tinham realizado mais de 6 consultas e 34,1% tinham registro de comorbidades associadas. Em relação ao perfil por Especialidade, novamente se constatou um predomínio de mulheres idosas em todos os segmentos, já em relação à faixa etária, percebe-se uma diferença significativa entre as Especialidades, já que os indivíduos mais novos predominavam na Área de Psiquiatria e os mais idosos (acima de 80 anos), são mais evidentes na Área de Geriatria. Quanto às características clínico-psicológicas, verificou-se predomínio dos Transtornos Mentais Orgânicos nos Ambulatórios relacionados da Geriatria e Neurologia, sendo que os Transtornos de Humor tiveram maior registro na Psiquiatria com 44,4% dos diagnósticos. Em relação ao número de comorbidades registradas, verificou-se que 76,3% dos idosos atendidos na Geriatria apresentavam comorbidades associadas, sendo que o maior tempo de tratamento foi encontrado nos pacientes da Psiquiatria, que também registrou o maior número de consultas por paciente, e foi o único local com pacientes acompanhados em três ou mais ambulatórios. Em relação aos idosos com Transtornos de Humor, evidenciou-se que os sujeitos com menos de 80 anos, do sexo feminino, analfabetos, sem companheiros, e que comparecimento a maior número de consultas associaram-se positivamente com a presença desses Transtornos / Abstract: As a consequence of the significant increase in people over 60 with mental disorders, it is necessary to know the characteristics of this population in order to promote better health care, and to identify possible risk factors associated with the incidence of these diseases. This research has as main objective to describe the socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, education, marital status) and clinical characteristics (number of counsel, treatment time and deaths) of 318 elderly people with some kind of disorder mood among 1131 elderly patients from outpatient clinics of Clinic Hospital of the State University of Campinas, during the period of 2008-2013. The data were collected from medical records of Digital Medical Archive Service. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square test (expected to lower values than 5) to compare categorical variables. To evaluate the association of mood disorders with the other variables, analyzes were performed univariate logistic regression, for the verification of individual associations. They were then held to the same outcomes multivariate logistic regression analysis by manual input method (enter) the independent variables. For all analyzes were adopted a p-value lesser than or equal to 0.05. It was used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS), version 20. It was found that the total sample was consisted in the majority of women (59.8%). people aged between 70-79 years (38.8%) and married (50.8%). The Organic Mental Disorders were present in 62.3% of the population, followed by 23.6% related to Mood Disorders; 67.6% of the sample were undergoing treatment for longer than two years, 39% had conducted over 6 consultations and 34.1% had associated comorbidities registration. Regarding the profile for Specialty, again we found a predominance of older women in all segments. In terms of age, a significant difference between the specialties was evident, as the younger individuals predominated in Psychiatry Area and older (over 80) are more evident in Geriatrics Area. As for the clinical and psychological characteristics, there was predominance of Organic Mental Disorders related to outpatient clinics Geriatrics and Neurology, and the Mood Disorders had greater occurrence more record in Psychiatry with 44.4% of diagnoses. Regarding the number of registered comorbidities, it was found that 76.3% of the elderly seen in Geriatrics had more comorbidities, and the longer treatment was found in patients of Psychiatry, who also recorded the highest number of visits per patient and was the only place with patients followed for three or more clinics. Regarding the elderly with Mood Disorders, it became clear that individuals under 80 years, female, illiterate, without companions, and that attendance at more consultations were positively associated with the presence of these disorders / Mestrado / Gerontologia / Mestre em Gerontologia

The purpose of the thesis is to explore and find ways in making architecture part of the healing process within the specific healthcare setting of ambulatory care. To do so, the project aims at not only serving as a clinic for patients, but also to playing a role to make clinics a more human place by integrating healthcare and community. Understanding that architecture can be an important factor in long- and short-term healthcare and healing processes, the thesis focuses on ambulatory care facilities in rural areas. The project’s goal is to explore, understand and solve some of the problems that characterize outpatient clinics; such as waiting time and quality of healthcare delivery. Also, it focuses on studying indoor-outdoor spaces and treating them as environments that will improve the productivity of staff in work as well as designing a friendly patient and family environment. Through the lens of architecture, this research attempts to elaborate on the complex relationship between doctors, staff, patients, and community. The project argues that ambulatory care facilities should not be limited to only provide clinical space, but they should be flexible to account for future expansion and accommodate new technologies and to take into a high consideration the human scale. By introducing natural light, adding supportive programs and improving wayfinding in the clinic, this thesis will try to answer the following questions: How to design places for improved patient experience? How to lower the stress and confusion on a medical appointment? How to make ‘one-day’ patients’ part of a more integrated and wholesome experience? The site selected for this thesis is located in a historic district in Claremont, NH. This design is serving as a model that can be applied in rural towns with similar history and architecture.

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is defined as pain, muscle tension, or stiffness localized below the costal margin and above the inferior gluteal folds, with or without sciatica, that lasts for at least twelve weeks.1 It is the leading cause of disability and loss of productivity in the United States.2 There is conflicting evidence on what is the most effective nonpharmacological treatment for CLBP. Many studies have shown that any general exercise routine is effective for improving symptoms, but the literature provides conflicting evidence about what specific type of exercise is best.3 A few studies have demonstrated decreased pain and disability with supervised directional preference exercise routines compared to non-directional preference routines. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a home directional preference exercise/stretch program for reducing disability in mechanical CLBP in patients in a residency clinic and to expand on the limited evidence of directional preference exercise effectiveness. Unlike other directional preference interventional studies, this program’s simplicity and convenience of performing at home potentially could increase patient compliance and therefore effectiveness. Patients were screened at a routine clinic visit and considered eligible if they had a known diagnosis of CLBP. They were excluded if they were in an acute exacerbation. Participating patients were categorized on directional range of motion preference based on their physical exam, either flexion or extension, whichever improved their pain. They were given a simple routine with instructions and pictures consisting of three exercises and stretches that emphasized their specific directional preference. Subjects performed three sets of each routine two to three days per week. Degree of disability score was measured at initial visit by completing the gold standard disability index questionnaire, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Degree of disability was reassessed with ODI at a follow-up assessment four to eight weeks later with five follow-up questions regarding compliance and acute exacerbation. Patients were excluded if they were in an acute exacerbation. Pre-interventional disability scores were then compared to post-interventional disability scores. Twelve total patients enrolled in the program. Seven were lost to follow up. Five completed the study at the proper follow up interval; however, one was in an acute exacerbation so was excluded. Of the four patients included, two had extension and two had flexion preference. Three out of four patients had decreased disability scores at follow up. Total post-intervention score on ODI improved by an average of 10 points compared to pre-intervention score for the patients who improved. The most improved post-interventional ODI score category was walking and changing degree of pain. Seventy-five percent of the patients who completed the study had an improvement in their CLBP disability score. However, due to a small sample size and study power, the results are not statistically significant. Therefore, a conclusion cannot be appropriately drawn about the effectiveness of performing a home directional preference exercise/stretch program for reducing disability in mechanical CLBP in patients at a residency clinic. Nevertheless, the results are promising and deserve further investigation with a larger sample size.

This study examined the intersection of rurality and community area deprivation using a nine-state sample of inpatient hospitalizations among children (<18 years of age) from 2011. One state from each of the nine US census regions with substantial rural representation and varying degrees of community vulnerability was selected. An area deprivation index was constructed and used in conjunction with rurality to examine differences in the rate of ACSC hospitalizations among children in the sample states. A mixed model with both fixed and random effects was used to test influence of rurality and area deprivation on the odds of a pediatric hospitalization due to an ACSC within the sample. Of primary interest was the interaction of rurality and area deprivation. The study found rural counties are disproportionality represented among the most deprived. Within the least deprived counties, the likelihood of an ACSC hospitalization was significantly lower in rural than among their urban counterparts. However, this rural advantage declines as the level of deprivation increases, suggesting the effect of rurality becomes more important as social and economic advantage deteriorates. We also found ACSC hospitalization to be much higher among racial/ethnic minority children and those with Medicaid or self-pay as an anticipated source of payment. These findings further contribute to the existing body of evidence documenting racial/ethnic disparities in important health related outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: To address a lack of population-level studies that examine the association between ambulatory care utilization and cardiovascular outcomes among Asian Americans, this study examined 1) ambulatory care utilization among different racial/ethnic groups and 2) the association between ambulatory care utilization and cardiovascular outcomes. METHOD: This was a retrospective analysis of 2009–2012 Medicare fee-for-service data. Primary outcomes were 1) hospitalization for angina, an ambulatory care sensitive condition, and 2) inpatient AMI mortality. Intermediate outcomes of interest were ambulatory care utilization. First, a descriptive analysis of patients’ predisposing and enabling factors was performed, and then bivariate association between these predisposing and enabling factors and ambulatory care utilization was examined. Lastly, using multivariate logistic regression models I estimated the association between ambulatory care utilization and cardiovascular outcomes, adjusting for socio-demographic and geographical characteristics. RESULTS: There were 999,999 people in the analytic sample, drawn from 21.6 million Medicare fee-for-service enrollees. In 2009, there were significant differences in racial/ethnic ambulatory care utilization. Significantly lower percentage of Asians had frequent ambulatory care visits (>30 visits) and outpatient cardiology clinic visits (>30 visits) (both p-values<0.01), after adjusting for predisposing and enabling factors. Asians had the highest observed inpatient mortality (15.9%) and low ambulatory utilization was associated with increased odds (OR=1.85 [1.11–3.08]) of inpatient AMI mortality. CONCLUSION: Among Medicare fee-for-service enrollees, Asians had fewer ambulatory clinic visits. Low ambulatory care utilization was associated with increased odds of AMI mortality. Further research is needed to understand the causal relationship between ambulatory care utilization and cardiovascular outcomes. / 2018-11-08T00:00:00Z