New electronic technologies began to appear after 1948 that seemed to promise the infinite expansion of sonic possibilities in music. The ability to record and manipulate existing sounds (as in musique concrete), and to generate new, unknown timbres with electronic generators (as in elektronische musik), provided an extraordinary multiplication of musical resources.Much literature of the period extols the new possibilities offered by electronic music, but the limitations of the technology of the 1950s and 1960s and the interactions that occurred between composers and that technology have been little explored. This study attempts to document some of these interactions.The influences of the equipment and procedures of "classical studio technique" on the resulting music are examined. Selected electronic compositions are analyzed in terms of the equipment employed and the limitations this equipment may have imposed. The study reveals characteristics of certain works that are directly dependent on characteristics of the technology. New devices or procedures developed by composers are also detailed.Areas examined include disc technology, magnetic tape, oscillators and generators, filters, modulators and other devices, techniques of spatialization in multi-channel works, and a sampling of specialized devices or procedures used by individual composers. The influences excercised by voltage-controlled synthesizers, such as those designed by Robert Moog and Donald Buchla, are also discussed.Works by the following composers are studied: Bulent Arel, Henk Badings, Louis and Bebe Barron, Luciano Berio, Robert Beyer, John Cage, Mario Davidovsky, Tod Dockstader, Herbert Eimert, Kenneth Gaburo, Paul Gredinger, Karel Goeyvaerts, Bengt Hambraeus, Pierre Henry, Giselher Klebe, Gottfried Michael Koenig, Gyorgy Ligeti, Otto Luening, Bruno Maderna, llhan Mimaroglu, Pauline Oliveros, Henri Pousseur, Dick Raaijmakers, Pierre Schaeffer, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Vladimir Ussachevsky, and Edgard Varese. The writings of Milton Babbitt, Joel Chadabe, and Gustav Ciamaga also contributed significantly.Supplementary information is provided by Jon Appleton, Joel Chadabe, Tod Dockstader, Bengt Hambraeus, David Keane, Arthur Kreiger, Elliott Schwartz, Daria Semegen, Pril Smiley, Gil Trythall, and Scott Wyatt in response to a questionnaire concerning their experiences with classical studio technique.This study reveals that a wide area exists for further research on this topic. / School of Music

Balbuzard is a musical composition of approximately twelve minutes in length, scored for solo clarinet, wind symphony and electronics. It focuses on cluster-like sound masses and explores ways of using these to give the music a clear sense of direction. To this end, tools were developed using a variety of computer applications or programming languages, such as Lisp, OpenMusic and Cubase. These tools made possible a kind of graphic composition where diagrams of different shapes were entered into a computer interface and converted into source material. The generated source material consisted of several rhythmic strata whose pitches, mainly part of diatonic, octatonic or chromatic collections, followed the contour of the entered shape. With this visual process, it was also possible to explore the creation of contrapuntal textures by entering diagrams of lines representing the path of each contrapuntal voice.* / *This dissertation is a compound document (contains both a paper copy and a CD as part of the dissertation). The CD requires the following system requirements: Windows MediaPlayer or RealPlayer.

One of the remarkable features of Brahm's B-flat major Intermezzo for piano, Op. 76, no. 4 is the ambiguity of its tonal definition. The work disclosed a contrapuntal tension between its fundamental structural-harmonic organization, which is based on an incomplete harmonic progression (V7-I), and its more remote intermediary tonal areas, which Brahms implies throughout the Intermezzo but to which he never wholly commits. / The aim of this investigation is to illustrate how tonal ambiguity is achieved though recurrent "incompletions" of the expected (or at least the more likely) harmonic progressions. The thesis undertakes a detailed study of Brahms' Intermezzo, Op. 76, no. 4, in B-flat major, with additional reference to the openings of Opp. 118, no. 1 (A minor); 118, no. 6 (E-flat minor); 119, no. 1 (B minor); 117, no. 2 (B-flat minor) and 76, no. 8 (C major). The study combines a Schenkerian linear-reductive approach with observations based on phenomenology--after Leonard Meyer and David Lewin--and narrative, after Edward T. Cone.

Orientador: Silvio Ferraz Mello Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T19:38:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_ManuelPessoade_M.pdf: 26916491 bytes, checksum: 26f84d2887abfe617d44b304132f04bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A presente dissertação parte de artigos reunidos de diversos autores, sob o título Rethinking Music1, juntamente com diversos textos do etnomusicólogo John Blacking, para apontar problemáticas da análise musical, tomando como exemplo a obra Sagração da Primavera / Abstract: This work is based in articles by different authors, collected on the book titled Rethinking Music2, along with several texts of ethnomusicologist John Blacking, to point out problems of musical analysis, taking as an example the work Rite of Spring / Mestrado / Processos Criativos / Mestre em Música

This study concentrates on the piano music of Hubert du Plessis, a South African composer who, apart from some years spent studying in England, has lived and worked in this country. He was born in 1922 on a farm in the Malmesbury district. After completing his schooling, he studied at the University of Stellenbosch , gaining a B A degree. Later, he continued his studies at Rhodes University, obtaining a B Mus degree. The Performing Right Society's scholarship gave him the opportunity of studying in London for three years (1951-1953). After his return, he became involved in the academic sphere, and lectured simultaneously at U C T and Stellenbosch, and then later just at Stellenbosch until his retirement in 1982. A number of his compositions for piano are as yet unpublished. This thesis has been limited to the published works for solo piano . The works studied are: Four Piano Pieces (Op. 1 ), Six Miniatures (Op. 3 ), Sonata No . 1 (Op. 8 ), Seven Preludes (Op. 18), Toe ek 'n kind was (Op. 33). Some biographical details have been given - in most cases to provide the background for the writing of each work - but the main thrust of this study has been towards a detailed structural analysis of each work. In my analysis, I have favoured the type of "Formal analysis" defined by Groves¹ in the article on analysis. In other words, I have used the traditional structural patterns i.e. Binary and Ternary form , Sonata form etc. insofar as it applied to the music under discussion. However, I felt that this was not sufficient for a study in depth of the music, as I had envisaged. Like Beethoven, du Plessis is a meticulous craftsman, who constructs and re- constructs , revises and rethinks. This means that the fullest attention is given to every detail of composition. Hence, like Tovey in his analysis of Beethoven sonatas, I have tended towards a bar-by-bar approach which, I hope, will reveal not only the structural detail, but also the relationships between phrases and motifs, where this is relevant. I felt that it was imperative to take this down to the real fundamentals, for without that basic approach, certain compositional techniques might be overlooked. Hence, I then hoped to draw some general conclusions about du Plessis' work. Groves¹ says of Tovey's method that it " represents the tradition of analysis and descriptive criticism in Britain as a whole . " However , despite this rather dry and academic approach there are times when, like Tovey, my analysis contains metaphor, or personification of the music. I have chosen what may be criticised as a rather old-fashioned approach to the analysis because of the basic intention behind this piece of research. As a school teacher I am aware of the pitiful paucity of source material on the music of the South African composers, which are set for study by Matriculation candidates. By this work, I had hoped to shed some light on at least one corner of this section of the syllabus, for both teacher and pupils. Hence, I did not attempt a distributional analysis or a category analysis , coded by computer and shown in graphical form. I chose a straightforward linear and logical progression through the pieces which, even with the limited musical vocabulary of the average school pupil, should be easily comprehensible. ] have also attempted to draw attention to interrelationships between movements or sets of pieces, and to see each work as a unit. In a study limited, by necessity, in its subject matter, as this is, it would be presumptuous to draw conclusions about du Plessis' work in general. This would necessitate an indepth survey of his other genres, especially his vocal works, which are so important an area of his creativity. However, it is possible, even in so limited a study, to gain an appreciation of Hubert du Plessis' meticulous craftsmanship and attention to detail that must gain him his rightful place among the South African musical "greats " of this century.

This document is designed to accompany the writer's Lecture-Recital performed on June 6, 1983. It presents all the material from the lecture in a more detailed and extensive account. A discussion of clarinet solo material, representative of four periods and/or styles in the development of the clarinet repertoire, is featured: an unaccompanied twentieth-century work, Heinrich Sutermeister's Capriccio; an early classical concerto, Karl Stamitz's Concerto in E-flat Major; a French Conservatory Contest Piece, Charles Lefebvre's Fantaisie-Caprice; and a late romantic sonata, Johannes Brahms' Sonata in E-flat Major, Op. 120, No. 2. Sutermeister's Capriccio (1946), for A clarinet, was commissioned as a contest piece for the Geneva Conservatory. The composition is of a quality particularly suitable for a contest, for two contrasting ideas permeate the entire work: one is rough and crisp with staccato passages; the other is smooth and calm with legato passages. It is this writer's opinion that Capriccio reflects the influence of Sutermeister's cinematic works. Karl Stamitz's Concerto in E-flat reflects the features of the French school of clarinet playing as exhibited by the first well-known clarinet virtuoso, Joseph Beer. This concerto also shows the influence of Mozart, as many mutual features occur between Stamitz's Concerto in E-flat and Mozart's Concerto in A. Significant contributions to woodwind literature have been made by French composers. This is, in part, attributable to the Paris Conservatory, which since the late nineteenth century has commissioned French composers to write contest pieces for the final performance examinations. Such works have included Debussy's Première Rhapsodie, and Lefebvre's Fantaisie-Caprice. Johannes Brahms' fascination with Richard Mühlfeld, eminent clarinetist of the Meiningen Orchestra, manifests itself in four chamber works he wrote for the clarinet. Brahms' Clarinet Quintet Op. 115 is regarded as one of his greatest masterpieces. The Two Sonatas for Clarinet and Piano Op. 120 offer quite a contrast. The first, in F minor, is predominantly the more passionate of the two, whereas the second, in E-flat major, is of greater intimacy of expression. / Arts, Faculty of / Music, School of / Graduate

The main aim of the study was to examine and discover the use of the clarinets and bass clarinet, in combination with other instruments, to portray the libretto in Puccini's opera Tosca. • scrutiny of the literature about Puccini's life and works, • an analysis of the score with emphasis on the clarinets', bass clarinet's and singers' parts and specific attention to the demands of the libretto, and • listening to a number of recordings of the opera A variety of different aspects are organized in the following chapters: Chapter 1 consists of general information about the study. Chapter 2 offers a short biography, while Chapter 3 provides a discussion about the libretto. In Chapter 4 the author deals with tonguing and articulation. Chapter 5 examines melodic aspects and Chapter 6 consists of views on dynamic aspects. In Chapter 7 a discussion about rhythmic aspects takes place, and in Chapter 8 the author explores the combination of the clarinets and bass clarinet with other instruments. Finally, Chapter 9 is a summary of the conclusions drawn in this study. • Puccini's predilection for continuous mixing of instrumental colours sometimes makes it difficult to separate the clarinet for analytical purposes. Nevertheless, the importance of the use of the clarinets or bass clarinet can clearly be detected. • Puccini employs all creative and technical capabilities of the clarinet and bass clarinet in creating and changing the atmosphere, depicting human emotions and emphasizing dramatic moments. • Carefully chosen and applied articulation, trills, tremolos and repeated notes in the clarinet and bass clarinet parts are Puccini's gestures in the expression of love, anger and fear. However, articulation in the clarinet and bass clarinet parts mainly matches the other instrumental lines in the orchestra. • Because the clarinet and bass clarinet blend well with any instrument and with the human voice, Puccini uses them in solo parts, in unison with the singer, or as an accompaniment to the singer's line. • As a consequence of Puccini's need to consciously pay minute attention to the details of the libretto, the structure, shape and length of the clarinet phrases constantly change. • Exploring the dynamic's capabilities of the clarinets and bass clarinet presents the wide palette of colours and nuances which these instruments can produce. Puccini uses a large number of dynamic markings in the clarinet and bass clarinet parts. They range between ppp and fff. The piano dynamic level is mainly used to suggest fear and suspicion or to portray lyrical moments in the libretto, while the forte level is a tool to create drama and express human anger, pain, or the struggle between good and bad. • Puccini puts very strong emphasis on rhythm as a device for illuminating the details of the libretto, stage actions, human feelings, and different atmospheres in the opera Tosca. The different rhythmical patterns and changes of metre affect all instruments. Sometimes the clarinet line has the same rhythmical figures as the rest of the woodwind, but very often the clarinet plays a different rhythm from the rest of the orchestra or the singer's melody. / Dissertation (M Mus (Performing Art))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Music / unrestricted

Jeanne Zaidel-Rudolph (1948-) is South Africa's most prominent female art music composer. Her compositional output includes most of the music genres. An expert pianist herself, the instrument has remained central to her educational and creative career. The purpose of this thesis is to elucidate the musical structure of three of Zaidel-Rudolph's piano compositions. They are the Sonata no.l (1969), the Three Dimensions (1974) and the Virtuoso I (1987). The research investigates a possible synthesis of technical and aesthetic elements. Comprehension of the music's architecture allows the performer to convey its true character. The thesis is presented in nine chapters. The first two constitute the motivation for the research as well as the composer's biography. The following three chapters form the greater part of the thesis, comprising in-depth analyses of the three works respectively. The research method moves from the broader to the finer musical details to ascertain the formal organisational shaping of Zaidel-Rudolph's compositional language. The three-movement Sonata no.l shows the neoclassical approach of Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) in its well-proportioned and balanced sectional moulding. Motivic and rhythmic transformations as well as contrapuntal treatments suggest Bela Bartok's (1881-1945) influence. Tonal centres are implied, never fully expressed. The Three Dimensions bears witness to Gyorgy Ligeti's (1923-) inspiration. The avant-garde style experiments with novel sonic effects e.g. the plucking of the piano's strings. Indigenous African rhythms are juxtaposed with Eastern scalar sonorities. Vertical structuring constitutes the superimposition of dissonant intervals. Horizontal structuring features the repeated use of specific intervals to lend motivic unity. The Virtuoso I also represents an eclectic approach. Western, African and spiritual elements are integrated into a mature style. A traditional Hebrew melody provides the germinal motives for thematic construction. Instances of bitonality and triadic harmony are present; the tonal system however remains free. Perpetual rhythm predominates with ostinato figurations and jazzy accentuation. The following three chapters comprise re-edited versions of the complete manuscripts of the three respective compositions. Printing errors are brought to the attention; extensive suggestions regarding performance practice are added. The thesis concludes with a chapter listing all Zaidel-Rudolph's compositions, a bibliography and a discography. / Thesis (D Mus (Performing Art))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Music / unrestricted

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